探讨屎肠球菌的VanA调控人正常结直肠 黏膜细胞FHC凋亡的机制

摘要：目的 探讨屎肠球菌的万古霉素替考拉宁A型抗性蛋白/D-丙氨酸-D-丙氨酸连接酶（Vancomycin Teicoplanin A-type resistance protein D-alanine-D-alanine ligase,vanA）调控人正常结直肠黏膜细胞FHC凋亡的机制。方法 在人正常结直肠黏膜细胞FHC中使用屎肠球菌感染,Annxin-V染色检测细胞凋亡情况。使用屎肠球菌的VanA蛋白刺激,检测FHC细胞凋亡情况、ROS水平以及ROS标志蛋白MDA、GSH和SOD的表达水平。ROS抑制Acetylcysteine处理VanA刺激的FHC细胞后,检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白的表达水平。结果 屎肠球菌与人正常结直肠黏膜细胞FHC共培养后,人正常结直肠黏膜细胞FHC的凋亡水平明显升高（t=2.876,P=0.045 2）,并且VanA蛋白能促进FHC凋亡水平（t=5.579,P=0.005 1）,同时细胞凋亡相关蛋白CLEAVED-CAS9、BAK的表达量上升,BCL-2的表达量下降。屎肠球菌的VanA蛋白刺激后,发现正常结直肠黏膜细胞FHC的ROS水平上升（t=10.190,P=0.000 5）,ROS标志蛋白MDA（t=4.315,P=0.012 5）和SOD（t=5.751,P=0.004 5）的表达水平上升,GSH（t=5.225,P=0.006 4）的表达水平下降,但是,ROS抑制剂Acetylcysteine能够抑制这种现象。结论 屎肠球菌的VanA通过提高细胞内ROS水平来促进人正常结直肠黏膜细胞FHC凋亡。     

Bcl-2家族蛋白调控线粒体膜通透性和细胞色素C释放的新机制

Bcl-2家族蛋白在调控线粒体功能和细胞色素C释放中起重要作用。最近发现Bcl-2分子通过与其他促凋亡分子相互作用调控线粒体外膜通透性,其具体分子机制尚不完全清楚。本课题组采用化学生物学方法,在研究Bax/Bak非依赖的细胞凋亡途径中,发现了一些小分子化合物能够诱导Bim表达量急剧升高,Bim能转位到线粒体上,与Bcl-2相互作用增强,并直接促进Bcl-2构象变化。有意义的是,Bim可以诱导Bcl-2功能发生转换并能够形成大的复合体通道来介导细胞色素C释放。研究结果提示Bcl-2分子可变成促凋亡分子,参与Bax/Bak非依赖的细胞色素C释放和细胞凋亡。     

AMPK促凋亡机制研究进展

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)是调节细胞能量代谢的关键酶。近年来研究还发现AMPK可通过抑制p53降解、上调Bim表达、抑制m TOR活性及升高活性氧(ROS)水平等途径促进细胞凋亡。本文综述了近年来关于AMPK促细胞凋亡机制的研究进展。     

人乳头瘤病毒与细胞凋亡

近来研究表明病毒感染与细胞凋亡有着密切的关系。在研究中发现,许多病毒参与细胞凋亡的诱导和抑制,在这些过程中相关病毒的基因的表达起着关键作用,而细胞凋亡相关因子直接或间接参与这一过程,对于这些问题有助于阐明病毒感染后病毒和细胞相互作用的分子机理。本文对人乳头瘤病毒的E6、E7、E2、和E5等基因及表达蛋白与细胞凋亡相关因子p53、pRB等相互作用,以阐述HPV的致癌机理。     

沙眼衣原体感染HeLa229细胞Bim表达及抑制凋亡研究

研究沙眼衣原体(D血清型)感染的HeLa229细胞中Bim蛋白质的表达及凋亡诱导剂作用后的凋亡情况。Western-blot检测沙眼衣原体感染和未感染的HeLa229细胞Bim蛋白质的表达水平。凋亡诱导剂etopo- side作用HeLa229细胞后,经Hoechst33258染色用荧光显微镜观察核浓缩和凋亡小体;流式细胞仪检测凋亡率。HeLa229细胞在未感染及感染沙眼衣原体6 h后可检测到Bim的表达;在感染24、48 h后均未检测到Bim的表达。经etoposide作用后,未感染的HeLa229细胞观察到明显的核浓缩和凋亡小体;流式细胞仪检测的凋亡率为90.64%。感染24 h的HeLa229细胞,未观察到核浓缩和凋亡小体;流式细胞仪检测的凋亡率为11.50%,与未感染的HeLa229细胞诱导后的凋亡率比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。沙眼衣原体感染HeLa229细胞后可降低Bim蛋白质的表达;并能抑制etoposide诱导的细胞凋亡。     

