基于生命表的大兴安岭兴安杜鹃(Rhododendron dauricum)种群数量特征及动态分析

兴安杜鹃(Rhododendron dauricum)是大兴安岭森林群落灌木层的优势种,其种群统计研究尚属空白。以大兴安岭呼中区不同海拔和林型的兴安杜鹃种群为对象,编制了静态生命表,计算生存分析函数,采用时间序列分析种群数量动态。结果表明,低海拔梯度(600m)的落叶松林中,兴安杜鹃幼龄级(Ⅰ-Ⅱ)个体较多,占67.31%,且幼龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅰ型曲线,为增长型种群。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅱ-Ⅲ龄级,未来种群数量呈增长趋势。中低海拔梯度(600-900m)的白桦林中,中龄级(Ⅱ-Ⅲ)个体数量较多,占45%以上,中龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅰ型曲线,为稳定型种群。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅲ-Ⅴ龄级之间,由于种群密度制约,未来种群数量逐渐趋于衰退。高海拔梯度(1200m)的落叶松林中,种群个体总数最少。其中,Ⅰ龄级个体数量最多,占33.52%,但死亡率和消失率较高,存活率较低,Ⅱ-Ⅴ龄级死亡率和消失率较低,存活率较高,存活曲线为Deevey Ⅲ型曲线,为增长型种群,但增长趋势较弱。种群的衰退期转折点在Ⅴ龄级,未来种群数量呈增长趋势,但由于环境限制,种群数量更趋于稳定。可以认为,大兴安岭兴安杜鹃种群数量整体稳定。海拔和林型是影响兴安杜鹃种群数量的重要因素,海拔为600-900m,郁闭度为45%-50%的白桦林为兴安杜鹃的适宜生境,成为灌木层中的主要优势种。     

大青沟自然保护区主要森林群落优势种的种群结构与动态

选择大青沟国家级自然保护区的水曲柳群落、蒙古栎群落和大果榆群落进行野外群落学调查,采用空间代替时间的方法,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构编制了优势种水曲柳种群、蒙古栎种群和大果榆种群的静态生命表,绘制其存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和危险率函数曲线,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:(1)水曲柳和蒙古栎的存活曲线为DeeveyⅡ型,表明其种群目前总体上正处于一种动态稳定状态;大果榆的存活曲线为DeeveyⅢ型,表明大果榆幼体死亡率高,以后的死亡率低而稳定。(2)水曲柳种群死亡高峰除了在第Ⅰ龄级较高外,基本呈随龄级增加死亡率增大的趋势;蒙古栎种群的死亡高峰出现在幼年阶段和老年阶段;大果榆种群有两个死亡高峰,一个出现在第Ⅰ龄级,一个出现在第Ⅵ龄级。(3)种群生存分析表明,3个种群的生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,水曲柳和蒙古栎种群危险率函数随着龄级的增加而不断增大,大果榆种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。     

祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群数量动态

种群数量动态揭示了种群的结构特征及其潜在的驱动机制，有助于预测种群未来的动态，进而为森林生态系统的保护与恢复提供理论依据。本研究基于10.2 hm²青海云杉动态监测样地数据，以种群径级结构代替年龄结构，编制静态生命表，绘制径级结构图、存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和4个生存分析函数曲线，分析青海云杉种群数量特征，并利用种群数量动态变化指数和时间序列模型对种群数量动态进行预测。结果表明：（1）青海云杉种群的年龄结构近似于倒"J"型，幼苗和小树储量丰富；（2）种群存活曲线趋近于Deevey-Ⅱ型，为稳定型种群，死亡率曲线和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致，均在第2、8龄级出现高峰期；（3）生存率曲线呈下降趋势，累计死亡率曲线呈上升趋势，死亡密度曲线缓慢下降，而危险率曲线逐渐上升，该种群具有：前期减少、中期稳定、后期衰退的生长特点；（4）种群数量变化动态指数V_pi>0，表明该种群属于增长型种群，V_pi''>0且趋近于0，则表明该种群趋近于稳定型；（5）时间序列预测分析表明，在未来2、4、6、8个龄级时间后，种群呈稳定增长趋势。研究显示，祁连山大野口流域青海云杉种群为稳定增长型种群，只要未来不遭受强烈干扰，种群数量会保持逐渐增长。针对该种群幼龄个体在前期的更新过程死亡率较高情况，建议在今后的经营管理中应重点加强对第1、2龄级植株生存环境的保护和改善，提高幼苗和小树的存活率。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈种群数量动态

