辣椒CaNAC55基因克隆与表达分析

为揭示辣椒NAC转录因子的功能,以高抗疫病辣椒CM334为试验材料,克隆获得CaNAC55基因全长gDNA和cDNA序列。生物信息学分析表明,CaNAC55基因gDNA全长4 164 bp, cDNA完整开放阅读框(ORF)为1 299 bp,基因编码的蛋白由432个氨基酸残基组成;基因序列比对和同源性分析结果表明,CaNAC55与辣椒(XM-016722474)、番茄(XM-004241285)和马铃薯(XM-006361027)的亲缘关系最近,氨基酸相似度分别达到99.87%、93.37%和92.62%。实时荧光定量分析表明,干旱、高盐、热激处理均可诱导CaNAC55基因表达,其中干旱、高盐、热激处理分别在24 h、24 h和12 h时表达量达到峰值,且分别为对照的3.01倍、20.92倍和8.84倍;ABA处理下,CaNAC55基因的相对表达量显著低于对照,说明CaNAC55基因的表达受到ABA的抑制。研究表明,辣椒CaNAC55转录因子对不同逆境胁迫的响应不同,推测辣椒CaNAC55基因可能作为重要的调节因子参与逆境胁迫响应。     

桑树MaPP2C8基因克隆及其干旱胁迫下的表达

该研究基于桑树转录组测序结果及基因组数据库,采用PCR技术,克隆获得桑树2C型蛋白磷酸酶基因MaPP2C8的cDNA及其启动子序列,运用生物信息学方法对序列进行分析,并采用qRT-PCR方法检测MaPP2C8在干旱胁迫处理下的表达特性,为进一步研究MaPP2C8基因在干旱胁迫响应中的功能奠定基础。结果显示:(1)MaPP2C8基因cDNA全长为1 309 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)全长为1 053 bp,编码350个氨基酸。(2)MaPP2C8蛋白与桑科其他植物亲缘关系较近,归属于PP2Cs家族中的A亚族。(3)MaPP2C8蛋白分布于细胞中的多个位置,包括细胞质、细胞核及细胞膜等。(4)克隆获得MaPP2C8基因编码起始位点上游长度为1 612 bp启动子序列,该启动子含有3类激素相关的顺式作用元件,且与ABA相关的元件多达3个。(5)MaPP2C8基因受干旱胁迫诱导上调表达,复水处理后,其表达量显著下调。研究表明,MaPP2C8基因在桑树响应干旱胁迫过程中可能起重要作用。     

两个小麦14-3-3基因的特征、亚细胞定位及其对非生物胁迫的响应(英文)

为了探讨14-3-3基因在小麦逆境胁迫应答中的调控作用,利用RACE技术克隆了两个包含完整编码框的14-3-3基因(命名为Ta14R1和Ta14R2),其中Ta14R1 cDNA长999 bp,编码262个氨基酸,而Ta14R2 cDNA长897 bp,编码261个氨基酸。Ta14R1/Ta14R2-GFP融合载体瞬时表达结果显示,Ta14R1和Ta14R2蛋白均定位于细胞质和细胞膜,但不在叶绿体中。荧光定量PCR分析表明,Ta14R1和Ta14R2均在萌发1 d的胚芽鞘中表达量最高;在高温、低温、模拟干旱和ABA处理下,两个基因在小麦的根和叶中都受胁迫诱导而且显著上调表达,推测这两个14-3-3基因通过依赖ABA的非生物胁迫响应途径发挥作用,可能参与了小麦中高温、低温和干旱胁迫的耐受调节过程。     

香鳞毛蕨DfDREB基因克隆与表达模式分析

DREB(dehydration-responsive element-binding)转录因子是响应非生物胁迫反应的主要调节因子,为探索DREB在多年生草本药用植物香鳞毛蕨[Dryopteris fragrans(L.) Schott]抗逆过程中的功能,该研究克隆了DfDREB基因并进行生物信息学分析,采用qRT-PCR方法分析了DfDREB基因在不同激素及干旱、NaCl、高温和低温等逆境胁迫处理下的表达模式。结果表明:(1)成功获得DfDREB基因全长1 203 bp,其编码401个氨基酸,相对分子质量为43.66 kD,等电点为6.13,是亲水性非分泌蛋白,该蛋白具有AP2保守结构域,属于AP2家族。(2)实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,DfDREB基因在香鳞毛蕨根、叶柄和叶中均有表达,其中在叶中表达量最高,根中表达量最低;在水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)和乙烯利(ETH)处理时,DfDREB基因表达上调,并都在1 h时表达量达到峰值;在脱落酸(ABA)处理时,DfDREB基因的相对表达量仅在12 h和24 h时呈上调表达,其余时间为下调表达;在干旱、NaCl和高温处理时,DfDREB基因表达均上调;低温处理0.5 h和12 h时DfDREB基因表达显著上调,但在低温处理1～6 h和24 h时无明显变化。研究表明,DfDREB基因响应激素和非生物胁迫处理,且基因表达受胁迫诱导。该研究结果为进一步探索香鳞毛蕨抗逆分子机制奠定了基础。     

