Fish cell lines: Two new cell lines derived from explants of trunk musculature ofCynoscion arenarius

Summary Two cell lines were established from explants of trunk musculature of healthy, males sand seatrout,Cynoscion arenarius. One of the lines, designated CyA-1, has been carried through 150 subcultures during 6 yr. The other, designated CyA-2, has been carried through 100 subcultures during 2 yr. Both lines grow well in L15 medium adjusted to 0.150M NaCl and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Optimal growth occurs at temperatures between 24 and 30°C. The species of origin of both lines was confirmed by a cytotoxic antibody dye exclusion test. The karyotype of CyA-1 has not yet stabilized, showing a modal chromosome number of 120 at Passage 9, 89 at Passage 63, and 79 at Passage 100. The karyotype of CyA-2 is rather stable, with a modal chromosome number of 47 at Passage 1 and 49 at Passage 100. Chromosome morphology of CyA-2 is homogeneous (small, acrocentric), whereas the chromosomes of CyA-1 show considerable size variation (with small chromosomes possibly formed from fragmentation of original structures). Both lines were found to be free of bacterial or fungal contamination. Both lines supported replication of lymphocystis virus strains isolated fromBairdiella chrysura (the silver perch) and fromMicropogon undulatus (the Atlantic croaker) but were refractory to 11 other viruses (4 from fish, 1 from amphibians, and 6 from mammals). This study was supported in part by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Sea Grant No. 04-3-158-58.     

Histopathology, blood chemistry, and physiological status of normal and moribund striped bass (Morone saxatilis) involved in summer mortality ('die-off') in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California

Summer mortality ('die-off') is common in striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), in the San Francisco Bay-Delta region. Tissue and blood samples of moribund and healthy striped bass collected during the summers of 1986–1988 were analysed. Sixteen moribund and 25 healthy reference fish from the Carquinez Strait area and eight fish caught in the Pacific Ocean were studied. Moribund fish plasma was invariably yellow-orange; most of the moribund fish had discoloured livers with haemorrhagic regions, and approximately one-third had haemorrhagic intestines. Piasma levels of aspartale aminotransferase, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase and cortisol were significantly higher than in reference fish from Carquinez Strait and the Pacific Ocean, whereas cholesterol, sodium, chloride, triiodothyronine and glucose levels were significantly lower. Hepatic heavy metal concentrations and bacterial content were similar in moribund and reference fish. Gill Na.⁺, K⁺ -ATPase activity was significantly lower in moribund fish. Liver, kidney, intestine, and thyroid follicles of moribund fish displayed various histopathological changes, and corticosteroidogenic (interrenal) tissue could not be identified positively in moribund fish. These findings are discussed in relation to recent work on the chemical burdens (industrial and agricultural hydrocarbons) found in livers from some of the fish examined in this study.     

南海东沙岛及太平岛鱼类种类组成和动物地理学特点

就笔者等在南海之东沙岛及太平岛两处海域所调查记录到的珊瑚礁鱼类,连同自1975年以来之文献与数据库的记录作综合整理.结果表明,东沙岛有73科652种,太平岛有56科466种,两岛合计共有76科759种.太平岛所记录的总鱼种数较东沙岛为少,主要原因纯系因太平岛之礁域面积较小,且调查次数甚少之故.根据各鱼种地理分布范围之分析,发现在此二岛所记录到的鱼种几乎全部都是印度-太平洋、印度-西太平洋及西太平洋等广泛分布的鱼种,目前只有黄头刻齿雀鲷(Chrysiptera chrysocephala)1种是只在南海发现之鱼种.由此可推测南海的鱼类相应与周边海域或珊瑚三角的鱼类相充分交流,并未有明显隔离或种化的现象.东沙岛及太平岛鱼类相之Sφrensen相似性系数值虽已达85.69％,但其中仍有240种是只分布在东沙岛及台湾(165种),或太平岛及台湾(75种),而未在另一岛屿发现之鱼种,且其中只在太平岛及东沙岛发现的21种及20种鱼中,大多为稀有种,非常不容易被调查到.故推测目前在此二岛所作的调查频度相当不足,如果调查能更密集更长期,则两岛的鱼相会更相似.     

Karyotypic diversity of the armoured catfish genus Hypostomus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in the context of its occurrence and distribution

This study taxonomically reviewed the specimens studied by Artoni & Bertollo (1996) and assimilated species of Hypostomus into three groups according to their cytogenetic characteristics, vagility and occurrence environments.     