青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)是桂林岩溶石山常绿落叶阔叶混交林的优势种。以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用胸径大小分级法,编制了静态生命表,绘制了存活曲线、死亡率曲线、消失率曲线和生存函数曲线,分析了青冈种群数量特征,同时结合种群动态量化方法和时间序列预测模型,进一步解析了青冈的种群数量动态变化特征。结果表明:青冈种群的年龄结构近似于倒"J"型,主要集中在Ⅰ龄级(个体数量比例占69.49%),但成功定植于下一龄级的个体比例较低;种群趋于DeeveyⅡ型,即稳定型;死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第Ⅰ、Ⅵ龄级出现高峰期;生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,死亡密度曲线与危险率曲线变化规律一致;青冈种群具有前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点;种群数量变化动态指数Vpi和Vpi'均大于0,种群稳定且略微增长,易受环境影响;在未来2、4、6个龄级时间后,老龄个体逐渐增多,若不及时抚育幼苗,种群将难以保持稳定。     

山西灵丘天然青檀种群数量动态

青檀是我国特有的珍稀濒危植物,为了更好地了解该种群数量动态,保护该种群持续稳定发展,在山西灵丘青檀自然保护区内采用样方法调查了青檀种群,编制种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线,死亡率曲线和消失率曲线,引入生存函数,运用种群动态量化分析方法对种群动态变化进行分析。结果表明：种群数量变化动态指数大于零,种群属于增长型,但种群在发展过程中存在波动性;存活曲线拟合结果表明种群趋于DeeveyⅡ型。种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在第3龄级出现高峰。生存率和累计死亡率曲线在前期变化幅度较大,后期两曲线变化趋于平缓;死亡密度前期高于后期,而危险率随着龄级的增加不断增大。     

塔里木河上、中游胡杨种群结构与统计分析

在新疆塔里木河的上游-阿瓦提县和中游-轮台县胡杨林自然保护区内设置1．2hm^2的样地,应用相邻格子法进行每木调查获取野外资料,编绘了不同生境胡杨种群的特定时间生命表、存活曲线和大小、年龄结构图。结果表明：不同生境胡杨的种群结构差异明显。阿瓦提县胡杨种群大小、年龄结构呈金字塔型,幼苗储备丰富,缺乏老树,林分较年轻,为增长种群。种群从Ⅰ～Ⅱ级发育过程中死亡率较高,中龄个体生命期望寿命较高,存活曲线符合DeeveyⅢ（凹）型。轮台县胡杨种群大小、年龄结构呈中部大、两端小的正态分布,幼苗相对较少,林相成熟,为稳定种群。种群从Ⅵ～Ⅶ级发育过程中死亡率较高,生命期望寿命随年龄的增大而降低,存活曲线经模型检验符合DeeveyⅡ（直线）型。不同生境种群的消失率与死亡率曲线变化一致,均出现两个高峰,峰值大小明显不同。种群数量动态是胡杨生物学特性和环境条件共同作用的结果。     

