腐食酪螨螨体正己烷提取物的生物活性及成分分析

【目的】确定腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae报警信息素的存在及其成分。【方法】采取正己烷溶剂浸提法提取获得腐食酪螨螨体提取物, 通过观察腐食酪螨对提取物的行为反应确定其生物活性, 最后用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatograph-mass spectrum, GC-MS)对提取物的成分进行分析。【结果】腐食酪螨正己烷提取物对该螨有明显的报警作用。GC-MS分析显示, 提取物中含有橙花醇甲酸酯、Z-柠檬醛、E-柠檬醛等成分。【结论】该实验证明了腐食酪螨报警信息素的存在, 为进一步明确各成分及其作用奠定了基础。     

云南三种特色柑橘属果皮精油成分及活性研究

为探究云南特色柑橘属西双版纳曼赛龙柚、元江绿皮冰糖橙、德宏青柠的果皮精油成分及抗肿瘤活性。该研究采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取西双版纳曼赛龙柚、元江绿皮冰糖橙、德宏青柠果皮的精油,通过GC-MS开展定性定量成分分析,并通过MTT法开展果皮精油抑制肿瘤增殖研究。结果表明:德宏青柠果皮精油提取率最高、元江绿皮冰糖橙果皮精油次之、西双版纳曼赛龙柚果皮精油最低; 从西双版纳曼赛龙柚、元江绿皮冰糖橙、德宏青柠的果皮精油中分别鉴定出24种、11种、13种成分,月桂烯、萜品烯是三种精油的共有成分。西双版纳曼赛龙柚和元江绿皮冰糖橙的果皮精油中都含有β-蒎烯、3,7-二甲基-1,6辛二烯-3-醇、柠檬烯、α-松油醇,以及重要香料成分乙酸二甲基苄基原酯和二氢茉莉酮酸甲酯,其中西双版纳曼赛龙柚精油中柠檬烯含量高达72.097%,德宏青柠精油中含有活性成分柠檬醛。三种精油对胃癌细胞MKN-45、人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7和结直肠癌细胞HCT-116均有一定的抗肿瘤活性,并呈剂量依赖关系。该研究结果可为云南三种特色柑橘属植物的开发和应用提供科学依据。     

牛蒡L1-2组分对桔全爪螨的毒性和几种代谢酶的作用

【目的】探讨杀螨植物牛蒡Arctium lappa L.提取物中主要杀螨成分L1-2的杀螨作用机理。【方法】采用叶片浸渍法处理桔全爪螨Panonychus citri雌成螨后,测定了静止期、兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期、复苏和死亡期5个中毒阶段试虫体内几种代谢酶的活性。【结果】L1-2组分在静止期和复苏期对羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase, CarE）具有一定的抑制作用,在其他时期均激活CarE活性。除了静止期外,在其他时期均能激活乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholinesterase , AChE）和谷胱甘肽转移酶（glutathione S-transferases, GSTs）的活性,在痉挛期和麻痹期活性增强,随后在麻痹期和复苏期降低。【结论】L1-2组分对CarE的抑制与其毒杀活性有关,而中毒试虫的复苏可能与AChE和GSTs有关。该组分可在较长时期内影响桔全爪螨的神经传导及消化和生殖系统,具有潜在的应用研究价值。     

巴氏新小绥螨对柑桔全爪螨处理的枳橙叶片挥发物的行为反应

【目的】研究巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对柑桔全爪螨Panonychus citri及刺吸式昆虫为害柑桔叶片释放的挥发物的行为反应,揭示巴氏新小绥螨的嗅觉反应特点。【方法】采用GC-MS顶空进样法对枳橙叶片常见挥发性化合物、针刺枳橙叶片及其柑桔全爪螨雌成螨取食枳橙叶片挥发物进行定性分析,确定每类化合物的相对保留指数,构建枳橙叶片常见及受害挥发性化合物特征谱库。利用嗅觉测定技术分析巴氏新小绥螨对枳橙叶片挥发物的行为反应。【结果】针刺处理和柑桔全爪螨取食影响枳橙叶片挥发物的组成和含量。两种方法处理时枳橙叶片释放的主要物质为α-蒎烯、水芹烯、4-异丙基甲苯。随着处理加重,增量释放的物质为:cis-π-罗勒烯、月桂烯、柠檬烯、异松油烯,减量表达的物质为2-乙基-1-乙醇和十一烷。在10~(-2)、10~(-4)、10~(-6)和10~(-8)g/m L浓度下,正己醛、正壬醛、乙酸辛酯和正庚醛对巴氏新小绥螨有强烈的引诱作用(P>0.05);月桂烯在10~(-2)、10~(-4)和10~(-6)g/m L浓度下对巴氏新小绥螨有强烈的引诱作用(P>0.05);正壬醇和正辛醇随着浓度增加,对巴氏新小绥螨的引诱作用降低;苯甲醛对巴氏新小绥螨的引诱作用较弱。【结论】巴氏新小绥螨对柑桔全爪螨及刺吸式口器昆虫为害柑桔叶片释放出的挥发物各组分具有不同的行为反应,柑桔及其刺吸式害虫生境中的嗅觉线索在巴氏新小绥螨的寄主定位和生境选择中起着重要作用。     