我国转基因鱼研制的历史回顾与展望

中国自从诞生了首例转基因鱼以来,在后续30多年里取得了一系列重要研究进展。全球范围的转基因鱼研究包括多种养殖鱼类,目标性状涉及快速生长、抗病抗逆和品质改良。现在已经初步建成转基因鱼育种技术体系和安全评估体系,为转基因鱼产业化奠定了重要基础。本文以转基因黄河鲤育种研究为主线,简要回顾了转基因鱼研究的发展历程,并对转基因鱼育种面临的问题和发展前景进行了分析和展望。     

Polymorphism and heterogeneity of transferrins in some species of the fish family Cyprinidae

In fish of the family Cyprinidae extensive polymorphism and heterogeneity of serum transferrins were found. Ten variants of transferrins were detected in barbel, 9 in dace and bleak, 7 in chub and bream, 6 in rudd, 5 in roach, white bream, silver carp, big head and crucian carp, 3 in tench, and 2 variants in nase, ide and goldfish. All the variants observed bound radioactive iron. The phenotype patterns indicated a simple genetic determination, by a set of codominant alleles at one locus, and this even in tetraploid species. Transferrins of some species were partly isolated. The transferrins of all 22 species analysed were heterogeneous and homozygous pheno-types had 1 to 6 zones of various intensities, binding ⁵⁹Fe. In barbel both single-zone and two-zone variants were present and transferrins of roach had variable heterogeneity. Sialic acid was found only in transferrins of silver carp, big head and in the two-zone variants of barbel. The occurrence of phenotypes with single and double zones of transferrins in barbel indicates the possibility of genetic determination of the inability of single-zone variants to bind sialic acid.     

Fish cell lines: Establishment of a line from ovaries of channel catfish

Summary A cell line was established from the ovaries of a healthy, juvenile channel catfish,Ictalurus punctatus. These cells, designated CCO, have been passed 130 times during 3 years. The cells grow well in Eagle's MEM-10 at a temperature of 30°C. Species of origin of the cells was confirmed by a cytotoxic dye exclusion test. The cells were found to be free of bacterial and fungal contamination. A study of chromosome preparations indicated that the karyotype is still in a state of flux. The CCO line replicated channel catfish virus but was refractory to 12 other viruses, 4 from fish, 1 from birds, and 7 from mammals. This research was supported by the Southeastern Cooperative Fish Disease Project, Sport Fish Restoration Funds and Regional Research S-83 Funds.     

Ecological assessment of finfish as indicators of habitats in the Gulf of Nicoya,Costa Rica

Trawl samples of demersal fish populations within the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica were conducted during February and July, 1979 and April, 1980 in an attempt to define basic abundance, diversity and distributional patterns. Seventeen day and three night samples produced 6 441 fishes of 107 species during the February cruise. Twenty day and two night samples produced 9 220 individuals of 131 species during the July cruise. Twenty day samples produced 14 151 individuals representing 125 species taken during the April cruise. A total of 214 species were collected during this study.The Gulf may be divided into three zones on the basis of the physical characteristics of the stations (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, depth and distance from the mouth of the Gulf). Few changes in the position of these zones occurred during the study period indicating a relatively stable estuarine configuration from a biological perspective.The Gulf of Nicoya area is under the influence of a wet and a dry season. No significant seasonal changes in the number, biomass, percent occurrence, diversity of partitioning by size class of fishes were observed.Two major types of fish distributional patterns were observed. Several species were ubiquitous and were found throughout the Gulf in varying abundances. Other species were restricted to either the upper or lower Gulf. Dominant groups in the upper Gulf include the sciaenids, sea catfishes (Ariidae) and flatfishes (Soleidae, Cynoglossidae andSyacium ovale). These fishes tend to inhabit the warmer, shallower, less saline waters of the upper Gulf. Flounders (bothidae), gobies (Bollmannia spp.), morays and congers (Hildebrandia nitens, Priodonophus equatorialis andMuraenesox coniceps) and several other species dominated the deeper, cooler, more saline lower Gulf.     