RTN3与细胞凋亡

RTN3是RTN家族的成员之一,因其主要定位于内质网,所以用reticulon来命名.RTN3与RTN4B是RTN家族中目前已知的、唯一一对具有凋亡诱发功能的基因.过表达的RTN3介导了真核细胞的三大凋亡信号转导通路:死亡受体途径、线粒体途径、内质网途径,并使之交联形成凋亡调控网络;RTN3可与RTN4B相互作用,形成同源或异源二聚来调控细胞凋亡.另外,过表达RTN3还参与了细菌的类凋亡作用.RTN3广泛表达于多种组织,其过表达诱发凋亡的机制的总结将让人们更好的了解RTN3及其家族,完善细胞凋亡的信号转导研究.     

自由基与细胞凋亡

细胞凋亡是指细胞在生理和病理情况下的一种死亡模式,广泛涉及到肿瘤、衰老和退行性病变等一系列疾病．最近有实验表明自由基与细胞凋亡有密切的关系．凋亡细胞内活性氧自由基（ROS）生成增加,同时消除ROS的能力下降.大多数凋亡障碍的细胞表现出ROS分子大量减少,若调节细胞内ROS含量,死亡率能随之改变;离子辐射能通过经自由基引起细胞的凋亡,培养细胞在无血清或撤除生长因子后发生的死亡也大多与细胞内自由基代谢酶如过氧化氢酶等的活性变化有关.提示自由基是参与调节细胞凋亡的重要因素之一.     

镉通过引发氧化应激和线粒体损伤诱导PK-15细胞凋亡

镉（cadmium,Cd）是一种生物累积性的有毒重金属元素,能够在肾组织大量蓄积并引起肾发生病变和功能损伤。前期研究证实,Cd处理能够引起猪肾PK-15细胞的活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平升高和细胞死亡,但详细机制有待进一步研究。本研究以PK-15细胞为研究对象,通过CCK-8检测、透射电镜观察、DCFH-DA标记、JC-1染色、彗星实验和流式细胞术等研究手段,分别检测Cd处理后的细胞活性、形态变化、ROS生成、线粒体膜电位Δψm、DNA损伤及细胞凋亡情况。CCK-8实验结果显示,CdCl2处理后PK-15细胞活性下降,且呈时间和剂量依赖性;形态学观察发现,CdCl2处理引起PK-15细胞皱缩、变圆,细胞核固缩、染色质凝聚,线粒体肿胀、线粒体嵴减少或消失;荧光染色和流式细胞术检测结果显示,CdCl2处理引起PK-15细胞内ROS水平升高、线粒体膜电位Δψm下降和DNA损伤,最终导致细胞凋亡。Western印迹结果显示,CdCl2处理组中促凋亡蛋白质Bax表达量上调,抑凋亡蛋白质Bcl-2表达量下调,并且CdCl2处理组检测到了活化状态的裂解胱天蛋白酶3(cleaved caspase 3)。此外,ROS清除剂N-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸（N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC）缓解了CdCl2引起的线粒体损伤、DNA损伤和细胞凋亡。综上所述,Cd通过引发氧化应激和线粒体损伤诱导PK-15细胞凋亡。     

过氧化物酶V在顺铂诱导HepG2肝癌细胞凋亡过程中的调控作用

过氧化物酶V(peroxiredoxin V, Prx V)是过氧化物酶家族(peroxiredoxins, Prxs)中的一员,具有清除细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的功能。该文主要阐明了Prx V在顺铂(cisplatin, CDDP)诱导Hep G2人肝癌细胞凋亡过程中的调控作用。该研究利用顺铂处理Hep G2肝癌细胞,通过荧光显微照相、流式细胞术、蛋白质免疫印迹分析等方法检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平、细胞凋亡情况以及凋亡相关蛋白水平。研究结果表明,顺铂可引起细胞内的ROS水平升高导致细胞凋亡,同时造成细胞内Prx V蛋白质表达水平下降。利用慢病毒载体过量表达Prx V基因后,顺铂诱导的Prx V过量表达型HepG2细胞凋亡率明显低于Mock组,同时促凋亡蛋白cleavage-Caspase-3、Bad、cleavage-PARP表达水平也明显被下调,说明Prx V在顺铂诱导HepG2细胞凋亡过程中具有一定的抑制作用。该研究初步探究了Prx V在顺铂诱导的HepG2肝癌细胞凋亡过程中的调控作用,为肝癌的治疗研究提供了新的思路和治疗靶点。     

