牡丹PsAGL6基因克隆与表达分析

该研究在转录组数据分析基础上,通过RT-PCR方法从牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa.L)品种‘洛阳红’中克隆AGL6基因,并分析了其在不同组织和花型中的表达模式。结果显示:(1)AGL6开放阅读框长度732bp,编码244个氨基酸;结构域分析显示,该基因具有高度保守的MADS MEF2区、K区、AGL6I与AGL6II基序,归类于MADS-box基因家族,命名为PsAGL6,GenBank登录号为MF563611。(2)同源比对分析显示,牡丹PsAGL6与葡萄VvAGL6氨基酸序列相似度最高,达79%。(3)qRT-PCR分析结果显示,PsAGL6在牡丹各器官中均有表达,但营养器官中表达量较低,花器官中表达量较高,其中以萼片最高,花瓣与雌蕊次之;对4种牡丹花型花瓣的表达分析显示,PsAGL6基因在不同花型花瓣中的表达量差异明显,且蔷薇型牡丹花瓣相对表达量最高。研究表明,AGL6基因参与牡丹花器官的形成,为深入研究花器官发育的分子机制提供了帮助。     

桑树MaPP2C8基因克隆及其干旱胁迫下的表达

该研究基于桑树转录组测序结果及基因组数据库,采用PCR技术,克隆获得桑树2C型蛋白磷酸酶基因MaPP2C8的cDNA及其启动子序列,运用生物信息学方法对序列进行分析,并采用qRT-PCR方法检测MaPP2C8在干旱胁迫处理下的表达特性,为进一步研究MaPP2C8基因在干旱胁迫响应中的功能奠定基础。结果显示:(1)MaPP2C8基因cDNA全长为1 309 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)全长为1 053 bp,编码350个氨基酸。(2)MaPP2C8蛋白与桑科其他植物亲缘关系较近,归属于PP2Cs家族中的A亚族。(3)MaPP2C8蛋白分布于细胞中的多个位置,包括细胞质、细胞核及细胞膜等。(4)克隆获得MaPP2C8基因编码起始位点上游长度为1 612 bp启动子序列,该启动子含有3类激素相关的顺式作用元件,且与ABA相关的元件多达3个。(5)MaPP2C8基因受干旱胁迫诱导上调表达,复水处理后,其表达量显著下调。研究表明,MaPP2C8基因在桑树响应干旱胁迫过程中可能起重要作用。     

油菜花粉发育相关基因RALFbn的克隆与表达分析

根据美国NCBI数据库中快速碱化因子(RALF)类基因序列的已知信息,克隆了油菜的快速碱化因子基因RALFbn,对其核酸序列及预测蛋白进行了生物信息学分析,并在油菜多种组织内观测其表达情况.结果表明:(1)经克隆获得油菜RALFbn基因的cDNA序列全长为510 bp,无内含子,编码79个氨基酸.(2)生物信息学分析发现,油菜RALFbn蛋白具有RALF类蛋白保守的“YIXY”区和4个保守的半胱氨酸残基,并且含有N豆蔻酰化位点、酪氨酸激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点、和酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点等多个生物活性位点,说明该蛋白在油菜中潜在的生理调节能力较为活跃.(3) RT-PCR检测RALFbn基因在油菜生殖器官中的表达结果发现,RALFbn主要在油菜雄蕊中表达,而在雌蕊、花瓣和萼片中没有表达.提示RALFbn基因极可能与油菜雄蕊中花粉的发育相关.     

牡丹PoSAD基因克隆与表达分析

以凤丹牡丹(Paeonia ostii)叶片为试验材料,采用RACE和RT-PCR方法,克隆得到凤丹牡丹硬脂酰-ACP去饱和酶基因SAD的cDNA全长,命名为PoSAD(GenBank登录号为KY038819)。序列分析表明,该基因cDNA序列全长1 559bp,其中开放阅读框1 197bp,编码398个氨基酸,3′端非编码区长172bp,5′端非编码区长123bp。多序列比对结果表明,凤丹牡丹PoSAD氨基酸序列含有2个保守结构域。系统发育分析结果显示,凤丹牡丹与蓖麻处于同一分支,其亲缘关系最近。TMHMM和TargetP亚细胞定位分析得知,PoSAD蛋白无跨膜区域,可能定位于叶绿体中发挥功能。组织特异性结果分析表明,PoSAD基因在凤丹牡丹的根、茎、叶、花瓣、雌蕊、雄蕊、种子中均有表达,且在花瓣中表达量最高,雌蕊中次之,在根中的表达量最低;不同时期种子中,60d表达量最高,80d次之,10d中表达量最低。     