Patterns of Local Distribution of Labroides Dimidiatus in French Polynesian Atolls

Cleaning behaviour by fishes has been described to be either facultative or specialised. If being specialised in cleaning is more advantageous than to be a facultative cleaner, cleaner fishes would prefer to settle on reefs were ecological conditions promote specialisation. To test this hypothesis, we looked at the influence of physical and ecological factors on cleaner wrasse abundance, studying variations in L. dimidiatus density between 10 atolls of French Polynesia. We used a multiple regression method based on permutations of distance matrices. Our study reveals that L. dimidiatus are significantly more numerous at sites where ecological factors, such as the species richness of the fish community, may promote their cleaning activity. Moreover, they were significantly more abundant in atolls presenting a large number of sedentary fish species, few predators and few fishes living in large groups. Finally, physical factors, such as the distance between atolls, the lagoon surface, the mean percentage of hard substrate, the mean current index, and the mean depth, play a minor role in the occurrence of L. dimidiatus.     

Habitat use of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri and association with other fish species in a disconnected Danube side arm

Fish assemblages along the longitudinal course of an old, disconnected and modified side arm of the Danube floodplain downstream of Vienna, Austria, as well as habitat structure, hydro‐morphological and hydro‐chemical factors, were investigated in order to analyse the key environmental determinants of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri. Generally, U. krameri was the most abundant species in the system. It occurred in disconnected ditches, ponds and pools with dense reed belts and comparatively low nutrient content, indicating its natural association with marsh habitats. At infrequently disturbed sites it was associated with a small group of stagnophilious and highly specialized species with adaptations to strong oxygen fluctuations. At frequently flooded sites, the species was absent or occurred in low abundances, indicating its adaptation to water bodies in older successional stages and its low competitive power in permanently connected floodplain habitats.     

Culture of cells from zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) blastula-stage embryos

The zebrafish has become a popular model for studies of vertebrate development and toxicology. However,in vitro approaches utilizing this organism have not been fully exploited due to the absence of suitable cell culture systems. Previously, we developed methods for the culture of cells derived from zebrafish blastula-stage embryos. One of these cultures, ZEM-2, was derived in a complex medium containing trout embryo extract, trout serum and medium conditioned by buffalo rat liver cells. In this study we describe a zebrafish embryo cell line, ZEM-2A, derived from ZEM-2 following selection for growth in a simplified medium. Optimal growth of ZEM-2A cells is attained in nutrient medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum.     

海水鱼类共附生细菌群落研究进展

与海水鱼类处于共生、共栖、寄生或附生关系的细菌群落,称之为海水鱼类共附生细菌群落。这类细菌群落生活在海水鱼体表(皮肤、鳃)以及体内(消化道和血液、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏等内部组织器官),它们彼此之间以及与宿主之间存在着极其密切的关系,并且对于宿主的健康生长具有重要作用。然而,由于目前对养殖系统中的微生物群落中的致病微生物缺乏有效控制措施,处于迅速发展中的养殖产业经受着相当严重的疾病问题。因而,生态健康养殖被提到议事日程上来,并且日益受到重视,其中微生物生态调控是极其重要的一个环节。由于目前相关的基础微生物生态学资料比较缺乏,尤其是在国内作为微生物生态的基本组成部分,与微生物病害发生有着直接关系的大多数海水养殖鱼类的共附生细菌群落研究资料相当缺乏。因此,很有必要开展海水养殖鱼类共附生细菌群落相关研究。在此背景下,从研究的目的和意义以及国内外研究现状包括宿主海水鱼类种类、共附生细菌群落类别、共附生细菌群落的影响因素、共附生细菌群落对宿主的作用等方面综述了海水鱼类共附生细菌群落的研究进展,并对此类研究趋势进行了展望,为开展相关研究提供一定的参考。     

鱼类基因转移育种的几个问题

１９８５年,世界上第一批转基因鱼诞生。随后,鱼类基因转移迅速应用到培育高产、优质和抗逆的养殖鱼类新品种,并在解决发育生物学分子生物学和生理学等方面的难题中发挥了重要作用。目前,研究者已经建立了三种成熟的鱼类基因转移方法,即显微注射、电脉冲和精子携带法,证实了转移大受体鱼基因组中的整合、性腺传递、表达和转译表达产物的生物活性。最近,“全鱼”生长激素（ＧＨ）基因的克隆与应用,使快速生长转ＧＨ基因鱼的研     