巨尾桉不同树龄及染虫状态桉叶油的成分分析

为了考察树龄、虫害与巨尾桉叶油成分的相互关系,更好的开发桉树资源,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同树龄(4~6年生)巨尾桉叶油,用GC-MS法对巨尾桉叶油主要化学成分进行鉴定,分析不同树龄和染虫状态的桉叶油成分变化规律。结果表明,随着树龄增加,桉叶油总量逐年增加;生长年限不同,桉叶油中物质的组成及相对含量存在差异。主要成分相对含量变化情况为:桉油醇、乙酸松油酯含量随树龄逐年上升;d-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯相对含量在4到5年达到峰值,5年后开始下降;莰烯、β-蒎烯和α-松油醇逐年下降。被云斑天牛感染的林地,桉油醇、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯呈相对下降趋势,而d-柠檬烯、α-松油醇、乙酸松油酯的含量上升。     

涂蜡甜橙贮藏期间果皮中烯醇类香气成分的变化（简报）

甜橙采后涂蜡将使果皮中松油烯-4-醇、α-松油醇、3,7-二甲基-6-辛烯-1-醇等成分的相对含量增加,月挂烯和芳樟醇的含量减少。贮藏4个月后,柠檬烯、桧烯、α-水芹烯和松油烯-4-醇的相对含量高于对照。回归分析表明,10种烯、醇类香味物质中,芳樟醇具有较强的相关变化效应。     

百里香杀螨活性成分的分离及鉴定

为了探讨百里香的杀螨活性成分,以山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennensis)为供试对象,采用生物活性示踪法从百里香(Thymus mongolicus)乙醇提取物中分离纯化出5种活性成分,其化学结构经MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR分析鉴定为百里香酚、香芹酚、松油烯-4醇、豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇.采用玻片浸渍法测试了5种化合物对山楂叶螨的触杀活性,结果表明,百里香酚和香芹酚对山楂叶螨有较强的触杀活性,12 h和24 h的触杀LC50值分别为0.103、0.135 mg·mL-1和0.048、0.096 mg·mL-1;松油烯-4-醇也有一定的杀螨活性,12 h和24 h的触杀LC50值分别为0.320和0.231 mg·mL-1;而两种甾醇类化合物β-谷甾醇和豆甾醇对山楂叶螨没有明显的触杀作用.分析认为百里香酚可能是百里香的主要杀螨活性成分之一.     

瑞香狼毒根提取物对山楂叶螨的生物活性

采用不同的生物活性测定方法比较了瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme L.)根部4种不同溶剂提取物的杀螨活性。结果表明,瑞香狼毒根提取物对山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennensis Zacher)有很好的触杀和内吸活性。在触杀活性测试中,石油醚提取物和氯仿提取物的杀螨活性最高;在内吸作用中,乙醇、氯仿和石油醚提取物的杀螨活性均较高,杀螨效果显著。在对石油醚提取物的不同溶剂萃取物进行生物活性追踪测定中发现,石油醚萃取物和氯仿萃取物具有较高的生物活性,浓度为0.6 g.L-1,山楂叶螨的24 h校正死亡率分别达到93.22%和79.66%。     

山鸡椒根部精油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏、气相层析、标准品加入和归一法等综合技术鉴定出山鸡椒根部精油含α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、1.8-桉叶素、对聚伞花素、香草醛、甲基庚烯酮、异胡薄荷醇、香叶醇甲酸酯、α-松油醇、香草醇,柠檬醛a,b、香叶醇、丁香酚十三个成分。     

十种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段的毒力比较

【目的】为明确不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨Tetranychuscinnabarinus不同发育阶段的生物活性。【方法】采用浸渍法分别测定了10种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力。【结果】丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素和联苯肼酯对成螨、卵和若螨的活性均较高;乙螨唑和螺螨酯对卵和若螨活性较高,但对成螨活性明显偏低;甲氰菊酯对成螨和若螨的活性优于卵;唑螨酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对3种螨态也均具有毒杀作用,但毒力偏低。同一种杀螨剂对若螨的活性均高于成螨和卵,乙螨唑、螺螨酯、联苯肼酯、唑螨酯和炔螨特对卵的活性高于成螨,丁氟螨酯、阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯、哒螨灵和三唑锡对成螨的活性高于卵。【结论】不同杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨不同发育阶段毒力存在较大差异,田间用药防治时应根据害螨发生情况和发生阶段,选择适合的防治药剂。     

