A review on the effects of invasive plants on mycorrhizal fungi of native plants and their underlying mechanisms

菌根真菌共生是植物吸收养分的一个重要策略。外来植物可以干扰本地植物与菌根真菌的共生关系从而抑制本地植物生长, 这是近年来被发现的一种重要入侵机制, 在研究中得到日益广泛的关注。该文从以下几个方面着重综述这种入侵机制: 1)外来植物对本地植物菌根真菌的影响, 包括菌根真菌侵染率、菌根内部结构、根外菌丝的量、菌根真菌的群落组成、非菌根真菌的影响及网络结构; 2)外来植物对本地植物菌根真菌上述影响的机制, 包括资源竞争、化感作用和土壤肥力等生态机制以及相关的分子机制; 3)上述两个方面随入侵时间的变化格局。尽管干扰本地植物菌根真菌是一种重要的入侵机制, 但相对其他的入侵机制(例如天敌逃逸、新武器假说等)来说, 这类机制的研究目前仍很匮乏。鉴于此, 该文提出了未来需要重点关注的几个方面: 1)全球变化背景下, 入侵植物对本地植物菌根真菌的影响如何变化; 2)包括这种菌根机制在内的多种入侵机制之间的关系; 3)深入探究入侵的这种菌根机制在大的时空尺度上的变化规律。     

外来入侵植物管理与控制成效的制约因素

外来植物入侵对全球生态系统构成严重威胁,尽管入侵植物的管理与控制取得了一定进展,但要恢复被入侵生态系统、完成管控目标仍存在问题。本文对入侵植物管控成效的制约因素进行了综述,发现入侵植物管控过程中存在以下问题:(1)预防为主的管理原则不完全适用入侵管理;(2)入侵植物管理存在缺乏公众支持、生态责任主体单一及多头管理等缺陷;(3)入侵植物管理目标与社会管理目标及生态环境保护目标矛盾;(4)入侵植物控制措施成本高昂,易受环境因子限制,并产生负面生态效应;(5)目标入侵植物控制后可能产生入侵遗留效应并发生继发入侵。此外,全球变化在加速植物入侵的同时会改变人类观念,进一步增加了管控难度。据此,我们认为,未来应加强大时空尺度下入侵植物生态效应、入侵生境恢复、管控决策等方面的研究,以提升入侵植物管控成效,恢复植物入侵生态系统。     

Effects of plant invasion on soil nitrogen transformation processes and its associated microbes

外来入侵植物不仅影响植物群落组成、生物多样性以及生态系统的结构和功能, 而且显著影响土壤氮(N)的转化过程。外来入侵植物对N循环影响的研究已成为入侵生态学的研究热点。N循环与凋落物的分解和养分释放有关, 外来入侵植物能够改变凋落物的组成与结构, 进而影响土壤的N转化过程。另外, 外来入侵植物的化感作用也会影响土壤N转化过程, 这些作用与土壤微生物的结构与功能变化密不可分。该文主要从凋落物分解与养分释放及外来入侵植物化感作用两个方面综述了外来入侵植物对土壤N转化的影响, 总结了外来入侵植物对土壤N转化相关土壤微生物(尤其是氨氧化细菌与氨氧化古菌)的影响, 探讨了土壤N转化对外来植物入侵的反馈, 并探讨了丛植菌根真菌与外来入侵植物的互相影响。     

A review on the relationships between plant genetic diversity and ecosystem functioning

全球变化和人类活动导致物种生境的萎缩, 造成很多植物种群数量缩减, 遗传多样性快速丧失。对于物种多样性低的生态系统, 优势种的遗传多样性可能比物种多样性对生态系统功能产生更大的影响。因此, 了解遗传多样性和生态系统功能的关系(GD-EF)及其机制对生物多样性保护、应对环境变化和生态修复具有指导意义。该文综述了植物遗传多样性对生态系统结构(高营养级生物群落结构)和生态系统功能(初级生产力、养分循环和稳定性)的影响及机制、功能多样性对GD-EF的影响、遗传多样性效应和物种多样性效应的比较, 以及GD-EF在生态修复等实际应用的研究进展。最后指出当前研究的不足之处, 以期为后续研究提供参考: 1)还需深入研究GD-EF机制; 2)未评估遗传多样性对生态系统多功能性的影响; 3)不同遗传多样性测度对生态系统功能的影响不明确; 4)缺少长期的和多空间尺度结合的GD-EF实验; 5)遗传多样性效应相对于其他因子的作用不清楚。     

