不同龄级划分方法对种群存活分析的影响——以水灾迹地油松和华山松种群生存分析为例

 生命表、存活曲线和生存分析是研究种群动态的重要工具,其关键就是科学正确地划分龄级。该文研究了水灾迹地不同龄级划分方法对油松（Pinus abulaeformis）和华山松（P. armandii）种群存活曲线和生存分析函数曲线的影响。华山松以实际年龄作为龄级划分指标时,存活曲线为Ⅱ型;地径和树高作为划分指标时,存活曲线为Ⅲ型。生存函数和累计死亡率函数也发生类似的类型变化。油松实际年龄、地径和树高作为龄级的划分指标时,存活曲线(Ⅱ型)、生存率函数和累计死亡率函数类型一致,均为直线型。死亡率函数和危险率函数在不同树种和不同龄级划分方法间不存在明显差异。因此,华山松地径和树高作为龄级划分的代用指标不可行,而油松可行。其主要原因是华山松树高和地径与年龄的关系为指数函数关系,而油松则为直线函数关系。在此基础上把华山松地径和树高取自然对数后重新划分龄级,则存活曲线关系在地径、树高和实际年龄之间不存在差异,均为Ⅱ型。从而得出结论,地径、树高和年龄之间线性关系与否是地径和树高作为实际年龄代用指标可行性和准确性的关键。因此,在植物种群统计研究中,大小作为龄级划分代用指标要慎用。在未来研究中,种群个体年龄和大小关系及其影响因素的研究对植物种群数量动态分析和种群统计学的发展具有重要意义。     

燕山山脉黄檗种群结构与动态特征

黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）为我国珍稀濒危物种，具有较高的药用价值。以燕山地区野生黄檗种群为研究对象，采用典型抽样对8个保护区内的黄檗进行全面调查，通过编制静态生命表并绘制存活曲线，分析种群年龄结构和种群变化规律，并通过种群动态量化和时间序列预测分析种群未来数量变化。结果表明：（1）黄檗种群结构总体上呈倒"J"型，但存在外部干扰时，种群结构数量变化动态指数为1.017%，表明该种群趋于稳定型；（2）静态生命表及相关曲线分析显示，黄檗种群存活数量整体上随着径级增大，个体数量逐渐下降；黄檗种群的生存期望在不同径级间存在波动，而第Ⅶ径级的生存期望最高，种群存活曲线符合Deevey-Ⅱ型，黄檗种群具有前期减少、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点；（3）时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4、6、8个径级之后，黄檗中老龄个体数量将逐渐增加。黄檗种群濒危的主要因素是幼苗数量少，且呈现散生分布状态，建议加强幼苗抚育工作，提高幼苗的存活率，保护和改善生境，从而促进黄檗种群的自然更新和恢复。     

暗针叶林下华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）对岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群动态的影响

通过不同华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）环境中岷江冷杉（Abies faxoniana）幼龄植株种群生命表及存活曲线、死亡曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群动态趋势,并根据野外取样分析华西箭竹对岷江冷杉幼龄植株生物量分配的影响。结果表明：在暗针叶林下,岷江冷杉幼龄植株总的种群结构呈明显的金字塔型,存活曲线DeeveyⅢ型,幼苗个体丰富,死亡率高,进入小树阶段后有较高的生命期望。小密度华西箭竹增大了岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树的死亡率,该环境下的岷江冷杉幼龄植株种群存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,而无竹环境为DeeveyⅢ型。大密度华西箭竹环境中岷江冷杉小幼苗叶重比显著增大,异速生长显著增高。过于密集的华西箭竹严重抑制了岷江冷杉幼苗的定居,而小密度华西箭竹的存在对岷江冷杉的更新并非完全不利。     