白三叶TrFQR1基因克隆与表达分析

采用RACE和RT-PCR方法,克隆白三叶拉丁诺(Trifolium repens cv.‘Ladino’)的cDNA基因序列,命名为TrFQR1,对该序列进行生物信息学分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测TrFQR1的表达模式。结果表明:(1)TrFQR1序列长为1 003bp,开放阅读框为612bp,编码203个氨基酸,该蛋白的理论分子质量21.88kD,等电点为5.96,属于亲水性稳定蛋白,无信号肽,无跨膜结构域,在进化上高度保守,N端11~15位氨基酸和C端112~165位氨基酸是FMN结合位点。(2)TrFQR1表达模式分析显示,白三叶TrFQR1基因对于8种处理均有响应,但不同处理响应不同,其中:用25μmol/L SNP、10mmol/L H_2O_2、5mmol/L CaCl_2处理1.5h以及15%PEG处理3h时,白三叶TrFQR1基因相对表达量显著增加;在200mmol/L NaCl和600μmol/L CdSO4处理下,TrFQR1基因相对表达量随处理时间的增加而增加;4℃处理6h和0.02mmol/L NaHS处理1.5h时,TrFQR1基因相对表达量显著减少。     

北美鹅掌楸LtuFPPS1基因克隆与组织表达分析

法尼基焦磷酸合酶(farnesyl diphosphate synthase,FPPS)是植物萜类物质合成前体法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl pyrophosphate,FPP)的关键合成酶。为探究北美鹅掌楸(Liriodendron tulipifera)萜类合成途径的分子机制,该文利用北美鹅掌楸转录组数据,通过设计特异性引物,采用RACE技术克隆得到LtuFPPS1基因的全长序列并进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:(1) LtuFPPS1基因全长1 460 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1 056 bp,编码351个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为40 589.45 D,等电点为5.19,不稳定系数为43.50,归类为不稳定蛋白; LtuFPPS1基因所编码的蛋白不含信号肽,定位于线粒体,是一种不稳定亲水性蛋白,具有类异戊二烯类化合物合酶的特征结构域,α-螺旋为其氨基酸序列的主要二级结构。(2)进化树和同源序列分析表明,北美鹅掌楸LtuFPPS1蛋白与乐昌含笑(Michelia chapensis)的FPPS蛋白的亲缘关系更近。(3)组织表达分析结果发现,LtuFPPS1基因在北美鹅掌楸雌蕊中的表达量最高,其高低顺序为雌蕊花芽茎雄蕊萼片叶片花瓣根,据此推测萜类代谢物在花器官中的合成相对较多。综上所述,LtuFPPS1基因为萜类合成酶基因,可为从分子生物学层面探究北美鹅掌楸萜类物质的合成提供一定的理论帮助。     

小麦TaLEC1基因的克隆及其表达特性分析

为了探讨LEC1基因在小麦(Triticum aestivum L)非生物胁迫应答中的功能,该研究通过RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆小麦TaLEC1基因,并采用qRT-PCR方法分析了该基因在小麦不同组织以及不同处理下的表达模式,为深入研究小麦LEC1基因在干旱、高温和高盐胁迫下的响应机制奠定基础。结果表明:(1)成功克隆到小麦TaLEC1基因,该基因cDNA序列全长为1 074 bp,其中5′端非编码区23 bp,开放阅读框为741 bp,3′端非编码区310 bp,编码246个氨基酸,具有典型的CBFD_NFYB结构域。(2)实时荧光定量分析显示,TaLEC1在不同组织间表达差异显著,10 d龄幼苗的叶中表达量最高。(3)TaLEC1基因可被植物激素ABA诱导而上调表达,属于ABA依赖型的表达调控通路。(4)PEG模拟干旱胁迫处理后的0.5～1 h,TaLEC1基因呈上调表达;42℃胁迫处理过程中,TaLEC1基因呈稳定上调表达趋势,并在胁迫处理后12 h和48 h时表达急剧上调,分别为对照的52.8倍和34.5倍;NaCl胁迫处理0.5 h时TaLEC1基因迅速上调表达。研究表明,小麦TaLEC1基因参与ABA依赖的胁迫响应,推测可能在小麦耐受高温胁迫和渗透胁迫过程中发挥着重要的脱水保护功能。     

