外来种米草的生态功能评价与控制

米草是禾本科米草属多年生植物 ,对高盐淤泥质滩涂具有高度生态适应性。本文综述了米草作为外来入侵种对一些国家和地区的环境影响及其生态控制措施。一方面 ,米草的种群爆发严重威胁当地生物多样性 ,阻碍社会、经济的可持续发展 ;另一方面 ,米草的抵御海岸侵蚀和促淤造陆功能在全球变化引起未来海平面上升的背景下具有重要意义。米草的生态控制以化学措施最为快速有效 ,但可能污染环境。物理措施工程量大 ,适合于小面积米草控制。生物防治最有发展前景 ,但目前应用不理想 ,且容易引起次生生物入侵。 3S技术、种群扩散和增长模型以及长期监测系统等已经被应用于米草生态控制。最后就加强米草生态控制的基础研究和如何提高米草生态控制水平提出了若干建议     

种间竞争对入侵植物和本地植物生长的影响

为了探讨入侵植物与本地同属和异属植物之间的关系,本研究以入侵植物喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、三裂叶蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata)和本地植物莲子草(A.sessilis)、蟛蜞菊(W.chinensis)为试验材料开展了温室控制实验。实验设置了单种种植和混种种植两种方式,测定了每种植物生物量及其他生长指标,并分析了种间关系。结果表明:(1)对入侵植物而言,同属和异属种间竞争均增加了喜旱莲子草的生物量、根冠比和分节数,而降低了三裂叶蟛蜞菊的株高和分节数;(2)对本地植物而言,同属种间竞争降低了莲子草的株高和蟛蜞菊的分节数,异属种间竞争增加了莲子草的生物量、株高和分枝数,而降低了蟛蜞菊的总生物量和株高;(3)同属种间竞争对入侵种喜旱莲子草具有促进作用,异属种间竞争对本地种莲子草也具有促进作用,同属和异属种间竞争对其他两个物种的影响不大。未来应加强野外原位下入侵植物与本地植物研究,为入侵植物防控提供理论依据。     

外来入侵植物和本地植物核DNA C-值的比较及其与入侵性的关系

用流式细胞仪测定了8科10属13种外来入侵植物、6种本地植物和1种外来非入侵植物的核DNAC-值。结果表明:作为整体,外来入侵植物的平均核DNAC-值显著低于本地种和外来非入侵种,但对同属不同类型植物进行比较,未发现一致的规律;在4个既包含外来入侵种又包含本地种的属中,泽兰属(Eupatorium)和鬼针草属(Bidens)外来入侵种的核DNAC-值显著低于同属本地种,莲子草属(Alternanthera)的2种外来入侵植物中仅有1个种的核DNAC-值显著低于同属本地种,而草胡椒属(Peperomia)外来入侵种的核DNAC-值显著高于同属本地种;表明核DNAC-值与外来植物入侵性无必然联系。     

不同土壤水分和养分条件下喜旱莲子草与同属种生长状况的比较研究

喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵已在中国造成巨大的生态和经济损失。为揭示喜旱莲子草成功入侵的生态机制并预测其种群扩张趋势及其与环境因子的关系, 作者比较了喜旱莲子草与其同属的外来弱入侵种刺花莲子草(A. pungens)以及土著种莲子草(A. sessilis)在不同土壤水分、养分条件下的生长状况。结果显示: 在高水高肥条件下, 喜旱莲子草的生物量要高于刺花莲子草和莲子草, 而在低水低肥条件下却不如这两个同属种; 弱入侵种刺花莲子草在低水条件下的生物量要高于强入侵种喜旱莲子草和土著种莲子草, 说明植物的入侵性受环境条件的影响。另外, 强入侵种喜旱莲子草形态学性状的可塑性较高, 在各种条件下都具有较高的比叶面积, 暗示这两个指标可作为莲子草属外来植物入侵性的预测指标。     

植物物种入侵研究

详细阐述了生物入侵对生态系统的危害、对社会经济造成的严重损失,重点论述了植物外来种入侵的机制：化学介导机制、植物基因交流机制和干扰机制等;影响入侵的因素：外因、内因,其中外因主要是人为原因和环境因素。总结了植物生态入侵的预防、控制、去除策略及方法,包括机械、化学和生物方法,探讨了今后植物生态入侵的研究重点。     

