蔷薇科果树类受体激酶的研究进展

类受体激酶(receptor like kinase,RLK)参与调控植物几乎所有的生命活动,是植物生长发育和环境适应的“中央处理器”。该文对近年来国内外有关蔷薇科果树RLK基因鉴定、进化特征及其在各器官生长发育、非生物和生物逆境中的作用及调控机制等方面的研究进展进行了综述。蔷薇科果树基因组中存在数目庞大的RLKs,不同树种间的RLK数目和各亚家族成员数目都存在较大差异,而且蔷薇科果树RLK存在极为普遍的部分重复和串联重复现象,是导致家族成员迅速变化的重要原因。有研究发现,一些RLKs调控蔷薇科果树器官发育和对环境的适应性。在器官发育方面,LRR RLK亚家族成员调控根系发育,CrRLK1L、LysM RLK和LRR RLK亚家族部分成员参与调控果实发育,CrRLK1L亚家族成员参与调控花粉管发育,LRR RLK、LysM RLK、L LEC RLK和B Lectin RLK亚家族部分成员调控蔷薇科果树对生物逆境的适应。今后RLK功能研究可侧重于蔷薇科果树特色性状,通过提高目标基因的筛选和验证的效率,加速主效RLKs的筛选进程,并通过筛选主效RLKs诱导方式和加速分子育种进程等途径,将研究成果应用于实际生产。     

TRAF7的研究进展

TRAFs家族是一类多功能蛋白,最初是作为TNFR介导的信号通路中的转导分子而被发现的。TRAFs作为信号接头蛋白和调节分子,参与了TNFR、TLRs、NLRs和RLRs等多种受体介导的信号通路。TRAF7是最新发现的TRAF家族成员,因其保守的RING结构域,而具有E3泛素连接酶活性。此外,TRAF7还以其独特机制参与了MAP激酶、TNFR及TLR2介导的信号通路的转导,以及细胞应激、分化和凋亡等重要生理过程的调控,与乳腺癌、脑膜瘤等多种疾病的发生密切相关。结合最新研究进展对TRAF7的结构、功能及其参与的生物学过程进行综述。     

Src和Abl酪氨酸蛋白激酶家族参与病原微生物感染的研究进展

Src和Abl家族激酶属于非受体型酪氨酸激酶(Nonreceptor tyrosine kinase,NRTK)家族重要成员,广泛存在于各种细胞中,参与细胞内信号传递并调节细胞生理过程,它们在维持细胞、组织和器官稳态功能中发挥着至关重要的作用。研究表明,Src和Abl家族激酶通过多种机制参与病原微生物的感染(如与病原微生物的脯氨酸基序-PXXP互作)。因此,从Src和Abl家族激酶角度出发探究病原微生物感染机制逐渐成为一个热点。本文就Src和Abl家族激酶的结构特点以及参与病原微生物感染的研究报道进行综述,以期为病原微生物感染的致病机制、防控和药物研发提供参考。     

类受体激酶调控根生长发育的研究进展

类受体激酶是一类具有激酶活性的单次跨膜受体,通过接收和传递胞外信号调控细胞的生理反应,参与植物生长发育过程。植物根在生长发育过程中受到大量的外部刺激和内源性发育信号的影响,植物必须通过整合这些信号并转化为细胞反应,才能适应不断变化的环境条件;植物类受体激酶作为细胞膜上的信息监测者,通过与外源和内源信号的通讯调控根的生长发育。该文对近年来国内外有关类受体激酶的结构、分类及其作用机制,特别是植物类受体激酶在根发育信号转导途径中的功能和作用等方面的研究进展进行综述,为进一步揭示植物类受体激酶在根生长发育中的功能及其作用机制提供参考。     

Eph-ephrin介导反向信号传递的研究进展

双向信号传递是细胞间通讯领域中新近阐明的机制,酪氨酸激酶受体-配体(Eph-ephrin)介导的双向信号传递是此机制中的一个重要代表.Eph酪氨酸激酶家族受体及其配体ephrin家族成员是在神经发育、血管新生等方面起重要作用的分子,通过Eph向细胞内传递的信号称为正向信号,通过其配体ephrin的信号称为反向信号.Ephrin家族又可根据分子结构分为2个亚家族,其中ephrinB为跨膜蛋白,可通过酪氨酸磷酸化依赖和PDZ结合结构域介导2种方式向胞内传递反向信号,活化FAK、JNK、Wnt等信号通路,ephrinA为糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白,也具有反向信号传递功能.     

9个拟南芥凝集素类受体激酶基因功能的初步研究

植物凝集素类受体激酶(LecRLK)在植物防御、应答多种生物与非生物胁迫、参与激素调控和生长发育中具有重要的作用。但是该家族大部分成员的功能尚不明了。本文对LecRLK家族中的9个成员进行了生物信息学和相关分子遗传学的初步研究。启动子元件分析结果表明,9个成员均具有多个光和逆境响应元件,暗示其可能参与光信号以及非生物胁迫信号途径的调控。基因芯片及实时定量PCR结果显示,9个LecRLK基因具有明显的时空表达特异性,说明其可能在植物不同生长发育阶段及组织部位发挥着重要调控作用。利用三引物法对9个基因的突变体进行了筛选,最终得到14个纯合缺失突变体材料。上述结果为后续深入开展这些基因的生理功能研究提供参考数据。     

LysM蛋白介导植物免疫防卫反应及其信号激发的研究进展

溶解素基序(LysM)是一类普遍存在于大多数有机体中的蛋白质结构域。植物细胞中含有LysM结构域的蛋白能够识别不同种类含有N-乙酰葡糖胺结构的配体分子,从而启动植物对病原菌的特异防御反应。作为一种重要的模式识别受体,LysM结构域蛋白通过不同形式的寡聚化、受体类胞质激酶BIK1和MAPK级联反应向下游传递信号,而病原菌能够通过其分泌的效应蛋白特异性识别或修饰模式识别受体,规避植物细胞中病原体相关分子模式诱导的免疫反应。该文主要综述受体激酶/蛋白在病原菌激发子识别和防卫反应启动中的作用。     

受体相互作用蛋白3——细胞凋亡与坏死的调节阀

综述了受体相互作用蛋白(RIPs)蛋白结构和RIP3调控细胞凋亡与坏死机制的研究进展．受体相互作用蛋白3(receptor-interacting protein 3, RIP3)是丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族成员之一,该蛋白质家族包含一类高度保守的丝/苏氨酸激酶结构域．RIP家族激酶作为细胞应激传感分子,在调控细胞凋亡、细胞坏死和存活通路中发挥重要作用．近年发现,RIP3参与肿瘤坏死因子TNFα诱导的细胞程序化坏死的生物学过程．认识RIP3调控TNFα诱导的细胞凋亡与坏死不同死亡途径转换的分子机制,有助于发现肿瘤治疗的新策略．     

植物受体激酶BAK1研究进展

植物受体激酶BAK1在多个信号转导路径上独立的多角色功能,成为拟南芥受体激酶610个成员中最受关注的成员之一。BAK1是一个典型的富亮氨酸重复序列的跨膜受体激酶,属于LRR-RKⅡ家族,在结构上由胞外结合域、跨膜区以及胞内激酶结构域三部分构成。最初BAK1被鉴定为BRI1和FLS2的双元受体,分别参与调控植物油菜素内酯BR的信号转导及病原相关模式分子PAMPs引发的免疫反应,近期又有多个BAK1的互作组分被相继发现,如EFR、AvrPto、PEPR1/2、PUB13、BIR1、BON1等。该文从BAK1的分子结构,BAK1所在SERKs家族的功能冗余,对油菜素内酯路径的信号调控,参与病菌识别防御反应的先天免疫和调控细胞凋亡等方面对近年来国内外的相关研究进展进行综述,以明确目前研究所面临的问题。     