独行菜种子bHLH类转录因子基因家族及幼苗laICE1表达对冷胁迫的响应

该研究在转录组数据基础上,以独行菜(Lepidium apetalum Willd.)种子耐受和不能耐受低温萌发的2组样本为材料,对其bHLH转录因子家族成员进行分析,并对该家族成员表达差异极显著的laICE1基因进行克隆、序列分析、结构预测,以探讨独行菜幼苗中laICE1基因表达对低温胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:(1)萌发中的独行菜种子,至少有83个bHLH转录因子序列表达,相对于低温萌发停滞组,在低温萌发耐受组的独行菜种子中,有10个下调、13个上调、60个表达差异不显著。其中表达量极显著下调的序列c20009_g1具有1 503bp开放阅读框,GO注释到ICE1基因,该基因命名为laICE1。(2)laICE1基因编码500aa,蛋白分子量为54 635.19kD,理论等电点为5.45,分子式为C2364H3742N688O758S22;该蛋白具有保守结构域bHLH。(3)定量分析表明,laICE1基因在非低温胁迫的独行菜种子中的表达量显著低于一直处于低温胁迫中不能进行萌发的独行菜种子,这与转录组数据库中该序列表达情况一致;而laICE1基因在独行菜幼苗期经低温处理后,其表达量显著上调,表明laICE1基因可能在独行菜幼苗耐受低温生长中具有一定的作用。     

辣椒雄性不育系SDH4基因的表达特性分析

为了探究线粒体电子传递复合体Ⅱ的关键酶基因(SDH4)与辣椒细胞质雄性不育的关系,该试验通过GenBank报道的辣椒线粒体基因组序列,特异引物扩增SDH4基因,并通过分析SDH4基因的时空表达及转录本编辑位点,以期找到辣椒细胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B的差异。结果表明:(1)从辣椒细胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B中获得的目的基因编码区片段长度一致,全长均为378bp,编码125个氨基酸残基。(2)辣椒保持系不同组织中SDH4基因表达存在差异,种子中表达最高,茎中表达最低。(3)在不同材料花蕾发育的同一时期,SDH4基因表达也不一致,在花粉母细胞减数分裂时期,不育系SDH4基因表达量明显低于保持系;而在造孢细胞增殖期、小孢子单核期和小孢子成熟期的表达量均高于保持系。(4)不育材料中SDH4基因在29位点出现RNA编辑,导致氨基酸由丝氨酸变为亮氨酸,增强了蛋白结构的疏水性能。研究认为,辣椒细胞质雄性不育系9704A和保持系9704B中SDH4基因的表达差异可能引起植物的能量代谢供应出现异常,从而导致雄性不育的产生。     

睡莲品种保罗蓝花器官不同部位的转录组测序分析

为探究热带睡莲花器官不同部位的花香代谢通路及参与萜类香气物质生物合成的差异表达基因,本研究借助转录组测序技术,以热带睡莲品种保罗蓝为研究对象,对其花器官的花瓣（PE,petal）、雄蕊（ST,stamen）和雌蕊（PI,pistil） 3个部位进行转录组测序分析。差异表达基因分析结果显示,花瓣相对于雌蕊（PE-vs-PI）、雄蕊相对于雌蕊（ST-vs-PI）和雄蕊相对于花瓣（ST-vs-PE）的差异表达基因数目分别为7853个、7501个和2526个。GO分类和富集分析显示,3个比较组的差异表达基因主要参与了生物调节、细胞过程、代谢过程和刺激应答的生物学过程;KEGG分类和富集分析显示,PE-vs-PI的差异表达基因显著富集的KEGG通路最多,其次为ST-vs-PI,ST-vs-PE最少。从3个比较组共有的794个差异表达基因中筛选出98个参与萜类物质代谢差异表达基因,富集于4条萜类物质合成通路,且PE-vs-PI和ST-vs-PI的差异表达基因数目均高于ST-vs-PE。已知的金合欢醛和二萜贝壳杉烯合成关键基因HMGR和DXS在花瓣和雄蕊的表达量均高于雌蕊。从98个差异表达基因中随机...     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.