2008-2016年间广州市外来入侵植物的变化分析

为了解2008-2016年广州市外来入侵植物的变化,采用文献查阅和实地考察相结合的方式,近期对广州市外来入侵植物进行了调查。结果表明,2016年广州市外来入侵植物共有38科112属144种,比2008年分别增加了40.7%、89.8%和97.3%。新增加的71种植物主要有豆科（Fabaceae） 14种、菊科（Asteraceae） 13种、旋花科（Convolvulaceae） 6种、禾本科（Poaceae） 6种和茜草科（Rubiaceae） 5种。外来入侵植物主要来源于美洲（共104种）,多为陆生草本植物。广州约一半以上的外来植物是通过人为有意引进,进而形成入侵的。恶意和严重入侵的植物种类约占入侵物种总数的40%,表明广州的城市森林生态系统已经面临着严重威胁。因此,需加强对广州市外来植物入侵动态的监测,提高对外来陆生草本植物引入危害风险的评估,并开展对外来入侵植物资源开发和利用的研究,以构建稳定的生态安全格局,保障绿色生态城市建设。     

陕西省外来植物初步研究

结合已有研究文献和多年来在陕西省内的植被和植物调查, 对陕西省外来植物进行了统计分析, 初步认为陕西地区已有外来物种320 种, 隶属于55 个科。其中含有外来植物最多的是菊科含有48 种; 其次是禾本科, 含有40 种;豆科, 含有32 种; 有20 个科仅有一种外来植物。320 种外来植物中有79 个来自美洲, 46 个来自欧洲, 另有161 种来源不明。从引入方式看, 88 个属人类有意引入, 33 个属于无意引入, 还有198 个外来种引入方式不详。陕西省外来植物的区系组成以世界分布、泛热带分布和北温带分布为主, 均超过总种数的20%。总体而言, 较高入侵等级(入侵等级1-2 级)的外来植物较少, 约45 种, 并且未造成灾难性后果。     

北京温榆河-北运河生态廊道自生植物多样性对城市化的响应

城市化进程带来的城市生境破碎化对城市野生动植物多样性产生了巨大的影响,而生态廊道作为城市中的绿色线性空间,对缓解城市化进程下的生物多样性丧失具有重要作用。自生植物不仅是城市植物多样性的重要组成部分,也为乡土动物提供了赖以生存的资源,在低维护植物景观营造中起到关键作用。聚焦北京温榆河-北运河生态廊道,在对廊道自生植物总体物种组成进行分析的基础上,探究城市化梯度上自生植物物种组成与多样性特征差异,并分析不同自生植物种群对城市化水平的适应性。共调查到温榆河-北运河自生植物195种,隶属于73科,156属,以自生草本植物为主。各城市化水平下自生木本植物的α多样性无显著差异;中低城市化水平下草本植物的α多样性显著高于其他水平（P<0.05）。随着城市化水平升高,自生乔木和一、二年生的β多样性升高,自生多年生草本、自生入侵植物和外来植物的β多样性值下降。在城市化梯度上的生态位宽度均值排序为入侵植物 > 乡土植物 > 国外外来植物 > 国内外来植物。将生态廊道自生植物按照生态位宽度划分为广适型、中适型和狭适型,并依据生态位重叠筛选了与15种入侵植物在城市化梯度上适应性相近的自生乡土植物种类。本研究结果可以为营造稳定的低维护自生植物群落,抵抗外来入侵植物的扩散,实现城市河流生态廊道的生物多样性保护功能提供参考。     

Relative abundance of invasive plants more effectively explains the response of wetland communities to different invasion degrees than phylogenetic evenness

