生物表面活性剂修复重金属污染研究进展

重金属在环境中积累会对动植物和人体健康造成危害。生物表面活性剂环境相容性好,在环境污染修复方面的应用日益受到关注。本文介绍了生物表面活性剂及其在重金属污染修复中的应用;生物表面活性剂与重金属络合的机理;影响二者络合的因素(如pH值、表面活性剂浓度、重金属存在形态等);对生物表面活性剂修复重金属污染的前景进行了展望。     

益生菌降胆固醇功能研究进展

本文对益生菌在动物及人体上的降胆固醇功能及可能机理进行了综述。益生菌是一类能够对人体健康起到促进作用的活体微生物。现已发现某些乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和肠球菌属的一些菌株具有降低血清胆固醇水平的能力。由于实验动物和人体在生理学上存在差异,因此同一菌株在实验动物和人体上获得的结论可能不同。关于益生菌降胆固醇功能的机理,研究者提出了不同的假说。这些假说包括:(1)益生菌将胆固醇吸收至细胞膜或细胞质中;(2)益生菌将胆固醇吸附到细胞表面;(3)胆固醇和游离胆盐在酸性环境下发生共沉淀;(4)结合胆盐被益生菌的胆盐水解酶水解成了游离胆盐,后者具有较低的溶解度,不易被肠道回收;(5)胆酸被益生菌的荚膜胞外多糖黏附到了细胞表面;(6)益生菌发酵肠道食源性未消化的碳水化合物产生丙酸,后者能够抑制肝脏胆固醇的生物合成,从而导致血清胆固醇水平降低;(7)益生菌通过下调NPC1L1蛋白基因表达来降低小肠细胞对胆固醇的吸收;(8)益生菌抑制胆固醇乳化胶束的形成。这些假说将为我们认识益生菌的降胆固醇机制及潜在降胆固醇功能菌株的筛选提供了依据。     

益生菌与肠道健康

肠道菌群与人体肠道健康密切相关.益生菌在防治感染、调节机体菌群平衡,提高机体免疫力和儿童生长发育等发挥关键作用.本文主要介绍了益生菌与肠道健康的主要作用机制及益生菌在消化道疾病的应用.     

乳酸菌在疾病防治和人体保健中的应用研究进展

肠道微生物在人体健康方面起着重要的作用,良好的肠道微生态环境是维持人体健康的重要因素,随着对肠道微生物越来越多的关注和研究,人们发现益生菌在肠道菌群和宿主健康之间有着复杂的关系。大量的研究发现,乳酸菌作为益生菌在人体肠道微生态平衡、疾病防治和保健中起着至关重要的作用。综述了乳酸菌对人体微生态环境的益生功能,并对乳酸菌和人体微生态环境之间的相互影响和关系,以及乳酸菌对一些常见人体疾病的预防和治疗作用的研究进展。     

根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系在重金属污染环境修复中的地位、应用及潜力

土壤重金属污染严重影响了人类健康和生态系统稳定,已成为亟待解决的现实问题。在重金属污染地,氮素的极端不足是植被恢复主要限制因子之一。根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系是固氮能力最强的生物固氮体系,在促进重金属污染地氮素循化和营养元素积累中具有重要作用。本文阐述土壤重金属污染的修复方法及其特点,微生物抗重金属的机理及促植物生长和重金属积累的特性,根瘤菌-豆科植物共生体系在土壤重金属污染修复中的优越性,研究现状及应用潜力。提出应用"豆科植物-根瘤菌共生体系"修复重金属污染土壤的新思路和新任务。     

合成生物学改造微生物及生物被膜用于重金属污染检测与修复

随着工业化进程不断加快,重金属污染日益加剧,尤其是水体的重金属污染,已严重威胁人类健康,迫切需要进行有效的污染修复。相比传统物理和化学修复,生物修复具有绿色环保和可持续性的特点。因为微生物生长繁殖迅速、生物被膜具有动态可调节和环境适应性好等特点,使其能更好耐受胁迫环境,在环境修复中有重要作用。合成生物学改造微生物及生物被膜用于环境污染生物修复近年兴起,成为未来重要的发展方向。主要概述了重金属污染的微生物修复机理和方法,结合可编程微生物被膜的最新研究成果,重点介绍了合成生物学改造微生物及生物被膜的分类与功能应用,以及在重金属铅、汞和镉等污染修复中的研究进展,讨论了重金属污染生物修复的发展方向。     

功能内生菌强化超积累植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

土壤重金属污染已成为威胁人类健康和经济可持续发展的重大环境问题。内生菌-超积累植物联合修复是近年来发展起来的一种重金属污染土壤的生物修复技术,不仅能促进植物生长、提高其重金属抗性,同时,还可以改变重金属的形态和迁移率,提高植物修复的效率,具有广阔的应用前景。现概述植物内生菌(plant growth promoting endophyte, PGPE)的特征、种类以及促进超积累植物生长的作用机理,综述近年来国内外有关功能内生菌协同超积累植物修复重金属污染土壤的应用现状和研究进展,同时展望内生菌协同超积累植物修复土壤重金属的研究思路,旨在为今后土壤重金属污染治理提供新的思路和理论依据。     

环境重金属污染的植物修复及基因工程在其中的应用

随着工业技术的发展,重金属在土壤和水体中的含量越来越高,重金属污染已日益成为威胁人类健康和人类生活质量的严重的社会问题和环境问题。植物修复可部分解决这一问题且正引起人们的普遍关注。但现在发现许多用于修复的超量积累植物生长缓慢、植株矮小、地上部生物量小,成了实际应用中的最大限制。利用基因工程手段改变植物对重金属吸收、转运、积累和忍耐的机制,从而提高植物对重金属的富集能力,将成为今后植物修复领域研究的一个重要方向。     

双歧杆菌抗生素耐药性研究进展

目前,由于抗生素的广泛、大量使用,耐药菌株急剧增多,加剧了耐药菌对人类健康和生态环境的威胁。有研究表明,益生菌自身含有的耐药基因或耐药质粒等可通过基因水平转移传递给人体肠道中的致病菌,导致耐药菌感染。随着双歧杆菌相关微生态制剂的广泛应用,通常以活菌形式进入人体的双歧杆菌,与肠道内原籍菌群混合生长,致使其携带的耐药性基因片段在肠道菌群中水平转移,从而导致某些致病菌具有耐药性。因此,研究双歧杆菌等益生菌的耐药性基因转移有着十分迫切的意义。本文总结了双歧杆菌的耐药性,分析了双歧杆菌的耐药机理,为进一步筛选安全的双歧杆菌菌株提供理论依据。     

双歧杆菌、乳杆菌制剂在食品工业中的研究现状与展望

正常人体肠道中存在着大量微生物 ,这些菌群的平衡对人体健康发挥着重要的作用。肠道内正常菌群作为一个整体存在 ,相互依赖又相互制约。机体肠道内菌群失调则出现一系列的生理功能紊乱 ,临床表现为腹泻和感染等。而近年来 ,益生菌 (剂 ) (probiotics)作为一类对人体有益的细菌的总称 ,它对腹泻和感染等疾病的治疗和预防有特殊的功效 ,已成为微生物学的研究热点 ,并在保健食工业上得到广泛应用。双歧杆菌、乳杆菌是目前开发应用最热门的两种益生菌。双歧杆菌、乳杆菌是机体有益的与人类健康又密不可分的重要生理菌群 ,二者对人健康和营养有…     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV