干旱胁迫下白沙蒿LEA基因的表达及序列分析

[目的]确定白沙蒿在干旱胁迫下起调节作用的LEA蛋白家族及其生物信息学特征。[方法]对在正常生长、中度胁迫和重度胁迫下的白沙蒿进行转录组测序,获得其LEA表达的差异性,对其中显著上调表达的基因进行序列分析。[结果]与多数报道的物种不同,白沙蒿在干旱胁迫时起调控作用的是第5家族LEA5蛋白。白沙蒿LEA的开放阅读框(ORF)全长264 bp,编码87个氨基酸。LEA5蛋白的分子量为9 406.74 Da,等电点为9.75,其序列与黄花蒿同源性最高(64%)。LEA蛋白为亲水性蛋白,定位于线粒体(73.9%),二级结构以无规则卷曲(59.77%)和α-螺旋(37.93%)为主,无信号肽和跨膜结构。[结论]白沙蒿在干旱胁迫下,LEA5参与了抗旱的调控,该基因的生物信息学特征分析为深入了解白沙蒿及蒿属其它固沙植物的抗旱机制提供一定的理论基础。     

干旱胁迫条件下发菜cphB差异表达与基因克隆

发菜是一种分布在干早、半干旱荒漠草原地区的陆生固氮蓝藻,对干旱具有极强的适应性。采用qRT-PCR技术,对干旱胁迫条件下发菜cphB的差异表达进行了分析,发现干旱胁迫条件下发菜cphB在转录水平上呈逐渐增加的趋势。根据发菜同源物种设计简并性引物克隆cphB基因,获得长度为864bp的DNA(GenBank登陆号为KX092456)。同源性比较发现发菜cphB基因具有较高的保守性,二级结构预测表明发菜CphB由α螺旋,β折叠和随机卷曲构成。三级结构预测表明CphB具有一个由α螺旋和β折叠组成的5股的结构域和由7个β折叠连成三明治结构的7股的结构域。将cphB基因在大肠杆菌中表达,获得符合预期的外源重组蛋白,CphB亚细胞定位于细胞质中。研究成果为进一步研究干旱胁迫条件下发菜cphB表达调控、藻蓝素的代谢机制及能量代谢机制方面奠定了基础。     

发状念珠藻醛酮还原酶基因NfAKR的克隆与表达

以发状念珠藻细胞为试材,采用PCR技术克隆了醛酮还原酶基因的开放阅读框(ORF)序列,命名为NfAKR。对基因序列特征进行了生物信息学分析,根据其编码氨基酸序列预测了NfAKR蛋白的三维结构,同时探讨了PEG-6000胁迫下NfAKR的表达特性。结果表明:NfAKR基因的编码序列长912bp,编码304个氨基酸,预测其编码蛋白的相对分子量为33.51kD,理论等电点为4.94,具有醛酮还原酶超家族保守结构域。NfAKR蛋白主要由10个α-螺旋和11β-折叠组成,中间形成一个疏水穴,作为酶的催化活性中心。NfAKR与点形念珠藻处在同一进化枝上,具有较近的亲缘关系。qRT-PCR分析显示,PEG-6000胁迫下NfAKR基因上调表达,当PEG-6000浓度为8%时,其相对表达量为5.66并达到峰值。依据NfAKR基因响应干旱胁迫上调表达的特性,推测醛酮还原酶可能参与发状念珠藻抵御干旱胁迫过程。     

干旱胁迫下白沙蒿P5CS的生物信息学分析

[目的]确定白沙蒿在干旱胁迫下起渗透调节作用的脯氨酸合成基因P5CS的生物信息学特征。[方法]对白沙蒿进行田间最大持水量的70%、40%及30%的干旱胁迫处理,再对其进行转录组测序获得不同胁迫处理下的差异表达基因,并筛选显著上调表达的P5CS,对其进行序列分析。[结果]P5CS对白沙蒿的抗旱性起调控作用,该基因序列全长为3 061 bp,包含长为2 145 bp的一个完整的开放阅读框(ORF),共编码714个氨基酸。等电点为6. 12、分子式为C3403H5539N965O1042S16、分子质量为77 157. 21 k Da,为亲水性蛋白,其序列同源性与黄花蒿最高,为93%。二级结构组成中α螺旋占的比例最高(40. 62%),无跨膜结构,主要分布在细胞质中。[结论]在干旱胁迫下,白沙蒿脯氨酸合成基因P5CS通过显著上调表达,参与了白沙蒿的抗旱调控。     

沙鞭PvDREB基因克隆与表达特异性分析

基于沙鞭的三代转录组数据,该研究利用PCR技术克隆DREB基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR分析该基因的表达模式以及在20%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理下的表达特征,以探讨干旱胁迫下沙鞭DREB转录因子的功能和作用,为揭示PvDREB基因响应沙鞭的耐旱分子机制奠定基础。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得一个沙鞭DREB基因,命名为PvDREB;PvDREB基因编码区长度831 bp、编码276个氨基酸,含有典型的AP2转录因子保守结构域;PvDREB蛋白是亲水性蛋白,不具有信号肽结构,存在跨膜结构和可能的糖基化及磷酸化位点。(2)系统进化分析显示,PvDREB基因与毛竹的DREB亲缘关系较近。(3)亚细胞定位预测表明,PvDREB蛋白定位于线粒体和细胞核中。(4)qRT-PCR显示,沙鞭根、茎和叶中PvDREB均可诱导表达但差异较大,且在茎中表达量最高,叶中次之,根中最低,具有明显的组织特异性;20%PEG-6000模拟干旱下,PvDREB基因在叶中的表达量随干旱胁迫时间增加而增加,12 h时达到最高,之后逐渐下降。研究推测,沙鞭PvDREB基因受干旱胁迫诱导表达,且...     

沙冬青AmLEA5基因的生物信息学分析及非生物胁迫下的表达模式

本文对用固相扣除杂交方法从低温驯化沙冬青克隆得到的AmLEA5基因进行分子特性和表达模式分析,生物信息学分析表明该基因编码一种第5族胚胎晚期发生丰富蛋白（LEA）。AmLEA5基因全长693 bp,含有1个297 bp的开放阅读框,编码98个氨基酸,预测AmLEA5的分子量为10.6 kDa,是一种亲水性蛋白,有多个磷酸化位点。密码子偏好性分析表明该基因略偏好于用A或T结尾的密码子。系统发生分析表明,AmLEA5蛋白与蒺藜苜蓿LEA（ACJ84182.1）亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示AmLEA5的表达量在低温、干旱、盐和热胁迫条件下均有上调,尤其在低温胁迫后期富集量最高。亚细胞定位表明,用YFP标记的AmLEA5位于细胞质和细胞核内。一系列实验结果说明AmLEA5基因在沙冬青抵御非生物胁迫,尤其是在抵御低温胁迫机制中发挥重要作用。     

玉米ZmNAC99基因的克隆及干旱诱导表达分析

以不同抗旱性玉米自交系为材料,克隆得到玉米ZmNAC99基因的gDNA序列和cDNA序列,并对其进行了初步的生物信息学分析,同时结合RT-PCR和qRT-PCR技术对其在不同干旱程度下的表达模式进行了分析。结果显示:(1)ZmNAC99基因的gDNA长1 892~1 908bp,cDNA长1 188bp,共编码395个氨基酸,其N-端具有保守的NAM结构域;系统进化分析表明推断的ZmNAC99蛋白属于NAC家族中的OsNAC3亚类。(2)RT-PCR和qRT-PCR分析表明,干旱胁迫诱导下ZmNAC99表达上调;顺式元件分析进一步揭示了ZmNAC99基因的推断启动子包含2个干旱应答顺式元件MBS和1个低温应答元件LTR。(3)不同抗旱性玉米自交系来源的ZmNAC99推断氨基酸序列存在4个氨基酸突变,推测其结构差异对玉米抗旱性可能产生一定影响。研究表明,ZmNAC99可能在植物的抗逆过程发挥作用。     

水曲柳FmWRKY44基因克隆及表达分析

克隆水曲柳FmWRKY44基因,探究其在非生物胁迫和激素胁迫中的作用。利用水曲柳干旱转录组序列设计特异引物,克隆FmWRKY44基因的完整ORF序列,并对该序列及其编码产物进行生物信息学分析,采用qRT-PCR技术分析FmWRKY44表达模式。克隆了一个水曲柳WKRY基因,编码区长1383bp,编码460氨基酸。对其编码蛋白分析发现其为稳定亲水蛋白,亚细胞定位预测主要在细胞核,进行保守域及同源性分析分析,属于WRKYⅠ类家族,命名为FmWRKY44。qRT-PCR分析发现,FmWRKY44在种子中高度表达,并不同程度响应低温、高温、盐和干旱4种非生物胁迫。同时发现FmWRKY44与NAA、ABA、GA3、JA植物激素响应,水曲柳FmWRKY44基因积极响应低温、高温胁迫。     

桑树MaPP2C8基因克隆及其干旱胁迫下的表达

该研究基于桑树转录组测序结果及基因组数据库,采用PCR技术,克隆获得桑树2C型蛋白磷酸酶基因MaPP2C8的cDNA及其启动子序列,运用生物信息学方法对序列进行分析,并采用qRT-PCR方法检测MaPP2C8在干旱胁迫处理下的表达特性,为进一步研究MaPP2C8基因在干旱胁迫响应中的功能奠定基础。结果显示:(1)MaPP2C8基因cDNA全长为1 309 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)全长为1 053 bp,编码350个氨基酸。(2)MaPP2C8蛋白与桑科其他植物亲缘关系较近,归属于PP2Cs家族中的A亚族。(3)MaPP2C8蛋白分布于细胞中的多个位置,包括细胞质、细胞核及细胞膜等。(4)克隆获得MaPP2C8基因编码起始位点上游长度为1 612 bp启动子序列,该启动子含有3类激素相关的顺式作用元件,且与ABA相关的元件多达3个。(5)MaPP2C8基因受干旱胁迫诱导上调表达,复水处理后,其表达量显著下调。研究表明,MaPP2C8基因在桑树响应干旱胁迫过程中可能起重要作用。     

小麦TaLEC1基因的克隆及其表达特性分析

为了探讨LEC1基因在小麦(Triticum aestivum L)非生物胁迫应答中的功能,该研究通过RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆小麦TaLEC1基因,并采用qRT-PCR方法分析了该基因在小麦不同组织以及不同处理下的表达模式,为深入研究小麦LEC1基因在干旱、高温和高盐胁迫下的响应机制奠定基础。结果表明:(1)成功克隆到小麦TaLEC1基因,该基因cDNA序列全长为1 074 bp,其中5′端非编码区23 bp,开放阅读框为741 bp,3′端非编码区310 bp,编码246个氨基酸,具有典型的CBFD_NFYB结构域。(2)实时荧光定量分析显示,TaLEC1在不同组织间表达差异显著,10 d龄幼苗的叶中表达量最高。(3)TaLEC1基因可被植物激素ABA诱导而上调表达,属于ABA依赖型的表达调控通路。(4)PEG模拟干旱胁迫处理后的0.5～1 h,TaLEC1基因呈上调表达;42℃胁迫处理过程中,TaLEC1基因呈稳定上调表达趋势,并在胁迫处理后12 h和48 h时表达急剧上调,分别为对照的52.8倍和34.5倍;NaCl胁迫处理0.5 h时TaLEC1基因迅速上调表达。研究表明,小麦TaLEC1基因参与ABA依赖的胁迫响应,推测可能在小麦耐受高温胁迫和渗透胁迫过程中发挥着重要的脱水保护功能。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Probing the Drosophila retinal determination gene network in Tribolium (II): The Pax6 genes eyeless and twin of eyeless

The Pax6 genes eyeless (ey) and twin of eyeless (toy) are upstream regulators in the retinal determination gene network (RDGN), which instructs the formation of the adult eye primordium in Drosophila. Most animals possess a singleton Pax6 ortholog, but the dependence of eye development on Pax6 is widely conserved. A rare exception is given by the larval eyes of Drosophila, which develop independently of ey and toy. To obtain insight into the origin of differential larval and adult eye regulation, we studied the function of toy and ey in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. We find that single and combinatorial knockdown of toy and ey affect larval eye development strongly but adult eye development only mildly in this primitive hemimetabolous species. Compound eye-loss, however, was provoked when ey and toy were RNAi-silenced in combination with the early retinal gene dachshund (dac). We propose that these data reflect a role of Pax6 during regional specification in the developing head and that the subsequent maintenance and growth of the adult eye primordium is regulated partly by redundant and partly by specific functions of toy, ey and dac in Tribolium. The results from embryonic knockdown and comparative protein sequence analysis lead us further to conclude that Tribolium represents an ancestral state of redundant control by ey and toy.     

水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲对椰子和银海枣的寄主选择性

【目的】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲均为棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,两者的外部形态、取食部位和危害特征相似。研究它们的寄主选择性有助于了解这2种害虫的扩散和成灾机制。【方法】在室内用椰子和银海枣2种寄主植物分别饲养水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲,研究在不同寄主植物上水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲的存活率、产卵率、发育历期等以及这2种害虫对不同寄主植物的选择性。【结果】水椰八角铁甲在2种寄主上的存活率差异显著,除了卵期和蛹期之外,幼虫期各虫态在银海枣上的存活率明显比在椰子上的存活率高;椰心叶甲在椰子上的存活率高于银海枣,各虫态平均存活率分别为95%和86%。取食银海枣的水椰八角铁甲达标准卵量概率为0.23,取食椰子不产卵,无法完成整个世代;取食椰子的椰心叶甲达标准卵量概率为0.86,取食银海枣不产卵,也无法完成整个世代;水椰八角铁甲取食银海枣完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为12.55,椰心叶甲取食椰子完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为66.55。【结论】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲分别对银海枣和椰子这2种寄主植物具有明显的选择性。在海南椰子树的数量远远超过银海枣,该实验结果在一定程度上解释了椰心叶甲在海南岛广泛分布而水椰八角铁甲只是零星发生的原因。     

铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素异质性耐药研究

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见的条件致病菌,其异质性耐药的发生常导致临床治疗失败。【目的】研究铜绿假单胞菌对青霉素类抗生素的异质性耐药情况,为相关临床感染治疗提供一定的依据。【方法】收集临床分离的50株铜绿假单胞菌,采用纸片扩散法(diskdiffusion method)即Kirby-Bauer (K-B)法、菌落谱型分析(population analysis profile,PAP)法、生长实验以及传代稳定性实验探究铜绿假单胞菌的异质性耐药特征。【结果】K-B法初筛得到铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林(piperacillin,PIP)、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(piperacillin/tazobactam,TZP)和替卡西林/克拉维酸(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid,TIM)的异质性耐药率分别为52%、52%和54%。PAP实验确认后有13株异质性耐药菌,其检出率占总实验菌株的26%。随机选取8株异质性耐药菌株,其耐药亚群的发生频率为7.3×10-7-1.2×10-5。通过无抗生素压力的生长实验发现,异质性耐药菌株PAS92、PAS57与其各自的3株最高PIP浓度平...