植物富含半胱氨酸的类受体激酶的研究进展

类受体激酶(receptor-like kinase,RLK)是植物体内普遍存在的一类蛋白激酶,是许多信号识别传递途径中的关键组分,作为识别信号的质膜受体,能够感受外界刺激,通过磷酸化作用参与胞内信号传递。富含半胱氨酸的类受体激酶(cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase,CRK)又被称为DUF26(domain of unknown function 26)类受体激酶,是RLK中的一大类。近几年,越来越多的研究发现CRK参与了植物的抗病防御反应。综述了植物CRK蛋白的结构特征,总结了目前已发现的CRK在生物胁迫、非生物胁迫及生长发育中的功能,并对CRK未来的研究进行了展望,旨为后续阐明CRK的功能和分子机制提供参考。     

Functional analysis of related CrRLK1L receptor‐like kinases in pollen tube reception

The Catharanthus roseus Receptor‐Like Kinase 1‐like (CrRLK1L) family of 17 receptor‐like kinases (RLKs) has been implicated in a variety of signaling pathways in Arabidopsis, ranging from pollen tube (PT) reception and tip growth to hormonal responses. The extracellular domains of these RLKs have malectin‐like domains predicted to bind carbohydrate moieties. Domain swap analysis showed that the extracellular domains of the three members analyzed (FER, ANX1, HERK1) are not interchangeable, suggesting distinct upstream components, such as ligands and/or co‐factors. In contrast, their intercellular domains are functionally equivalent for PT reception, indicating that they have common downstream targets in their signaling pathways. The kinase domain is necessary for FER function, but kinase activity itself is not, indicating that other kinases may be involved in signal transduction during PT reception.     

植物M/MLD类受体蛋白激酶及其生物学功能的研究进展北大核心CSCD

植物受体蛋白激酶通过与胞外信号结合感知和接收外部信号传递,在植物各个生理过程及生物代谢中发挥着重大的作用。其中M/MLD类受体蛋白激酶是一类植物特有的具有Malectin-like结构域的受体蛋白激酶。研究表明,M/MLD-RLKs亚家族参与植物发育过程及生物/非生物胁迫调控。该研究对近年来国内外有关植物M/MLD-RLKs的发现、结构特点以及生物学功能等方面的研究进展进行综述,并重点阐述其在调控植物根系、叶片、花发育及响应多种胁迫过程中的作用,为深入研究M/MLD-RLKs在植物生长发育过程中的生理功能提供参考。     

Signalling through kinase-defective domains: the prevalence of atypical receptor-like kinases in plants

The structure of plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) is similar to that of animal receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), and consists of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane span, and a cytoplasmic domain containing the conserved kinase domain. The mechanism by which animal RTKs, and probably plant RLKs, signal includes the dimerization of the receptor, their intermolecular phosphorylation, and the phosphorylation of downstream signalling proteins. However, atypical RTKs with a kinase-dead domain that signal through phosphorylation-independent mechanisms have also been described in animals. In the last few years, some atypical RLKs have also been reported in plants. Here these examples and their possible signalling mechanisms are reviewed. Plant genomes contain a much larger number of genes coding for receptor kinases than other organisms. The prevalence of atypical RLKs in plants is analysed here. A sequence analysis of the Arabidopsis kinome revealed that 13% of the kinase genes do not retain some of the residues that are considered as invariant within kinase catalytic domains, and are thus putatively kinase-defective. This percentage rises to close to 20% when analysing RLKs, suggesting that phosphorylation-independent mechanisms mediated by atypical RLKs are particularly important for signal transduction in plants.     