Biological Inspiration: From Carangiform Fish to Multi-Joint Robotic Fish

This paper presents a novel approach to modelling carangiform fish-like swimming motion for multi-joint robotic fish so that they can obtain fish-like behaviours and mimic the body motion of carangiform fish. A given body motion function of fish swimming is firstly converted to a tail motion function which describes the tail motion relative to the head. Then, the tail motion function is discretized into a series of tail postures over time. Thirdly, a digital approximation method calculates the taming angles of joints in the tail to approximate each tail posture; and finally, these angles are grouped into a look-up table, or re-gressed to a time-dependent function, for practically controlling the tail motors in a multi-joint robotic fish. The paper made three contributions: tail motion relative to the head, an error function for digital approximation and regressing a look-up table for online optimization. To prove the feasibility of the proposed methodology, two basic swimming motion patterns, cruise straight and C-shape sharp turning, are modelled and implemented in our robotic fish. The experimental results show that the relative tail motion and the approximation error function are good choices and the proposed method is feasible.     

A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater, and anadromous fishes

Electrophoretic data were analysed from 49 species of freshwater fish, 57 species of marine fish, and seven anadromous species. For each species, at least 15 individuals had been assayed for at least 15 loci in two or more subpopulations. The results showed that while average total heterozygosity ( _T ) was approximately equal in freshwater and marine species (0·062 and 0·064 respectively), subpopulation heterozygosity ( _s ) was significantly less in the former group (0·046 and 0·059 respectively). Consequently the average degree of genetic subpopulation differentiation ( _ST ) was significantly greater for freshwater species (0·222 v. 0·062). On average, it is likely that marine subpopulations exchange between 10 and 100 times more migrants per generation than freshwater subpopulations, presumably because of the relative absence of barriers to dispersal in the marine environment. The reduced values of H_s in freshwater species are likely to reflect reduced effective subpopulation sizes relative to marine species. The few andromous species that have been analysed show intermediate levels of G_ST .     

高效液相色谱测定鱼体组织中鱼静安的浓度

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)建立了测定鱼体的鱼血,鱼脑,鱼肉和鱼肝中的鱼静安(MS222)的浓度方法,样品用重蒸水匀浆,离心15min(12000r/min),将上清液用045μm过滤膜过滤,用YWGC18分析柱,流动相为02mol/min磷酸缓冲液(pH31)∶甲醇=85∶15,紫外测试波长223nm,平均回收率鱼血8778%,鱼脑9530%,鱼肉9230%,鱼肝7700%。     

三倍体湘云鲫繁殖季节的性腺结构观察

在繁殖季节解剖３７尾龄和１６尾声龄湘云鲫,用光镜和电镜观察了湘云鲫的性腺结构。在湘鲫的性腺部位有三种类型的结构：（１）清巢型;精巢小叶内分布有精子细胞,精子细胞呈退化现象,没有发现有正常成熟精子。（２）卵巢型,该类型性腺的大部分为体积较小,分化程度较低的呈囊状排列的细胞,在这些小细胞中镶嵌着少量初级卵母细胞和体积较大的退化的卵母细胞。（３）脂肪型;该类型的性腺部位仅有两条脂肪组织,即没有卵巢结构,     

Fish parasitism in a new impoundment and differences upstream and downstream

The parasitic fish fauna in Guelph Lake, a four-year old impoundment, were compared with those in upstream and downstream localities. The lacustrine assemblage of the young mesotrophic to eutrophic impoundment was dominated by the cestodes, Ligula intestinalis and Proteocephalus ambloplites, and the nematode, Philometra sp. The acanthocephalan, Neoechinorhynchus saginatus, and the nematode, Rhabdacona cascadilla dominated the rheophilous assemblage of fish parasites, but the prevalence rate and intensity of R. cascadilla was significantly reduced downstream.     

Effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Turkey

Throughout the world a number of problems have arisen following the introduction of new fish species; impacts of introductions are not limited to biological and ecological effects but may also have socioeconomic implications. Exotic and translocated fish species have become established in various parts of the inland waters of Turkey since the 1950s. The present paper reviewed ecological and economical effects of introduced freshwater fish of Turkey.     

Factors affecting mark quality of alizarin complexone-stained otoliths in juvenile black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri and a prescription for dosage

The relationships between otolith score, a function of increasing stain visibility, and the ratio of alizarin complexone (mg) to fish biomass (g) for 0·1, 0·6 and 7 g black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri show that acceptable marks are produced in all size classes using a stain-to-biomass ratio of 3·3 mg g⁻¹ following an immersion period of 24 h.