新疆天山野果林准噶尔山楂种群结构与动态分析

为了明确准噶尔山楂(Crataegus songarica K.Koch)种群的结构特征和动态规律,该研究在新疆伊犁霍城县大西沟境内的天山野果林带东端设置5.25 hm₂大样地,对准噶尔山楂种群进行逐木调查,采用匀滑技术编制种群静态生命表,绘制存活曲线以及死亡率、消失率曲线,对4个生存函数进行生存分析,并根据种群动态量化和时间序列模型预测种群数量动态。结果显示：(1)天山野果林带东端的准噶尔山楂种群Ⅰ龄级占总体数量的65.5%,Ⅱ龄级数量出现骤减,仅占总体数量的6.5%,研究区内准噶尔山楂种群总体表现为增长型年龄结构,趋于Deevey Ⅱ型存活曲线。(2)研究区内准噶尔山楂种群的死亡率和消失率曲线变化基本一致,共有4个死亡高峰,分别在Ⅰ龄级、Ⅵ龄级、Ⅸ龄级和Ⅻ龄级,最高峰出现在Ⅰ龄级幼苗时期,死亡率高达89.9%。(3)4个生存函数曲线表现出前期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的特点,同时在时间序列分析中,随着时间推移,种群未来老龄个体逐渐增多,老化趋势较为明显。研究认为,准噶尔山楂种群现阶段的生长呈增长趋势,但种群的长期稳定维持存在困难,建议适当补充幼苗、幼株,减少对成年树的砍伐破坏,从而为种群的保育和恢复提供保障。     

梵净山自然保护区珙桐天然种群生命表与生存分析

以种群生命表和生存分析理论为基础,采用空间代替时间法和分段匀滑技术,编制梵净山自然保护区珙桐天然种群特定时间生命表,绘制其死亡率曲线、消失率曲线、存活曲线和生存函数曲线,分析种群数量动态变化。结果表明:珙桐种群结构存在波动性,趋于DeeveyⅢ型,其幼年阶段的个体较丰富;珙桐种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,在这一发育过程中有两个死亡高峰,一个出现在幼苗向幼树的过渡期(Ⅰ龄级→Ⅱ龄级),另一个出现在从中龄向老龄过渡的阶段(Ⅷ龄级→Ⅸ龄级);种群生存分析表明,珙桐种群的生存率单调下降,累计死亡率单调上升,Ⅷ龄级后,种群生存率小于8%,累计死亡率大于92%,危险率超过生存率;4个生存函数曲线表明,梵净山珙桐有前期锐减、中期稳定和后期衰退的特点。幼苗和中龄级个体的不足是导致珙桐濒危的重要原因。     

荒漠珍稀灌木半日花种群的年龄结构与生命表分析

根据对不同坡位的半日花种群的调查资料,分析了其年龄结构,编制了静态生命表,分析了存活曲线和死亡率曲线、损失度曲线,并利用生存分析理论进行了函数分析。结果表明：不同坡位的半日花种群存在下降趋势。幼龄级和老龄级个体少,中龄级个体多。不同坡位的半日花种群密度存在差异,坡上部种群密度最大,坡下部最小,坡中部居中。不同坡位半日花种群在Ⅰ龄级时期望寿命达到最大,并在Ⅶ、Ⅷ龄级时期望寿命出现波动;不同坡位的半日花种群的存活曲线整体上趋于Deevy Ⅱ～Ⅲ型之间;在第Ⅵ~Ⅷ龄级半日花种群死亡率较高,且坡中部和坡下部种群死亡率峰值比坡上部种群滞后一个龄级。生存分析引入生命表中的4个函数能较好地说明不同坡位半日花种群的结构和动态变化。     

秦岭北坡栓皮栎种群动态的研究

对秦岭北坡栓皮栎种群动态进行了系统研究,分析了种群的年龄结构和分布格局。编制了静态生命表。绘制了存活曲线．结果表明,秦岭北坡栓皮栎种群年龄结构属于进展型,幼龄个体多。中老龄个体少;种群在I、Ⅱ龄级时死亡率最高．随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低;到Ⅶ、Ⅷ龄级。由于生理衰老。死亡率回升;栓皮栎种群存活曲线属于DeeveyⅢ型;种群分布格局总体上的呈聚集型。随年龄增加,种群聚集强度降低。在高海拔地区,种群趋向随机分布．海拔800～1100m是栓皮栎种群较为适宜的生境．对于低海拔地区栓皮栎林要加强保护,减少人为干扰;中海拔地区应加强抚育管理和适时间伐,高海拔地区应加强目的树种的抚育．     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.