植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶研究进展

自然界中植物的生长发育受到各种环境变化的影响。为了响应外界各种环境条件,植物演化出一系列识别和传递环境信号的蛋白分子,其中比较典型的是植物细胞质膜上的类受体蛋白激酶(RLKs)。凝集素类受体蛋白激酶(LecRLKs)是类受体蛋白激酶家族中的一个亚族,它主要包含3个结构域:细胞外凝集素结构域、跨膜结构域和细胞内激酶结构域。根据细胞外凝集素结构域的不同,LecRLKs可分为3种不同类型:L、G和C型。近年来,研究表明LecRLKs在植物生物/非生物胁迫和发育调控中发挥非常重要的作用。该文综述了植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶的研究历史、结构特点、分类以及生物学功能,并重点阐述凝集素类受体蛋白激酶在植物生物/非生物胁迫响应和调控发育方面的功能。对不同类型和不同功能的植物凝集素类受体蛋白激酶进行阐述将有利于对该类蛋白开展功能研究,并为作物改良提供有益借鉴。     

The walls have ears: the role of plant CrRLK1Ls in sensing and transducing extracellular signals

In plants, organ formation and cell elongation require the constant adjustment of the dynamic and adaptable cell wall in response to environmental cues as well as internal regulators, such as light, mechanical stresses, pathogen attacks, phytohormones, and other signaling molecules. The molecular mechanisms that perceive these cues and translate them into cellular responses to maintain integrity and remodelling of the carbohydrate-rich cell wall for the coordination of cell growth are still poorly understood. In the last 3 years, the function of six membrane-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) belonging to the CrRLK1L family has been linked to the control of cell elongation in vegetative and reproductive development. Moreover, the presence of putative carbohydrate-binding domains in the extracellular domains of these CrRLK1Ls makes this receptor family an excellent candidate for coordinating cell growth, cell-cell communication, and constant cell wall remodelling during the plant life cycle.     

植物凝集素类受体激酶的研究进展

植物凝集素类受体激酶是定位在细胞膜上的蛋白质,其结构从胞外至胞内依次是氨基端信号肽、配体结合域、单通道跨膜域和胞内丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶域.目前对植物凝集素类受体激酶的功能、信号转导和配体识别等方面的研究已成为该领域的重点.对近年来国内外有关植物凝集素类受体激酶的结构、分类及其在植物抗病防御和抗逆反应中的作用研究进行综述,为今后进一步深入研究植物凝集素类受体激酶的生理生化功能及应用提供参考.     

New insights into the functional roles of CrRLKs in the control of plant cell growth and development

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are a family of transmembrane proteins with a variable ligand-binding extracellular domain and a cytoplasmic kinase domain. In Arabidopsis, there are ∼600 RLKs believed to have diverse functions during plant growth, development and interactions with the environment. Based on the variable extracellular domain, RLKs can be classified into different subfamilies. The CrRLK subfamily contains 17 members in Arabidopsis and characterization of some of its members suggests a role for these proteins in the regulation of growth and reproduction. This review focuses on the roles of CrRLKs in the regulation of polarized growth with emphasis on the newly identified signal transduction pathways activated downstream of CrRLKs. A picture is emerging where CrRLKs are part of a conserved signal transduction cascade important for growth maintenance in different cell types.Key words: CrRLKs, FERONIA, RAC/ROP, ROS, polar growthThe ability of plants to perceive and process environmental and internal information into coordinated responses is crucial to their adaptability and survival in constantly changing environments. Most of signal perception occurs at the plasma membrane of cells where membrane-associated receptors receive signals to activate downstream signaling cascades that regulate growth and development. In plants and animals alike, receptor-like kinases (RLKs) mediate many of the signaling events at the cell surface and in the model plant Arabidopsis they comprise a monophyletic family with more than 600 members.¹ RLKs are transmembrane proteins with a variable N-terminal extracellular domain and a Ser/Thr intracellular kinase domain. The diversity of their extracellular domains suggests involvement in the transduction of a wide range of signals and allows them to be classified into different sub-families.² The CrRLK1L subfamily (from here on referred to as CrRLK) is named after the first member characterized in Catharanthus roseus cell cultures³ and contains 17 members in Arabidopsis.⁴ Several members of this family have now been implicated in growth regulatory processes.THESEUS1 (THE1) was identified through a suppressor screen of a cellulose-deficient mutant (prc1-1) which has a short hypocotyl phenotype.⁵ Loss of THE1 function resulted in reduced growth inhibition in the prc1-1 the1 double mutant. Interestingly, the the1 mutation itself has no effect in wild type background, thus leading to the suggestion that THE1 functions as a sensor of cell wall integrity in situations where the cell wall is weakened and organ elongation would be detrimental for the plant.^4,5A second CrRLK, FERONIA (FER), was first implicated in the regulation of female control of fertility. In the female gametophyte FER is involved in sensing pollen tube arrival and promoting its rupture which is necessary for double fertilization to occur.^6,7 FER is in fact involved in several processes depending on the tissue where it is expressed. In hypocotyls, FER is involved in the integration of ethylene and brassinosteroid (BR) signals to regulate hypocotyl elongation in the dark.⁸ Moreover, FER, THE1 and the closely related HERCULES1 (HERK1), were found to regulate cell elongation by interacting with BR signaling.⁹ More recently, roles for FER in the regulation of root hair development and fungal invasion have been established.^10,11 The pollen-specific ANXUR1 (ANX1) and ANXUR2 (ANX2) are closely related to FER and act redundantly to maintain pollen tube growth integrity during its journey through the style and ensure against precocious pollen tube rupture before reaching the ovule.^12,13Apparently with different biological roles, all the CrRLK members analyzed thus far have an effect on the growth of plant cells. The present review focuses on their role during cell growth with emphasis on polar cell growth and the downstream pathways activated by CrRLKs.     