竹子生态化学计量学研究:从生物学基础到竹林培育学应用

竹子生态经营与养分管理需要一个系统化的理论做指导。该文试以多重元素含量及比率为线索,归纳近年竹子生物学、生态学、培育学等领域的研究成果,以期形成竹子生态化学计量学,为竹林可持续发展提供有力支持。综述认为:(1)竹子具有独特的化学计量内平衡特征,其叶片C:N:P平均值为380:16:1;(2)竹子器官、年龄、发育阶段等内在因素和土壤、气候、采伐等外部环境都会影响竹子化学计量内平衡;(3)竹子生态化学计量变化会影响开花结实、发笋成竹、养分吸收、光合作用、克隆扩张、群落发展等生理生态学过程,也影响到竹材(笋)数量与品质的形成;(4)生态化学计量学原理已初步用于指导竹林养分诊断、平衡施肥和优质高产培育等生产实践。可见竹子生态化学计量学可将竹子生物特性、生态过程和生产经营紧密联系起来,然而这方面的工作才刚开始,建议今后应加强多竹种多重元素内平衡维持机制、竹材(笋)品质形成原理、竹子-土壤互作过程、养分诊断与平衡施肥、竹林生态系统养分优化管理等方面的研究,以促进竹林生产和环境保护。     

荒漠生态系统磷循环及其驱动机制研究进展

磷(P)循环在维持荒漠生态系统的生物多样性水平、结构和功能的稳定性、元素的动态平衡,以及荒漠自然资源的可持续利用方面有重要作用。通过查阅国内外有关P循环的文献资料,发现当前国内尚缺乏针对荒漠生态系统P循环的系统研究,特别是P循环的生物和非生物驱动机制。综述了荒漠生态系统P的输入-输出过程,植物对P的吸收转运机制以及对P循环的作用,生物土壤结皮(BSC)有机分泌物对P循环的贡献,以及荒漠生态系统P循环过程对气候变化的响应机制等。文末展望了荒漠生态系统P循环的一些重要研究方向和亟需解决的科学问题,包括(1)P在荒漠生态系统中的存在形态、分配及动态平衡;(2)土壤微生物对荒漠植物获取土壤有效P的驱动作用;(3)入侵植物对P循环的影响与潜在生态风险评估;(4)利用分子生物学和基因组学手段揭示真菌-荒漠植物根系系统P循环的基因调控机制;(5)微生物分泌物、土壤磷酸酶类(包括磷酸单酯酶、磷酸二酯酶和三磷酸单酯水解酶)和作用于含磷酸酐和N—P键的酶对土壤P循环的调控;(6)气候变化(干旱、高温和降水节律变化等)如何影响P的生物和非生物转化过程;(7)基于同位素示踪和生态化学计量学理论解释荒漠生态系统...     

Distribution patterns of alien invasive plants and their influences on native plants of Hainan Island

 以国家农业部指定的20种恶性入侵植物为目的种, 在海南岛开展其分布特征与入侵强度的调查研究, 重点研究了陆域环境中6种广布入侵植物——飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)、假臭草(Praxelis clematidea)、含羞草(Mimosa pudica)、苏门白酒草(Conyza sumatrensis)、三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)、马缨丹(Lantana camara)在7种生态系统(天然次生林、农田、村落、种植园、林缘、弃耕地、草地)中的入侵频率及入侵植物对本地植物的影响。结果表明: 1)海南岛有恶性入侵植物11种, 占调查目的种总数的55.0%。2)海南岛的东北、西南部分布的入侵植物种数较多, 东南部次之, 中部地区最少。3) 6种入侵植物的整体入侵强度为: 假臭草>飞机草>含羞草>三裂叶蟛蜞菊>马缨丹>苏门白酒草; 苏门白酒草、马缨丹在不同生态系统中的入侵频率无显著差异; 而假臭草在种植园及弃耕地, 含羞草在农田, 三裂叶蟛蜞菊在种植园生态系统中的入侵频率均显著高于其他生境。4)种植园、弃耕地和农田生态系统是植物入侵的主要生境类型, 而林缘和天然次生林生态系统均对植物入侵表现出抵御作用。5)植物入侵对当地植物多样性的影响存在正、负及无关联效应, 并主要影响群落中的草本植物功能群; 样地中入侵植物盖度总值与本地植物平均种数在种植园、农田和村落生态系统中无相关性, 在林缘和弃耕地生态系统中, 两者呈显著负相关关系; 而在草地生态系统中, 在一定盖度范围内, 入侵植物盖度总值与本地植物平均种数呈显著正相关关系。     