入侵植物的相对多度比群落系统发育均匀度更能解释湿地群落对不同入侵程度的响应 本地植物群落普遍受到入侵植物不同程度的入侵。然而,入侵植物相对多度与群落系统发育均匀度对不同入侵程度下湿地植物群落响应入侵的相对贡献尚不明确。此外,这种贡献是否随淹水等环境 条件的变化而变化也不清楚。为了探讨这些问题,我们选择空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)作为入侵植物,通过改变植物群落物种组成,构建了4个不同的入侵程度,并且设置了水淹和无水淹两种处理。 改变群落入侵程度的同时改变了空心莲子草的相对多度和群落的系统发育均匀度。研究结果表明,不同的入侵程度显著影响了空心莲子草和一些本地物种的单株生物量。变异分割结果表明,无论淹水情况结果如何,空心莲子草相对多度对植物群落指标变异的贡献都大于系统发育均匀度。斯皮尔曼等级相关检验结果表明,空心莲子草的相对多度与空心莲子草和部分本地物种的单株生物量显著负相关;群落系统发育均匀度仅与少数本地种性状显著正相关。其相关强度和显著性均受特定的物种和水淹环境的影响。总之,这些研究结果表明：无论淹水情况如何,入侵植物(空心莲子草)的相对多度都比群落的系统发育均匀度更能有效地解释湿地植物群落对不同入侵程度的响应。     

外来入侵植物飞机草的研究进展与展望

飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)是世界公认的多年生入侵性杂草, 原产于中、南美洲, 现已扩散至非洲、亚洲、大洋洲和西太平洋群岛的大部分热带及亚热带地区, 严重威胁着入侵地本地植物的生长、生物多样性和生态安全。由于其蔓延速度快, 及其对农、林、牧业等的巨大危害, 引起了社会各界的广泛关注。揭示飞机草的入侵机制, 对于遏制其扩散速度, 最终消除或降低其危害, 恢复生态系统平衡, 具有十分重要的现实意义和科学价值。该文介绍了飞机草的生物学特性、地理分布、入侵后果及防治措施等。鉴于目前对飞机草的入侵路线和入侵机制还没有全面系统的认识, 该文重点介绍了其在世界范围内的传播路线及其成功入侵机制, 旨在为飞机草的防治工作提供科学依据。最后提出有关飞机草生理生态学和分子生物学方面的一些展望, 并强调对其适应性进化遗传基础的研究可能为探讨其成功的入侵机制带来新突破。     

Global change and biological invasions

Invasion by exotic species is one of the serious socio-economic, environmental and ecological problems currently faced by mankind. Biological invasions have changed the species composition, structure and function of ecosystems, and are seriously threatening global biodiversity, economy and human health (Iqbal et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2020; Yang et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2020; Zheng et al. 2015). Biological invasions have resulted in an economic loss of at least US$ 1.288 trillion over the past few decades worldwide (Diagne et al. 2021). As a consequence of these far-reaching impacts, biological invasions have become a hot research topic in modern ecology, and attract major attention from international organizations, governments and scientists all over the world. There is a complex interaction between biological invasions and global environmental change. Biological invasions are not only passengers of global change, but can also be major drivers of global change (MacDougall and Turkington 2005). Other components of global change, such as atmospheric CO₂ enrichment, global warming, nitrogen deposition, changes in precipitation regimes, habitat fragmentation and land-use change, affect species distributions and resource dynamics of ecosystems, and consequently drive invasion success of many exotic species. On the other hand, invasion by exotic species can also alter basic ecosystem properties, which in turn affect many components of global change. Research on the patterns, processes and mechanisms of biological invasion can shed light on the drivers and consequences of biological invasions in the light of global change, and serve as a scientific basis for forward-thinking management plans. The overarching challenge is to understand the basic ecological interactions of, e.g., invasive and native species, plants and soil, and plants and animals.     

The role of alien plants in the natural coastal vegetation in central-northern Spain

Alien plants in coastal habitats and their influence on natural vegetation are studied. After 5 years working on this subject in the Basque Country and surrounding areas, a number of results from the coastal ecosystems are presented. These ecosystems are one of the most threatened and affected by the invasion of alien plants, especially shore dunes, saltmarshes and cliffs. These kinds of habitats, especially the dunes, experience significant pressure from human activities which favours the expansion of some of these species: Arctotheca calendula, Sporobolus indicus and Oenothera spp. The presence and abundance of these invasive plants and others such as Baccharis halimifolia, Cortaderia selloana, Spartina patens and Carpobrotus edulis in the plant communities in an area between the French border and the western part of the region of Cantabria have been studied. The degree of invasion of each plant in each syntaxonomic unit has been analysed.     