山西南部翅果油树种群动态与谱分析

从种群生态方面,探讨山西南部濒危树种——翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollis Diels）的濒危机制,具有重要的科学价值。本文利用生存分析理论研究了翅果油树种群径级结构,编制了特定时间生命表,并绘制存活曲线、死亡曲线等曲线,同时又分析了生存率、积累死亡率和死亡密度等生存函数;而且应用谱分析理论分析了翅果油树种群的周期性。结果表明：（1）径级结构分析说明翅果油树种群属于增长型。（2）生命表分析表明,翅果油树种群损失度动态趋势和死亡率变化基本相似,呈现波动变化。存活曲线经统计检验更趋于DeeveyⅡ型。生命期望在17～21 cm径级出现高峰,说明此径级阶段翅果油树的生存质量相对较高。（3）生存函数分析表明,积累死亡率单调增加,生存率单调下降,其增加或下降幅度是前期高于后期。死亡密度函数曲线和死亡曲线变化趋势基本一致,危险率函数曲线也和死亡率变化趋势一致。（4）谱分析表明在自然更新过程中翅果油树种群动态表现出大周期内的小周期迭加现象,并且受基波的影响较大。     

武夷山米槠种群生命表分析

根据武夷山国家级自然保护区米槠种群的调查材料,编制其静态生命表,进行生成分析,通过绘制亏损率曲线,存活曲线,死亡率曲线,生存函数曲线,分析种群数量动态变化,结果表明,米槠种群有1个死亡高峰,出现在Ⅱ龄级的年龄阶段,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型,引入生命表中的几个函数能较好地说明种群的结构和动态变化。     

祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群数量动态

种群数量动态揭示了种群的结构特征及其潜在的驱动机制，有助于预测种群未来的动态，进而为森林生态系统的保护与恢复提供理论依据。本研究基于10.2 hm²青海云杉动态监测样地数据，以种群径级结构代替年龄结构，编制静态生命表，绘制径级结构图、存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和4个生存分析函数曲线，分析青海云杉种群数量特征，并利用种群数量动态变化指数和时间序列模型对种群数量动态进行预测。结果表明：（1）青海云杉种群的年龄结构近似于倒"J"型，幼苗和小树储量丰富；（2）种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型，为稳定型种群，死亡率曲线和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致，均在第2、8龄级出现高峰期；（3）生存率曲线呈下降趋势，累计死亡率曲线呈上升趋势，死亡密度曲线缓慢下降，而危险率曲线逐渐上升，该种群具有：前期减少、中期稳定、后期衰退的生长特点；（4）种群数量变化动态指数V_pi>0，表明该种群属于增长型种群，V_pi''>0且趋近于0，则表明该种群趋近于稳定型；（5）时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4、6、8个龄级时间后，种群呈稳定增长趋势。研究显示，祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群为稳定增长型种群，只要未来不遭受强烈干扰，种群数量会保持逐渐增长。针对该种群幼龄个体在前期的更新过程死亡率较高情况，建议在今后的经营管理中应重点加强对第1、2龄级植株生存环境的保护和改善，提高幼苗和小树的存活率。     

台湾相思种群生命过程及谱分析

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,编制台湾相思种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、亏损度曲线、死亡密度函数曲线、积累死亡函数曲线和危险率函数曲线,分析种群生命过程。结果表明,台湾相思有1个死亡高峰,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型;并应用谱分析方法研究台湾相思种群动态,结果表明,在台湾相思种群自然更新过程中存在着明显的周期性。     

甘肃祁连山青海云杉种群数量动态的初步研究

用生存分析和静态生命表研究方法,在祁连山国家级自然保护区调查了16个(20 m×20 m)样地,分析青海云杉(Picea crassifolia Kom.)种群数量动态和年龄结构.结果表明,不同种群年龄结构不同,属顶级群落的苔藓-青海云杉林、草类-青海云杉林表现为衰退型种群;灌木-青海云杉林、马先蒿-青海云杉林为增长型种群.1～5龄级存活曲线较陡,种群死亡率较高;5龄级以后存活曲线相对平缓,死亡率较低.采用指数方程和幂函数对生存曲线的类型进行检验,苔藓-青海云杉林、草类-青海云杉林和标准化青海云杉林的生存曲线符合DeeveyⅢ型曲线;灌木-青海云杉林、马先蒿-青海云杉林的生存曲线符合DeeveyⅡ型曲线.种群数量变化的回归分析和青海云杉生态寿命与环境因子相关性分析表明,青海云杉种群存活数变化和生态寿命与种群密度有关.     

珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群动态研究

以种群生命表及生存分析理论为基础,编制南方铁杉种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率曲线、亏损度曲线、死亡密度函数曲线、积累死亡函数曲线和危险率函数曲线,分析种群生命过程。结果表明,南方铁杉有一个死亡最低峰,存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型。并应用谱分析方法研究南方铁杉种群动态,结果表明,在南方铁杉种群自然更新过程中并没有表现出明显的周期性。     

广西大明山自然保护区蛇足石杉种群生命表及生存分析

为进一步探讨蛇足石杉濒危的机制, 以广西大明山自然保护区蛇足石杉种群为调查对象, 采用分段匀滑技术编制蛇足石杉种群静态生命表, 进行种群生存分析, 通过绘制亏损率曲线、存活曲线、死亡率曲线、生存函数曲线, 分析种群数量及动态变化。结果表明: 该蛇足石杉种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅱ型, 种群生长过程中在第Ⅳ龄级存在一个死亡高峰。说明在自然保护的情况下蛇足石杉种群的生存状况仍然严峻, 需适当进行人工保护并加强资源调查, 对优良种质进行异地保护。     

Survivorship characteristics of the mosquito Aedes caspius adults from southern France under laboratory conditions

The survivorship characteristics of two populations of Aedes caspius (Pallas) (Diptera: Culicidae) were compared in the laboratory. One population was sourced from Mourgues, where larvicides have been used continuously for approximately 40 years, and the other from Pont de Gau, where there has been no consistent mosquito control. The aims of the study were to ascertain the basic life history profiles of adults and to determine whether continuous larviciding affects inherent adult survivorship. Life tables were constructed to calculate the following life expectancy parameters: mean lifetime (tau(ad)); maximum lifetime (tau(max)), and daily survival rate (p(ad)). All three parameters were higher for females than for males (paired t-test, P < or = 0.001); male mean lifetime, maximum lifetime and daily survival rate were 4.95 +/- 0.94 days, 20.50 +/- 6.66 days and 0.79 +/- 0.05, respectively; female values were 14.74 +/- 3.68 days, 49.69 +/- 16.55 days and 0.93 +/- 0.02, respectively. No differences were found between the two populations, and no correlations were found between initial adult densities and their respective survival rates. The survivorship curves for Ae. caspius were type IV for males (mortality rates higher for young adults) and type III for females (mortality rates constant).     

黔西北晚奥陶世Dalmanella testudinaria及Dorytreta longicrura(腕足类)居群动态学研究

对黔西北仁怀核桃湾、毕节燕子日晚奥陶世Ｈｉｒｎａｎｔｉａ动物群中Ｄａｌｍａｎｅｌｌａｔｅｓｔｕｄｉｎａｒｉａ及Ｄｏｒｙｔｒｅｔａｌｏｎｇｉｃｒｕｒａ居群的埋藏和时间均化的研究表明,两地居群均属原地埋藏的正常居群,且未遭受选择性破坏,这些化石居群的特征基本反映了原先生活居群长期变化的特征。它们的大小频率分布图是强烈的左偏斜,幼年期个体占很大比例。对各居群生存曲线的对比研究表明,生存曲线近似于Ｓ形（ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄａｌｔｙｎｅ）,反映出幼年期死亡率很高,成年期死亡率较低,而老年期死亡率又增高。同一环境中Ｄａｌｍａｎｅｌｌａｔｅｓｔｕｄｉｎａｒｉａ居群的幼年期死亡率高于Ｄｏｒｙｔｒｅｔａｌｏｎｇｉｃｒｕｒａ居群,反映了物种自身的不同特性;另一方面,前述两种居群在核桃湾的幼年期死亡率高于在燕子口的幼年期死亡率,说明两地生活环境存在差异;物种分异度分析及剖面的微相分析表明,核桃湾古海水深度浅于燕子口。从大小频率分布图获得生存曲线时,宜采用Ｌｅｖｉｎｔｏｎ和Ｂａｍｂａｃｈ（１９７）的方法,即根据公式Ｄ＝ｓ×ｉｎ（Ｔ＋１）将大小转化为生存时限,而不宜采用Ｔｈａｙｅｒ（１９７７）的方法,即直接对作为横坐标的大小取对数。     