Global change and ecosystems research progress and prospect

全球变化与生态系统研究是一个宏观与微观相互交叉、多学科相互渗透的前沿科学领域, 重点研究生态系统结构和功能对全球变化的响应及反馈作用, 其目标是实现人类对生态系统服务的可持续利用。《植物生态学报》的《全球变化与生态系统》专辑在对国内外全球变化研究进行历史回顾和综合分析的基础上, 总结了全球变化与生态系统研究的阶段性重大进展及存在的主要问题, 并对全球变化研究的前沿方向进行展望和建议。根据研究内容和对象, 该专辑系统地综述了不同全球变化因子, 包括CO₂和O₃浓度升高、气候变暖、降水格局改变、氮沉降增加、土地利用变化等对陆地植物生理生态、群落结构及生态系统功能等的影响以及全球变化对海洋生态系统的影响; 探讨生态系统关键过程以及生物多样性的变化; 在明确全球变化生态效应的基础上, 阐明这些影响对气候和环境变化的反馈机制, 为构筑全球变化的适应对策提供生态学理论基础。     

外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性和生态系统过程的影响

随着科学家对生态系统地下部分的重视,评价外来植物入侵对土壤生态系统的影响成为当前入侵生态学领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了外来植物入侵对土壤微生物、土壤动物以及土壤碳、氮循环动态影响的研究,并探讨了其影响机制。已有的研究表明,植物入侵对土壤生物多样性及相关生态系统过程的影响均存在不一致的格局,影响机制也是复杂多样的。外来植物与土著植物凋落物的质与量、根系特征、物候等多种生理生态特性的差异可能是形成格局多样性和影响机制复杂性的最主要原因。今后,加强多尺度和多生态系统的比较研究、机制性研究、生物多样性和生态系统过程的整合性研究及土壤生态系统对植物入侵的反馈研究是评价外来植物入侵对土壤生态系统影响的发展趋势。     

Effects of extreme drought on terrestrial ecosystems: review and prospects

作为地球表层重要的组成部分, 陆地生态系统是人类生存和发展的重要场所。进入21世纪以来, 气候变化导致干旱事件发生的强度、频度和持续时间显著增加, 对陆地生态系统带来深远的影响, 严重制约甚至威胁人类社会的可持续发展。因此, 开展极端干旱对陆地生态系统影响的研究并评估其生态风险效应, 是当前全球变化领域研究的重点问题。该文从植物生理生态过程、生物地球化学循环、生物多样性以及生态系统结构和功能4个方面综述了极端干旱对陆地生态系统的影响, 并对当前的研究热点进行探讨, 深度剖析当前研究中存在的难点问题和未来可能的发展方向, 以期为未来开展干旱对陆地生态系统影响的观测与预测研究提供参考, 为在未来干旱影响下加强陆地生态系统风险评估和管理提供新思路。     

互花米草入侵对鸟类的生态影响

生物入侵威胁本地物种生存,破坏生态系统的结构和功能,是导致全球生物多样性丧失的重要原因之一。外来植物是入侵生物中的重要一类,可以显著改变本地植被群落,并影响其他生物类群。鸟类作为生态系统中的较高营养级,对由入侵植物引起的栖息地变化十分敏感。互花米草自引入中国沿海以来,其分布区域不断扩散,多数研究认为互花米草入侵造成本地生物多样性降低和生态系统退化。系统梳理了互花米草入侵对鸟类栖息地、食物资源、繁殖、群落等方面的生态影响。主要负面影响有:(1)植被群落结构不利于鸟类栖息、筑巢、觅食;(2)鸟类食物资源丰度和多样性下降;(3)本地鸟类种群数量和物种多样性显著下降。在我国东部沿海湿地,互花米草入侵已经显著改变了植被与鸟类分布格局。但随着入侵历史的增长,少数小型雀形目鸟类却可以逐渐适应互花米草生境。互花米草入侵为某些非本地鸟类提供了空白生态位,在一定程度上丰富了本地物种多样性,对互花米草的快速清除反而可能不利于已适应并依赖互花米草生境的鸟类。综上,认为互花米草入侵对鸟类群落甚至整个生态系统的影响可能需要更多研究进行综合评价,应开展长期、大尺度、多因子的监测研究和多物种比较研究,建立生态评价模型并制定科学有效的互花米草管理对策。     

Can Invasive Species Facilitate Native Species? Evidence of How, When, and Why These Impacts Occur