No Longer The Pristine Confines of the World Ocean: A Survey of Exotic Marine Species in the Southwestern Atlantic

We conducted a comprehensive survey of existing knowledge about exotic marine organisms introduced to the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, including coastal and shelf areas of Uruguay and Argentina. This domain is equivalent to the so-called Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, and corresponds to two biogeographic provinces: warm-temperate (Argentine Province) and cold temperate (Magellanic Province). The search included species that can be confidently categorized as introduced (31) and cryptogenic species (46). We present a comprehensive picture of recorded introductions (the first for this region) and some prominent ecological consequences. Most coastal ecosystems between the La Plata River estuary and central Patagonia have already been modified, or are expected to be so in the short term. Five recent, human-mediated biological invasions have already had a significant ecological impact. A barnacle (Balanus glandula) belt has developed on all rocky shores where none was present 30 years ago, a macro-fouler (Limnoperna fortunei) and a reef-builder (Ficopomatus enigmaticus) have strongly modified estuarine ecosystems, Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) reefs are expanding in shallow bays at a fast rate, and kelp (Undaria pinnatifida) is rapidly modifying nearshore benthic communities along the coasts of central Patagonia. At this point, it is uncertain how many of the cordgrasses (Spartina spp.) found in coastal salt marshes correspond to exotic forms. Only exposed sandy beaches appear to be free from the pervasive ecological impact of invasion by exotic species. Poor knowledge of the regional biota makes it difficult to track invasions.     

Trophic cascades in an invaded ecosystem: native keystone predators facilitate a dominant invader in an estuarine community

Determining how various factors contribute to the invasibility of systems is essential for both understanding community formation and informing management of natural areas. Research demonstrating that predators can provide biotic resistance to invasions by consuming invasive species has led to the presence of healthy predator populations being associated with reduced invasion potential of ecosystems. However, predators structure communities in many ways and their presence could also potentially facilitate invasions if they decrease populations of native species that compete with or consume an invader. We considered these two impacts of predators on invasion by analyzing the effects of two keystone predators (Pisaster spp. and Enhydra lutris nereis) on two foundation species (a native mussel Mytilus californianus and the invasive exotic bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata, a putative competitor for space with Mytilus californianus). Both native predators were found to facilitate the invasion of the exotic bryozoan, and the rate of invasion was highest when both predators were present. Facilitation of W. subtorquata occurred via indirect mechanisms that partly involved the removal of a competitor (mussels) via predation. These results illustrate that although predators can provide biotic resistance to invasion, healthy predator populations do not always confer this advantage and in fact may facilitate invasions. Therefore, implementation of management actions to enhance populations of top predators could also potentially increase the invasibility of some ecosystems.     

互花米草入侵对鸟类的生态影响

生物入侵威胁本地物种生存,破坏生态系统的结构和功能,是导致全球生物多样性丧失的重要原因之一。外来植物是入侵生物中的重要一类,可以显著改变本地植被群落,并影响其他生物类群。鸟类作为生态系统中的较高营养级,对由入侵植物引起的栖息地变化十分敏感。互花米草自引入中国沿海以来,其分布区域不断扩散,多数研究认为互花米草入侵造成本地生物多样性降低和生态系统退化。系统梳理了互花米草入侵对鸟类栖息地、食物资源、繁殖、群落等方面的生态影响。主要负面影响有:(1)植被群落结构不利于鸟类栖息、筑巢、觅食;(2)鸟类食物资源丰度和多样性下降;(3)本地鸟类种群数量和物种多样性显著下降。在我国东部沿海湿地,互花米草入侵已经显著改变了植被与鸟类分布格局。但随着入侵历史的增长,少数小型雀形目鸟类却可以逐渐适应互花米草生境。互花米草入侵为某些非本地鸟类提供了空白生态位,在一定程度上丰富了本地物种多样性,对互花米草的快速清除反而可能不利于已适应并依赖互花米草生境的鸟类。综上,认为互花米草入侵对鸟类群落甚至整个生态系统的影响可能需要更多研究进行综合评价,应开展长期、大尺度、多因子的监测研究和多物种比较研究,建立生态评价模型并制定科学有效的互花米草管理对策。     