A mélange of curves – further dialogue about species–area relationships

Scheiner (2003) presented a classification of species–area curves into six types based on the pattern of sampling and how the data are combined to form the curves. Gray et al. (2004) contended that five of those types should be termed ‘species‐accumulation curves’, reserving ‘species–area curve’ for those based on island‐type data. Their proposition contradicts 70 years of usage and confounds curves that are area‐explicit with those that are area‐undefined. In exploring these issues, I highlight additional aspects of species–area and species‐accumulation curves, including the assumption of nesting in Type IV (island) curves, how to convert area‐unspecified curves into area curves, and the effects of the grain of the analysis on the properties of the curve. Further exploration, theoretical development, and dialogue are needed before we will understand all the biology that species–area curves summarize.     

Nonlogarithmic death rate calculations for Byssochlamys fulva and other microorganisms.

Survivor curves for heat-resistant ascospores of Byssochlamys fulva exposed to lethal heat were nonlogarithmic. At lower heating temperatures, the log survivor curves were characterized by a shoulder plus an accelerating death rate; with increased temperatures, the rate approached logarithmic death. The formula (log No -- log N)a = kt + C was adapted to linearize these data. No and N are the initial and surviving numbers of organisms at the time t. The death rate is given by k, and C is a constant for a set of data. The a value is derived from the least-squares slope of a plot of log (log No -- log N) against log time and is used to linearize the thermal death rate curves. This formula permitted calculations of parameters analogous to those for logarithmic death (D and z). Use of formula is illustrated for selected nonlinear microbial death rate curves from the literature.     

Nonlogarithmic death rate calculations for Byssochlamys fulva and other microorganisms.

Survivor curves for heat-resistant ascospores of Byssochlamys fulva exposed to lethal heat were nonlogarithmic. At lower heating temperatures, the log survivor curves were characterized by a shoulder plus an accelerating death rate; with increased temperatures, the rate approached logarithmic death. The formula (log No -- log N)a = kt + C was adapted to linearize these data. No and N are the initial and surviving numbers of organisms at the time t. The death rate is given by k, and C is a constant for a set of data. The a value is derived from the least-squares slope of a plot of log (log No -- log N) against log time and is used to linearize the thermal death rate curves. This formula permitted calculations of parameters analogous to those for logarithmic death (D and z). Use of formula is illustrated for selected nonlinear microbial death rate curves from the literature.     

Life tables for worker honeybees

Life tables for worker honeybees covering all life span, and those for adults, were prepared for three seasonal cohorts, June bees, July bees and wintering bees. Survivorship curves for June and July bees show a convex type being exceptional for insects, with relatively high mortality at egg and feeding larval stages and at later adult stage after most bees became potential foragers. Adult longevity greatly lengthens in Winteriing bees and survivorship curve drops approximately with the same rate. A remarkable similarity of survivorship curves for men and honeybees was demonstrated, apparently due to highly developed social care in both. Some comments were given on mortality factors. The importance of life tables for population researches was shown by applying our result to the population growth curve made byBodenheimer , based upon the data byNolan . At the asymptote of the uncorrected curve, the ratio of total population estimated by uncorrected curve to that by corrected curve reaches about 3∶2.     