Functional analysis of receptor-like kinases in monocots and dicots

Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are signaling proteins that feature an extracellular domain connected via a transmembrane domain to a cytoplasmic kinase. This architecture indicates that RLKs perceive external signals, transducing them into the cell. In plants, RLKs were first implicated in the regulation of development, in pathogen responses, and in recognition events. RLKs comprise a major gene family in plants, with more than 600 encoded in the Arabidopsis genome and more than 1100 found in rice genomes. The greater number of RLKs in rice is mostly attributable to expansions in the clades that are involved in pathogen responses. Recent functional studies in both monocots and dicots continue to identify individual RLKs that have similar developmental and abiotic stress roles. Analysis of closely related RLKs reveals that family members might have overlapping roles but can also possess distinct functions.     

植物凝集素类受体激酶参与非生物胁迫响应的研究进展

植物在生长发育过程中会受到各种胁迫因子的影响,非生物胁迫是其中极其重要的一类。类受体激酶(receptor-like kinases, RLKs)是植物中广泛存在的一类蛋白,能够快速有效地对胁迫因子作出响应,最终引起一系列生物效应。凝集素类受体激酶(lectin receptor-like kinases, LecRLKs)是RLKs的一个亚族,其具有细胞外凝集素结构域、跨膜结构域和细胞内激酶结构域三个结构域。根据细胞外凝集素结构域的不同可分为L、G和C三种不同类型。近年来,大量的研究表明植物凝集素类受体激酶在非生物胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。LecRLKs通过识别非生物胁迫相关的信号分子,激活下游的信号通路,如MAPK通路、ROS通路、钙信号通路等,调节基因表达和蛋白质翻译以增强植物的抗逆性。该文概述了植物凝集素类受体激酶的结构特征及其分类,并系统综述了LecRLKs在盐胁迫、低温胁迫、干旱胁迫、机械损伤和植物激素等非生物胁迫响应中的功能和作用机制,同时也对LecRLKs的未来研究方向作出了展望。该文不仅为深入了解植物凝集素类受体激酶参与非生物胁迫响应的功能提供了参考,而且为利用LecRLKs进行作物抗逆育种改良提供了理论依据。     

植物受体蛋白激酶的研究进展

在植物中存在一种由胞外结构域、跨膜区域和胞内的蛋白激酶区域三部分组成的跨膜受体蛋白激酶（receptor-lik protein kinases,RLKs)。该蛋白一方面作为胞外特异配基的受体,同时本身又是一种蛋白激酶。研究表明,植物细胞中的RLKs可能参与了植物细胞抗逆反应,植物形态发生、自交不亲和等生理生化反应,作者将从RLKs的结构、种类,基因表达方式及其植物生长和发育过程中的作用做简要介绍。