Overlooking the smallest matter: viruses impact biological invasions

Parasites and pathogens have recently received considerable attention for their ability to affect biological invasions, however, researchers have largely overlooked the distinct role of viruses afforded by their unique ability to rapidly mutate and adapt to new hosts. With high mutation and genomic substitution rates, RNA and single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses may be important constituents of invaded ecosystems, and could potentially behave quite differently from other pathogens. We review evidence suggesting that rapidly evolving viruses impact invasion dynamics in three key ways: (1) Rapidly evolving viruses may prevent exotic species from establishing self‐sustaining populations. (2) Viruses can cause population collapses of exotic species in the introduced range. (3) Viruses can alter the consequences of biological invasions by causing population collapses and extinctions of native species. The ubiquity and frequent host shifting of viruses make their ability to influence invasion events likely. Eludicating the viral ecology of biological invasions will lead to an improved understanding of the causes and consequences of invasions, particularly as regards establishment success and changes to community structure that cannot be explained by direct interspecific interactions among native and exotic species.     

红树林生物入侵研究概况与趋势

为了掌握目前红树林生物入侵研究实况, 基于ISI Web of Science数据库和HistCite文献分析软件, 我们进行了全面系统的文献检索与分析。结果显示, 国内外有关红树林生物入侵研究文献绝大部分针对植物入侵, 有关动物与微生物的研究寥寥无几; 研究区域集中于中国华南与东南沿海(尤其是珠江口、雷州半岛西侧)和美国东南海岸及夏威夷群岛。无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)是否构成入侵, 一直备受争议, 有待更长远论证, 但须谨慎引种。互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)与微甘菊(Mikania micrantha)是世界性恶草, 生长迅速, 繁殖力强, 竞争与化感作用明显, 二者已在红树林生态系统中爆发入侵, 显著降低了红树林微生境质量, 并改变了底栖生物群落结构。Rhizophora mangle作为外来红树植物入侵夏威夷群岛, 改善了沉积条件, 丰富了底栖生物群落, 但需从全球尺度考察入侵后果。目前, 红树林生物入侵研究才刚起步, 针对性研究局限于入侵对红树林生态系统结构和功能产生的效应。相关入侵机制缺乏探索, 现有防治方法大多只是借鉴其他被入侵系统的防治方法。今后, 红树林生物入侵研究应持续加深入侵现状和入侵效应的探索与评价, 加快开展入侵机制和防治方法的研究应用, 以及对生态系统服务的影响评价。健全红树林生物入侵管理体系, 将在防治红树林生物入侵实践中发挥主导作用。     

米草属引入中国海岸带的利弊分析

1963年以来,中国先后从国外引进3种米草。实践证明,大米草和互花米草是盐渍土壤植物群落形成的先锋植物,适应于中国海岸带自然环境,生长发育正常,具有明显的促淤造陆和保护海岸等生态功能,并具有显著的经济效益.大米草和互花米草在南方海岸繁殖过快是近岸水体富营养化的结果,但并未对环境、动植物种群和人类构成侵害,其在北方海岸未发生异常现象,故应客观地评估米草的功与过。本文从利弊2个方面对中国海岸滩涂引入米草进行了分析。     

Ecology and management of invasive Pinaceae around the world: progress and challenges

Many species in the family Pinaceae are invaders. These species are relatively easy to control because of some of their intrinsic characteristics and because they are highly visible and easy to eliminate. Many Pinaceae species have been well studied because of their use in forestry and their invasive behavior in many countries. The impacts of invasive Pinaceae are not only ecological, but also economic and social. We review the ecology and management of Pinaceae invasions and explore how restoration of invaded areas should be addressed. There are many ways to prevent invasions and to deal with them. Planting less invasive species, better site selection, and invasion monitoring are used successfully in different parts of the world to prevent invasion. Mechanical and chemical methods are used effectively to control Pinaceae invasions. Control is more effective at the early stages of invasion. Old invasions are more problematic as their elimination is more expensive, and the restoration of native vegetation is challenging. In some areas, native vegetation cannot thrive after Pinaceae have been removed, and weeds colonize cleared areas. More attention is needed to prevent the initiation and spread of invasions by focusing control interventions at early stages of invasion. Finding new ways of dealing sustainably with conflicts of interest between foresters and conservationists is crucial. Non-native Pinaceae are important parts of the economies and landscapes in several countries and they will continue to play such a role in the future. Despite the numerous challenges facing Pinaceae invasion management, several approaches can be successful at controlling them. Proper application of current techniques and development of more efficient ones is needed if the goal of maximizing benefits and minimizing negative impacts is to be achieved.