Although the predatory and competitive impacts of biological invasions are well documented, facilitation of native species by non-indigenous species is frequently overlooked. A search through recent ecological literature found that facilitative interactions between invasive and native species occur in a wide range of habitats, can have cascading effects across trophic levels, can re-structure communities, and can lead to evolutionary changes. These are critical findings that, until now, have been mostly absent from analyses of ecological impacts of biological invasions. Here I present evidence for several mechanisms that exemplify how exotic species can facilitate native species. These mechanisms include habitat modification, trophic subsidy, pollination, competitive release, and predatory release. Habitat modification is the most frequently documented mechanism, reflecting the drastic changes generated by the invasion of functionally novel habitat engineers. Further, I predict that facilitative impacts on native species will be most likely when invasive species provide a limiting resource, increase habitat complexity, functionally replace a native species, or ameliorate predation or competition. Finally, three types of facilitation (novel, substitutive, and indirect) define why exotic species can lead to facilitation of native species. It is evident that understanding biological invasions at the community and ecosystem levels will be more accurate if we integrate facilitative interactions into future ecological research. Since facilitative impacts of biological invasions can occur with native endangered species, and can have wide-ranging impacts, these results also have important implications for management, eradication, and restoration.Contribution Number 2293, Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California at Davis.     

生物入侵对鸟类的生态影响

生物入侵是全球生物多样性面临的最主要威胁之一, 入侵种在改变入侵地环境的同时也使当地的生物受到极大影响。鸟类在生态系统中处于较高的营养级, 生态系统中任何一个环节的变化都可能对鸟类造成一定的影响。本文回顾了哺乳动物、鸟类、无脊椎动物和植物等不同生物类群的入侵对本地鸟类生态影响方面的研究进展。外来生物对鸟类的影响主要表现在以下几方面: (1)外来哺乳动物对成鸟、幼鸟或鸟卵的捕食作用; (2)外来鸟类与本地鸟类竞争栖息地和食物资源, 与当地的近缘种杂交而造成基因流失; (3)外来无脊椎动物改变本地鸟类的栖息环境和食物状况, 甚至直接捕食本地鸟类; (4)外来植物入侵改变入侵地的植物群落组成和结构, 造成本地鸟类的栖息地丧失或破碎化, 并通过改变入侵地生态系统的食物链结构而对高营养级的鸟类产生影响。最后, 作者还提出了该领域有待解决的问题和今后可能的研究方向。     

From richer to poorer: successful invasion by freshwater fishes depends on species richness of donor and recipient basins

Evidence for the theory of biotic resistance is equivocal, with experiments often finding a negative relationship between invasion success and native species richness, and large‐scale comparative studies finding a positive relationship. Biotic resistance derives from local species interactions, yet global and regional studies often analyze data at coarse spatial grains. In addition, differences in competitive environments across regions may confound tests of biotic resistance based solely on native species richness of the invaded community. Using global and regional data sets for fishes in river and stream reaches, we ask two questions: (1) does a negative relationship exist between native and non‐native species richness and (2) do non‐native species originate from higher diversity systems. A negative relationship between native and non‐native species richness in local assemblages was found at the global scale, while regional patterns revealed the opposite trend. At both spatial scales, however, nearly all non‐native species originated from river basins with higher native species richness than the basin of the invaded community. Together, these findings imply that coevolved ecological interactions in species‐rich systems inhibit establishment of generalist non‐native species from less diverse communities. Consideration of both the ecological and evolutionary aspects of community assembly is critical to understanding invasion patterns. Distinct evolutionary histories in different regions strongly influence invasion of intact communities that are relatively unimpacted by human actions, and may explain the conflicting relationship between native and non‐native species richness found at different spatial scales.     

入侵植物的繁殖策略以及对本土植物繁殖的影响

理解入侵生物的繁殖策略是阐明生物入侵机制的一个重要方面。入侵植物常表现出一些共同的繁殖特征, 如以两性花为主的性系统、自动自交为主的繁育系统或不依赖传粉媒介的无融合生殖和无性繁殖以及高生殖投资的资源配置策略等。成功入侵的外来植物通过影响本土的传粉者, 在种群和群落水平上影响本土植物的有性繁殖, 甚至促使某些本土植物在繁殖对策和表型性状上发生快速转变。目前, 入侵植物繁殖策略及其生态效应的研究多侧重于入侵种的快速演化, 而有关外来植物与本土植物间的相互影响及其可能存在的协同适应研究还较为缺乏。探讨本土植物在外来种入侵压力下的繁殖对策和响应机制, 将丰富人们对物种间竞争、共存及群落构建等机制的深入了解。从繁殖和适应的角度探求入侵植物与本土植物之间的复杂关系, 将有助于解析生物入侵的机制及人类干扰下的物种演化规律, 也为预测和防控入侵植物提供科学依据。     

Reintroduction of locally extinct vertebrates impacts arid soil fungal communities