Species–area curves indicate the importance of habitats’ contributions to regional biodiversity

We examined species–area curves, species composition and similarity (Jaccard's coefficients), and species richness in 17 vegetation types to develop a composite index of a vegetation type's contribution to regional species richness. We collected data from 1 to 1000 m² scales in 147 nested plots in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA to compare three species–area curve models’ abilities to estimate the number of species observed in each vegetation type. The log(species)–log(area) curve had the largest adjusted coefficients of determination (r² values) in 12 of the 17 types, followed by the species–log(area) curve with five of the highest values. When the slopes of the curves were corrected for species overlap among plots with Jaccard's coefficients, the species–log(area) curves estimated values closest to those observed. We combined information from species–area curves and measures of heterogeneity with information on the area covered by each vegetation type and found that the types making the greatest contributions to regional biodiversity covered the smallest areas. This approach may provide an accurate and relatively rapid way to rank hotspots of plant diversity within regions of interest.     

Mesocyclops longisetus effects on survivorship of Aedes aegypti immature stages in car tyres

Abstract .The effect of the introduction of the entomophagous copepod Mesocyclops longisetus (Acuacultura F.C.B. strain) on the survival of Aedes aegypti immature stages in car tyres was evaluated under semi-natural conditions in the municipality of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Life tables were constructed for the immature stages of the mosquito in the presence and absence of M. longisetus , and the survival data were compared using log–linear models. The data set was adjusted using the GLIM statistical package and the quality of adjustment was evaluated with a chi-squared test . Survivorship curves were constructed for each treatment.
In the absence of M. longisetus , the survivorship of Ae. aegypti immature stages averaged 9%. The highest mortality rate was observed during the fourth larval instar (54%) and the resulting survival pattern corresponded to a type II survivorship curve. The mortality rate of Ae. aegypti first-instar larvae (fifty per tyre) increased more than 200-fold in the presence of M. longisetus (twenty per tyre) and the highest mortality was during the first two larval instars, where it reached 98.9%, with a resulting survivorship of 0.2%. Overall mortality was sixfold greater in the presence of the copepod than in its absence. The survival pattern of immature stages of Ae. aegypti in the presence of the copepod corresponded to a type III survivorship curve. As M. longisetus was so effective against Ae. aegypti immature stages in tyres under semi-natural conditions, its long-term effectiveness should be evaluated under socially and ecologically realistic field conditions in Mexico.     

Size-dependent survivorship in the web-building spiderAgelena limbata

Summary Stage-specific mortality rates and mortality factors for the web-building spiderAgelena limbata, which is suggested to be food-limited, were studied, and the relationship between body size of spiders and survivorship for instar 3 to adults was examined. The mortality rate of the egg sac stage including eggs, deutova (prenymphal stage), and overwintering instar 1 nymphs was low. The low mortality of this stage was partly due to maternal care that reduced the mortality caused by predation and/or abiotic factors. From emergence of instar 1 nymphs from egg sacs to reproduction, the stagespecific mortality rates were almost constant, 32–47%, and the time-specific mortality rates were also constant. These results suggest a Deevey (1947) type II survivorship curve inA. limbata, in contrast to other reports on the wandering or burrowing spiders which suggested type III curves. Important mortality factors for nymphs and adults were parasitism by an ichneumonid wasp and predation by spiders. There were great variations in body size (carapace width) ofA. limbata in the field. Smaller individuals survived at a lower rate to the next stage than larger individuals. This tendency was clearer for the population living under poorer prey availability.A. limbata was unlikely to starve to death in the field because every stage ofA. limbata could survive starvation for a long time in the laboratory, 22–65 days on average. I suggest that the size-dependent survivorship of this spider is associated with vulnerability of smaller individuals to parasitism and predation.     

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