干旱胁迫下棉花幼苗转录因子BES1/BZR1对外源油菜素内酯的响应表达特征

植物激素油菜素内酯(Brassinosteroid,BR)具有提高植物抗旱性的作用,该研究探讨干旱胁迫下外源喷施BR对棉花干旱胁迫响应基因表达的影响。采用PCR方法从棉花‘新陆早17号’幼苗克隆获得1个干旱胁迫响应转录因子基因,命名为GhBES1/BZR1(GenBank登录号KP272000)。序列分析表明GhBES1/BZR1基因开放阅读框为960bp,编码319个氨基酸,理论分子量为34.3kD,理论等电点为8.95。保守结构域分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白具有一个DUF822保守结构域。利用2.5%PEG-6000对棉花‘新陆早17号’幼苗进行干旱胁迫处理24h,再分别喷施水、BR和Z(BR抑制剂),qRT-PCR分析结果表明,PEG-6000干旱胁迫下用BR处理3h后,GhBES1/BZR1基因表达量明显提高,当BR处理6和12h时,GhBES1/BZR1基因的表达量较3h时明显下降。研究认为,在干旱胁迫下对棉花喷洒BR,GhBES1/BZR1基因能够快速表达以响应干旱胁迫,外源喷施BR有助于提高棉花的抗旱能力。     

小麦TaWRKYⅢ-A37和TaWRKYⅡc-D2基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探究小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)WRKY基因的功能,采用同源克隆的方法,从小麦品种‘科农199’中克隆得到2个WRKY基因,分别命名为TaWRKYⅢ-A37和TaWRKYⅡc-D2,并对其进行生物信息学分析和不同逆境胁迫下的表达分析。生物信息学分析显示,TaWRKYⅢ-A37和TaWRKYⅡc-D2基因都含有2个内含子和3个外显子,分别编码206和138个氨基酸,编码蛋白都属于亲水性不稳定非分泌型的核蛋白。系统进化分析表明,TaWRKYⅢ-A37蛋白与其两个同源拷贝的亲缘关系最近,而TaWRKYⅡc-D2蛋白与粗山羊草亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果表明,TaWRKYⅢ-A37和TaWRKYⅡc-D2基因在小麦根、茎和叶中均有表达,前者在根中表达量最高,后者在叶中表达量最高,二者均在茎中低表达;在苗期TaWRKYⅢ-A37基因受到PEG、H_2O_2和ABA胁迫后表达上调,NaCl处理后4～8 h内表达下调且低于对照表达水平,而且在灌浆期受到PEG、NaCl、H_2O_2和ABA胁迫后表达均上调;苗期TaWRKYⅡc-D2基因在NaCl、H_2O_2和ABA胁迫后表达下调,PEG处理2 h时表达上调且高于对照表达水平,并且在灌浆期经PEG和NaCl胁迫后表达下调,受H_2O_2和ABA胁迫后表达上调。该研究结果为深入探究TaWRKYⅢ-A37和TaWRKYⅡc-D2基因的抗逆功能奠定了理论基础。     

辣椒CaWRKY8基因克隆及胁迫下的表达分析

为了揭示辣椒WRKY基因功能,以辣椒PI201234为实验材料,克隆得到WRKY基因全长1 647bp的cDNA序列,命名为CaWRKY8。生物信息学分析表明,该基因含有一个1 647bp完整开放阅读框(ORF),编码548个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列分析显示,CaWRKY8编码的蛋白含有2个WRKY结构域,属于Group I。氨基酸序列比对结果表明,CaWRKY8与辣椒WRKY25、马铃薯WRKY、番茄基因组中预测的WRKY26、烟草基因组中预测的WRKY33和猕猴桃WRKY的氨基酸序列之间均具有高度的保守性。实时荧光定量分析表明,CaWRKY8受盐、高温、干旱和辣椒疫霉菌诱导表达;其中CaWRKY8的表达量在盐和干旱处理下3h达到峰值,分别是对照的2.38倍和121.10倍,在高温和疫霉菌处理下12h达到峰值,分别是对照的6.12和6.81倍。以上研究结果表明,CaWRKY8基因在辣椒响应胁迫进程中发挥着重要作用。     