Peroxiredoxin V保护HT22小鼠海马神经细胞抵抗NO诱导的细胞凋亡

Peroxiredoxin V(Prx V)是过氧化物酶peroxiredoxins家族中的一员,在神经细胞中含量丰富,具有通过清除细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和过氧亚硝酸盐抑制氧化应激诱导的细胞凋亡的作用。过量的一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)具有较强的神经毒性,可引起小胶质细胞炎性反应,诱导神经细胞凋亡从而引发神经退行性疾病,而且可诱导神经小胶质细胞Prx V的表达,参与小胶质细胞的活性调控过程。但是,NO诱导的海马神经细胞凋亡过程中Prx V的作用尚不清楚。该研究利用硝普化钠(sodium nitroprusside dihydrate,SNP)作为NO供体,检测了NO诱导的HT22小鼠海马神经细胞的凋亡及对Prx V蛋白表达的影响。结果显示,SNP诱导的HT22细胞凋亡呈现时间、浓度依赖性;并特异性地抑制了Prx V的表达,致使细胞内ROS水平升高,激活线粒体依赖的经典凋亡途径,导致HT22细胞的凋亡。该研究结果揭示,NO通过抑制细胞内Prx V的表达导致细胞内ROS水平升高,最终诱导HT22细胞发生凋亡的机制,为保护NO诱导的神经细胞凋亡提供了新的理论依据。     

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) interacts with Bim and inhibits Bim-mediated apoptosis

The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim acts as a sensor for apoptotic stimuli and initiates apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. To identify novel regulators of Bim, we employed the yeast two-hybrid system and isolated the human gene encoding macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a ubiquitously expressed proinflammatory mediator that has also been implicated in cell proliferation, the cell cycle and carcinogenesis. The interaction between MIF and Bim was confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo protein interaction assays. Intriguingly, protein complexes between MIF and the three major Bim isoforms (BimEL/BimL/BimS) could be detected in HEK293 and K562 cells, especially in cells undergoing apoptosis. Moreover, exogenous expression of MIF partially inhibited Bim-induced apoptosis in HEK293 cells. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of MIF increased apoptosis in K562 cells exposed to the chemical oxidant diamide. Endogenous MIF may regulate the pro-apoptotic activity of Bim and inhibit the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria.     

Grb10 interacts with Bim L and inhibits apoptosis

Bim is a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family and is primarily involved in the regulation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. However, the detail of regulation of Bim’s proapoptotic activity has not been clarified yet. Using Bim L as bait, we screened a human fetal cDNA library for interacting proteins and identified Grb10 as an interactor. This interaction was verified by co-immunoprecipitation and intracellular co-localization studies. The potential segment of Bim L that binds Grb10 was identified via a yeast mating test. Grb10 interacted with the DBD (dynein binding domain) of Bim and inhibited apoptosis triggered by overexpression of DBD containing Bim isoforms. The putative phosphorylation sites on DBD of Bim play a role for the anti-proapoptotic activity of Grb10. Our results suggest that Grb10 interacts with Bim L and inhibits its proapoptotic activity in a phosphorylation-dependant manner.     

The survival motor neuron protein interacts with the transactivator FUSE binding protein from human fetal brain

To identify interacting proteins of survival motor neuron (SMN) in neurons, a fetal human brain cDNA library was screened using the yeast two-hybrid system. One identified group of SMN interacting clones encoded the DNA transactivator FUSE binding protein (FBP). FBP overexpressed in HEK293 cells or endogenously expressed in fetal and adult mouse brain bound specifically in vitro to recombinant SMN protein. Furthermore, an anti-FBP antibody specifically co-immunoprecipitated SMN when both proteins were overexpressed in HEK293 cells. These results demonstrate that FBP is a novel interacting partner of SMN and suggests a possible role for SMN in neuronal gene expression.     

Protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51) is a novel mitochondria protein with an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence and induces apoptosis

Apoptosis is a genetically determined cell suicide program. Mitochondria play a central role in this process and various molecules have been shown to regulate apoptosis in this organelle. In the present study, we firstly identified that protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51) is a novel mitochondrial protein, which may induce apoptosis in HEK293T and HeLa cell lines. PTPIP51 transfection resulted in the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), activation of caspase-3, cleavage of PARP, and condensation of nuclear DNA. Further investigation revealed that PTPIP51 over-expression caused a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c, suggesting that it may be involved in a mitochondria/cytochrome c mediated apoptosis pathway. We also found that a putative TM domain near the N terminus of PTPIP51 is required for its targeting to mitochondria, as evidenced by the finding that deletion of the PTPIP51 TM domain prevented the protein's mitochondiral localization. Furthermore, this deletion significantly influenced the ability of PTPIP51 to induce apoptosis. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that PTPIP51 is a mitochondrial protein with apoptosis-inducing function and that the N-terminal TM domain is required for both the correct targeting of the protein to mitochondria and its apoptotic functions.     

A functional interaction between the p75 neurotrophin receptor interacting factors, TRAF6 and NRIF

Neurotrophin signaling through the p75 receptor regulates apoptosis within the nervous system both during development and in response to injury. Whereas a number of p75 interacting factors have been identified, how these upstream factors function in a coordinated manner to mediate receptor signaling is still unclear. Here, we report a functional interaction between TRAF6 and the neurotrophin receptor interacting factor (NRIF), two proteins known to associate with the intracellular domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. The association between NRIF and TRAF6 was direct and occurred with both endogenous and ectopically expressed proteins. A KRAB repressor domain of NRIF and the carboxyl-terminal, receptor-binding region of TRAF6 were required for the interaction. Co-expression of TRAF6 increased the levels of NRIF protein and induced its nuclear translocation. Reciprocally, NRIF enhanced TRAF6-mediated activation of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) by 3-fold, while only modestly increasing the stimulation of NF-kappaB. The expression of both NRIF and TRAF6 was required for reconstituting p75 activation of JNK in HEK293 cells, whereas NRIF mutants lacking the TRAF6 interaction domain were unable to substitute for the full-length protein in facilitating activation of the kinase. These results suggest that NRIF and TRAF6 functionally interact to facilitate neurotrophin signaling through the p75 receptor.     

Apoptotic potential of Fas-associated death domain on regulation of cell death regulatory protein cFLIP and death receptor mediated apoptosis in HEK 293T cells

Fas-associated death domain (FADD) is a common adaptor molecule which plays an important role in transduction of death receptor mediated apoptosis. The FADD provides DED motif for binding to both procaspase-8 and cFLIP molecules which executes death receptor mediated apoptosis. Dysregulated expression of FADD and cFLIP may contribute to inhibition of apoptosis and promote cell survival in cancer. Moreover elevated intracellular level of cFLIP competitively excludes the binding of procaspase-8 to the death effector domain (DED) of FADD at the DISC to block the activation of death receptor signaling required for apoptosis. Increasing evidence shows that defects in FADD protein expression are associated with progression of malignancies and resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, improved expression and function of FADD may provide new paradigms for regulation of cell proliferation and survival in cancer. In the present study, we have examined the potential of FADD in induction of apoptosis by overexpression of FADD in HEK 293T cells and validated further its consequences on the expression of pro and anti-apoptotic proteins besides initiation of death receptor mediated signaling. We have found deficient expression of FADD and elevated expression of cFLIP(L) in HEK 293T cells. Our results demonstrate that over expression of FADD attenuates the expression of anti-apoptotic protein cFLIP and activates the cascade of extrinsic caspases to execution of apoptosis in HEK 293T cells.     

Myxoma virus M11L prevents apoptosis through constitutive interaction with Bak

M11L, a 166-amino-acid antiapoptotic protein of myxoma virus, was previously shown to bind to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor by hydrophobic interactions at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Here we demonstrate that an additional property of M11L is the ability to constitutively form inhibitory complexes with the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak in human cells. This binding interaction was identified by both FLAG-tagged pull-down assays and tandem affinity purification from transfected and virus-infected human cells. M11L binds constitutively to human Bak and, under some inducible conditions, to human Bax as well, but not to the other Bcl-2 family members (Bad, Bid, Bcl-2). When stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, M11L effectively protects these cells from Fas ligand-induced apoptosis, thereby blocking release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase 9, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. We also demonstrate in coexpression studies that M11L can interact with Bak independently of any involvement with Bax. Furthermore, cells stably expressing M11L function to prevent apoptosis that is induced by overexpression of Bak. We conclude that M11L inhibits, in a species-independent fashion, apoptotic signals mediated by activation of Bak.