Development of an Optimized Method to Obtain a Limonene-Rich Concentrate from the Discarded Lemon Peels

In this study, lemon peels were used as volatile component source. Automatic solvent extraction has been used for the recovery of limonene rich citrus volatile extract for the first time. The process parameters (amount of raw material, immersion time and washing time) were analyzed to optimize the process by means of Box-Behnken design via response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were achieved by ~10 g fresh lemon peel, and ~15 min immersion time and ~13 min washing time. The difference between the actual (89.37 mg/g limonene) and predicted (90.85 mg/g limonene) results was satisfactory (<2 %). α-Terpinene, β-pinene, citral, ɣ-terpinene and linalool were determined as other major volatiles in the peel extract. FT-IR and ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopies were applied to verify the identified volatile compounds.     

木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性

测定了木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性。用甲醇、氯仿、石油醚3种不同极性的溶剂提取,石油醚提取率最高为30.79%,且对朱砂叶螨成螨和卵的触杀活性均高于其他两种溶剂的提取物,24 h校正死亡率分别为77.52%和72.04%。用甲醇对石油醚提取物萃取,发现甲醇萃取物活性明显高于石油醚部分,对成螨和卵处理24 h后的校正死亡率分别为89.60%和74.65%,产卵抑制率为62.74%,驱避率为58.23%。柱层析对甲醇萃取物进行分离得到10种组分,组分5活性最高,浓度为2 mg/mL时,24 h校正死亡率为86.15%。用薄层层析和气相色谱质谱联用仪分别检测组分5纯度和主成分,初步确定活性成分为α-菠菜甾醇。     

Acaricidal activity of Aloe vera L. leaf extracts against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Four different extracts of Aloe vera L. leaves were evaluated for acaricidal activity against female adults of carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), by slide-dip bioassay. At 72 h after treatment, the acetone extract showed the strongest acaricidal activity with LC₅₀ value of 90 ppm. The LC₅₀ values for ethyl acetate, water, and ethanol extracts were 113, 340, and 391 ppm, respectively. The acetone extract was fractionated using a silica gel column. Among the twenty-two fractions obtained the fifth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, fifteenth, and seventeenth fractions showed strong acaricidal activity, causing 80.39 to 92.16% mortality at 72 h after treatment. The tenth and eleventh fractions had the strong activity, with LC₅₀ values of 44 ppm and 33 ppm, respectively. The results suggested that A. vera has a great potential for development as a botanical acaricide for T. cinnabarinus control.     

Toxicity of citrus essential oils against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae

Citrus peel essential oils are considered to constitute the most important resistance factor of citrus fruits against fruit flies. Essential oils were obtained from three sweet orange varieties, one bitter orange and one lemon variety. Yield, chemical composition and toxicity against neonates of the Mediterranean fruit fly were determined. Based on chemical analysis, the toxicity of commercially purchased major and minor components (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) of essential oils was determined. In addition, fractions were prepared to evaluate the role of minor components in the toxicity of crude essential oils. Limonene was by far the most abundant ingredient (96.2–97.4%) in all sweet orange varieties and in bitter orange, while the concentration of limonene was much lower in lemon essential oils (74.3%). Orange and bitter orange essential oils were more toxic than lemon essential oils. The toxicity of orange and bitter orange essential oils was similar to that of their major component limonene. In tests of commercially purchased chemicals, the oxygenated components of essential oils were more toxic than hydrocarbons but their low concentration in citrus essential oils could not affect the toxic activity of essential oils. The presence of α-pinene and β-pinene seems to account for the lower toxicity of lemon essential oils in relation to other citrus essential oils. The importance of understanding the toxicity of essential oils in relation to their composition and their role regarding the resistance of citrus fruits to Ceratitis capitata infestation is discussed.     

Effect of acaricidal compound extracted from Arachis hypogaea Linn against Tetranychus cinnabarinus

Six plant crude extracts were chosen to evaluate their acaricidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus adults. The crude extract from the stems and leaves of Arachis hypogaea L. presented the highest activity in leaf‐dip bioassays, with an LC₅₀ value of 3,545.98 mg/L. Further extraction using four different solvents (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n‐butyl alcohol and distilled water) demonstrated that the active components mainly existed in the petroleum ether phase. Then, the active compound, palmitic acid, was isolated from the petroleum ether phase via two‐step column chromatography using columns filled with silica gel and C‐18 and identified via mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. The LC₅₀ value of active palmitic acid against T. cinnabarinus was 534.58 mg/L. The present study demonstrated that the active compound extracted from A. hypogaea is a potential novel botanical acaricide for controlling T. cinnabarinus.     

Studies on the Components of the Essential oil from Adcnosma indianum (Lour.) Merr

This paper presents the chemical constituents of the essential oil of Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr. by GC and GC/MS/DS. Fivty-four components which were isolated and quantified. Thirtyfive components have been identified. The main components are α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, p-cymene, 1,4-cineol, linalool, fenchone, o-methylanisole and δ-guaiene.     

The Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil from the Flowers,Leaves and Peels of Citrus aurantium

Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl., is a better species of sour oranges. There are essential oils in the flowers, the peels, the leaves and the branches of C. aurantium. The flower oil can be used in the preparation of perfumes of high quality. The peel oil is used mainly for the flavor-endowing of soft drinks, alcoholic drinks, bread, confectionaries and cakes. In order to control the quality of the essential oils and to improve them, we have systema- tically studied the chemical constituents of the flowers, the leaves and the peals of C. aurantium with our preparation. 12 main components were separated by silica gel column chromatography. The following 33 chemical components were identified by IR, GC-MS and GC retention index: α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-ocimene, trans-linalooloxide (furanoid), cis-linalooloxide (furanoid), linalool, 1,4-p-methadien-7-ol, trans-pinocarveol, camphor, terpinen-4-ol α-terpineol, nerol, citral-b, geraniol, linalylacetate, citrala, trans-linalooloxide (pyranoid), methyl anthranilate, terpinyl acetate, cis-linalooloxide (pyranoid), neryl acetate. geranyl acetate, nonanal, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, γ-muurolene, β-nerolidol, farnesol, α- nerolidol. GC retention index of 33 compounds were measured. A fast method for routine determination is presented.     

A Study on Chemical Components of Essential Oils from Citrus bergamia and Its Close Relatives and Its Taxonomy

Citrus bergamia Risso. is a rare perfumery plant. Taxonomists have different views on the taxonomy of C. bergamia. Chemical components of leaf and peel essential oils from C. bergamia, and its close relatives, C. limon, C. aurantifolia and three varieties of C. aurantium, were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The analytical result shows that the chemical compositions of the leaf essential oils from C. bergamia are basically the same as those from three varieties of C. aurantium. Their main components are linalool (29.19-39.75% )and linalyl acetate (24.73-30.24% )etc., and contents of other components are also similar. But their peel essential oils are different. The peel essential oils from C. bergamia contain less limonene (29.94%) than those from C. aurantium (92.55-94.31% ) and less beta-pinene (3.00%) and y-terpinene(3.48% )than those from C. limon or C. aurantifolia (respectiyely 9.16% and 10.42% ) . The peel essential oils from C. bergamia contain not only as much linalool (22.20%) and linalyl acetate (32.66%)as those in the leaf essential oils from C. aurantium, but also as much limonene(29.94% )as that in the peel essential oils from C. limon or C. aurantifolia . The contents of limonene are close to those of the essential oils from C. aurantifolia. This result shows that C. bergamia may be a natural hybrid between C.aurantium and C. aurantifolia, as proposed by Sinclair W. B.     

小桐子果壳提取物杀虫活性的生物测定

以水、乙醇、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚为溶剂,采用冷浸法对小桐子果壳进行粗提,并分别测定各粗提物对豌豆长管蚜和菜青虫的毒力,从中筛选出毒力最强的粗提物进一步对菜青虫进行作用方式的测定.6种溶剂粗提物对豌豆长管蚜和菜青虫的毒力测试结果表明:三氯甲烷提取物和乙醇提取物的活性显著高于其它溶剂提取物,且两种提取物对豌豆长管...     

Studies on Leaf Oils of Citrus Species

Leaf oil samples of four Japanese citrus species were analysed by gas chromatography to determine the detailed composition of each leaf oil. The following components were identified: α-pinene, α-thujene, camphene, β-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, α-terpinene, limonene, β-phellandrene, trans-2-hexen-1-al, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, terpinolene, cis-2-penten-1-ol, n-hexyl alcohol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-2-hexen-1-ol, p-α-dimethylstyrene linalool, linalyl acetate, β-elemene, terpinen-4-ol, caryophyllene, humulene, α-terpineol, neryl acetate, geranyl acetate, β-selinene, geraniol and thymol. Most components were contained in common in leaf oils of the four citrus species, but relative contents of some of the components; such as γ-terpinene, linalyl acetate, and thymol differed from species to species. For example, γ-terpinene was the major component (33.8%) of Hassaku, whereas it was only a minor component in Daidai. Daidai is characterized by a very high content of linalyl acetate (35%) which is only a trace in the other three species. Kishu-mikan is characterized by a high content of thymol (15%).