藜麦CqSAP8基因克隆及其在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

该研究根据NCBI公布的藜麦胁迫相关蛋白(SAP)基因CqSAP8序列进行克隆,利用生物信息学分析CqSAP8蛋白序列、理化性质和结构特点,并采用qRT PCR方法检测CqSAP8基因表达的组织特异性及在非生物胁迫下的相对表达。结果表明：(1)藜麦CqSAP8基因CDS全长528 bp,编码175个氨基酸;预测CqSAP8蛋白分子量为18.73 kD,理论等电点为7.46,属于稳定的亲水性蛋白质;CqSAP8蛋白在N端和C端分别含有A20和AN1保守域,是SAP蛋白最典型的类型。(2)序列比对与进化分析显示,藜麦CqSAP8与甜菜BvSAP8、菠菜SoSAP8亲缘关系最近,序列相似性分别为89.66%和89.47%。(3)qRT PCR分析表明,藜麦CqSAP8基因在根、茎、叶、花和种子中均有表达,且在种子中表达量最高;CqSAP8基因在干旱和高温胁迫12 h表达量达到最大值,分别是对照的13.09和17.47倍,高盐和低温胁迫下的最大表达量均为对照的3.91倍,说明藜麦CqSAP8基因响应多种非生物胁迫应答;另外,藜麦CqSAP8的表达量在ABA胁迫下24 h急剧升高,推测CqSAP8基因在非生物胁迫前期的响应不依赖ABA。该研究为进一步研究CqSAP8基因功能及抗逆分子机制奠定了基础。     

茶树CsGIF1基因的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的响应分析

GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR(GIF)基因是植物叶发育相关的一类重要调控因子,调节植物叶器官的发育。该研究采用RT-PCR方法从茶树‘龙井43’的叶片cDNA中克隆得到CsGIF1基因,并利用荧光定量PCR分析了高温(38℃)、低温(4℃)、干旱(200g·L-1 PEG)、盐胁迫(200mmol·L-1 NaCl)下CsGIF1基因的表达水平,以明确CsGIF1基因对非生物胁迫的应答特性,为茶树CsGIF1基因的逆境调控以及功能研究奠定基础。结果表明:(1)CsGIF1基因长666bp,编码221个氨基酸,具有高度保守的SNH结构域;CsGIF1蛋白为亲水性蛋白,理论相对分子质量为23 380,理论等电点为6.30;酸性氨基酸、碱性氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸和脂肪族氨基酸所占比例分别为7%、9%、5%和13%;蛋白质二级结构显示,茶树CsGIF1蛋白由38.01%的α-螺旋、10.41%的β-折叠、12.22%的延伸主链和39.37%的随机卷曲组成。(2)qRT-PCR分析显示,茶树CsGIF1基因对于4种非生物胁迫均有响应,但不同处理响应不同。其中在胁迫2h时,高温和低温胁迫下,CsGIF1基因相对表达量显著增加,分别为对照的3.54和5.69倍,且高低温胁迫下,CsGIF1基因响应明显大于干旱和盐胁迫。在高温、低温、干旱、盐等不同胁迫处理下,茶树‘龙井43’中CsGIF1基因的表达水平与对照相比均差异明显。     

柠条锦鸡儿CkLEA1基因克隆及表达分析

植物受到逆境胁迫后,大量逆境响应基因会被诱导表达,LEA蛋白编码基因就是与植物抗旱、抗冷等非生物胁迫密切相关的一类基因.从已构建的柠条锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制性削减杂交文库中筛选到了一条LEA蛋白编码基因并进行了克隆.序列比对与系统进化分析显示该基因属于LEA3基因家族成员,命名为CkLEA1(GenBank登录号是KC309408).克隆得到该基因gDNA长469bp,包含两个外显子和一个内含子;cDNA长357bp,包含300bp的开放阅读框,推导编码99个氨基酸的蛋白质.利用荧光定量PCR技术对CkLEA1基因在各种逆境胁迫条件的表达情况进行初步研究表明,CkLEA1受干旱、ABA、冷、热、盐和碱等处理不同程度地诱导,推测其与柠条锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫的机制有关.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Structural Peculiarities of Na+,K+-ATPase Isozymes from the Calf Brain

Functionally active preparations of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isozymes from calf brain that contain catalytic subunits of three types (1, 2, and 3) were obtained using two approaches: a selective removal of contaminating proteins by the Jorgensen method and a selective solubilization of the enzyme with subsequent reconstitution of their membrane structure by the Esmann method. The ouabain inhibition constants were determined for the isozymes. The real isozyme composition of the Na⁺ pump from the grey matter containing glial cells and the brain stem containing neurons was determined. The plasma membranes of glial cells were shown to contain mainly Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase of the 11 type and minor amounts of isozymes of the 22(1) and the 31(2) type. The axolemma contains 21 and 31 isozymes. A carbohydrate analysis indicated that 11 enzyme preparations from the brain grey matter substantially differ from the renal enzymes of the same composition in the glycosylation of the 1 isoform. An enhanced sensitivity of the 3 catalytic subunit of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from neurons to endogenous proteolysis was found. A point of specific proteolysis in the amino acid sequence PNDNR⁴⁹² Y⁴⁹³ was localized (residue numbering is that of the human 3 subunit). This sequence corresponds to one of the regions of the greatest variability in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-subunits, but at the same time, it is characteristic of the 3 isoforms of various species. The presence of the 3 isoform of tubulin (cytoskeletal protein) was found for the first time in the high-molecular-mass Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase 31 isozyme complex isolated from the axolemma of brain stem neurons, and its binding to the 3 catalytic subunit was shown.     