Introduced species have contributed to extinction of native vertebrates in many parts of the world. Changes to vertebrate assemblages are also likely to alter microbial communities through coextinction of some taxa and the introduction of others. Many attempts to restore degraded habitats involve removal of exotic vertebrates (livestock and feral animals) and reintroduction of locally extinct species, but the impact of such reintroductions on microbial communities is largely unknown. We used high‐throughput DNA sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer I (ITS1) region to examine whether replacing exotic vertebrates with reintroduced native vertebrates led to changes in soil fungal communities at a reserve in arid central Australia. Soil fungal diversity was significantly different between dune and swale (interdune) habitats. Fungal communities also differed significantly between sites with exotic or reintroduced native vertebrates after controlling for the effect of habitat. Several fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) found exclusively inside the reserve were present in scats from reintroduced native vertebrates, providing a direct link between the vertebrate assemblage and soil microbial communities. Our results show that changes to vertebrate assemblages through local extinctions and the invasion of exotic species can alter soil fungal communities. If local extinction of one or several species results in the coextinction of microbial taxa, the full complement of ecological interactions may never be restored.     

Expanding insect pollinators in the Anthropocene

Global changes are severely affecting pollinator insect communities worldwide, resulting in repeated patterns of species extirpations and extinctions. Whilst negative population trends within this functional group have understandably received much attention in recent decades, another facet of global changes has been overshadowed: species undergoing expansion. Here, we review the factors and traits that have allowed a fraction of the pollinating entomofauna to take advantage of global environmental change. Sufficient mobility, high resistance to acute heat stress, and inherent adaptation to warmer climates appear to be key traits that allow pollinators to persist and even expand in the face of climate change. An overall flexibility in dietary and nesting requirements is common in expanding species, although niche specialization can also drive expansion under specific contexts. The numerous consequences of wild and domesticated pollinator expansions, including competition for resources, pathogen spread, and hybridization with native wildlife, are also discussed. Overall, we show that the traits and factors involved in the success stories of expanding pollinators are mostly species specific and context dependent, rendering generalizations of ‘winning traits’ complicated. This work illustrates the increasing need to consider expansion and its numerous consequences as significant facets of global changes and encourages efforts to monitor the impacts of expanding insect pollinators, particularly exotic species, on natural ecosystems.     

外来红树植物无瓣海桑引种及其生态影响

无瓣海桑是我国首个从国外引进并大面积推广种植的红树植物,生长快,适应性强,已成为华南沿海红树林恢复造林的主要树种。但近年来无瓣海桑引种已引起较大争论,焦点是无瓣海桑是否会对乡土红树植物生长产生不利影响,是否会造成生态入侵,是否应限制推广种植。根据引种以来的研究成果,对无瓣海桑的生态适应性、种植技术、生产力与物质循环、生态影响等四个方面的引种研究进行综述;分析无瓣海桑引种对乡土红树植物生长的影响和生态入侵可能性,对无瓣海桑引种造林提出建议。指出今后无瓣海桑引种的的研究重点为:无瓣海桑引种的生态监测与入侵评估;对滩涂水生生物的影响;与乡土红树植物优化配置的混交种植技术;无瓣海桑的资源化利用。     

米草属植物入侵的生态后果及管理对策

生物入侵是全球变化的重要组成部分,可能对入侵地造成严重的经济和生态后果,所以评价外来种入侵的生态后果是入侵生态学研究的核心问题之一。本文以米草属(Spartina)植物为例,综述了其对入侵地区自然环境、生物种群、群落和生态系统的影响;结合国际上对米草属入侵种的管理策略,讨论了我国米草属植物管理中的一些重要问题。     

Biotic indirect effects: a neglected concept in invasion biology

Indirect effects involve more than two species and are defined as how one species alters the effect that another species has on a third. These complex interactions are often overlooked in studies of interactions between alien and native species, and their role in influencing biological invasions has been rarely considered. Based on a comprehensive review of the invasion biology literature, we examine the evidence for the occurrence of four of the most commonly documented indirect effects (apparent competition, indirect mutualism/commensalism, exploitative competition, and trophic cascades) in the invasion process. Studies investigating indirect effects in the context of invasion biology are relatively rare, but have been increasing in recent years, and there are sufficient examples to indicate that this kind of interaction is likely to be more common than is currently recognized. Whether indirect interactions are mediated by an alien or a native species, and whether they occur between ecologically similar or dissimilar alien and native species, depends in part on the type of interaction considered and no predictable patterns were detected in the literature. Further empirical studies will help to elucidate such patterns. At this stage, the inherent unpredictability of indirect interactions means that their impacts in relation to invasions are particularly challenging for land managers to deal with, and their role in invasions is a complex, but is a valuable area of investigation for researchers.