The evolution of the Hox cluster: insights from outgroups

Two burgeoning research trends are helping to reconstruct the evolution of the Hox cluster with greater detail and clarity. First, Hox genes are being studied in a broader phylogenetic sampling of taxa: the past year has witnessed important new data from teleost fishes, onychophorans, myriapods, polychaetes, glossiphoniid leeches, ribbon worms, and sea anemones. Second, commonly accepted notions of animal relationships are being challenged by alternative phylogenetic hypotheses that are causing us to rethink the evolutionary relationships of important metazoan lineages, especially arthropods, annelids, nematodes, and platyhelminthes.     

1H and13C-NMR analysis of four pentasaccharides from urine of blood-group A and B,Leb adults. Confirmation of the structure of two new oligosaccharides: Fuc(α1–2)[GalNAc(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc and Fuc(α1–2)[Gal(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc

The major pentasaccharides Fuc(1-2)[GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc, which are normally present in the urine of bloodgroup A Le^b and B Le^b healthy subjects, were each found to be contaminated by a minor component when analysed by¹H-NMR. The determination of these structures, Fuc(1-2) [GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc, was based on the results of methylation analysis and¹H/¹³C-NMR spectroscopy.Abbreviations HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - GLC gas liquid chromatography - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - COSY correlation spectroscopy - Gal d-galactopyranose - GalNAc 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose - Glc d-glucopyranose - Fuc l-fucopyranose - LNDFH I lacto-N-difucohexaose I (Le^b determinant     

Characterization of SSEA-1 glycolipids from the brain of a patient with fucosidosis

Neutral glycolipids from the brain of a patient with Fucosidosis were analyzed and two complex glycolipids containing five and eight sugars were isolated from the cortical grey matter. These two glycolipids reacted with antibodies recognizing the SSEA-1 [Le^x(X)] carbohydrate determinant. SSEA-1 glycolipids are normally expressed in human embryonic brain but are found in only small amounts in postnatal human brain. The accumulation of the two SSEA-1 glycolipids in Fucosidosis brain thus represents a defect which affects the normal developmentally regulated decrease in postnatal, expression of these glycolipids, and may be a contributing factor in the abnormal brain development associated with the disease. Chemical characterization of the two isolated glycolipids by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses has identified the two glycolipids as lacto-N-fucopentaosylceramide (III) and difucosyl-neolactonorhexaosylceramide.Abbreviations DCl direct chemical ionization - FAB tastatiom bombardment - GC gas chromatography - GSLs glycosphingolipids - MS mass spectrometry - SSEA-1 stage specific embryonic antigen-1 - TLC thin layer chromatographys     

N-andO-glycosylation of glycoprotein C synthesized by Herpes simplex virus type 1-infected ricin resistant cells

The progeny of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown in ricin-resistant 14 cells (Ric^R14) lackingN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was released in the extracellular medium at a very low rate. By using a monoclonal antibody immobilized on Sepharose we purified from HSV-1-infected Ric^R14 cells a viral glycoprotein (gC), which carries bothN-andO-linked oligosaccharides. Glycopeptides obtained from [³H]mannoselabeled gC by Pronase digestion were entirely susceptible to endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and the major oligosaccharide released was Man₄GlcNAc. The accumulation of this high-mannose species was related to the enzymic defect of the host cells and to the long retention of the viral glycoprotein within the cells. The extent ofO-glycosylation evaluated in [¹⁴C]glucosamine-labeled gC from Ric^R14 cells as compared to that of gC from wild type cells did not appear to be significantly modified.Abbreviations Con A concanavalin A - BHK cells baby hamster kidney cells - HSV Herpes simplex virus     

Elucidation of Structure of Lipid A from the Marine Gram-Negative Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 14393T

The chemical structure of lipid A, from the marine -proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 14393, a main product of lipopolysaccharide hydrolysis (1% AcOH), was determined using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid A was shown to be -1,6-glucosaminobiose 1,4-diphosphate acylated with two (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid residues at C3 and C3 and amidated with one (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl and one (R)-3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoyl residue at N2 and N2, respectively.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.