砂地柏中6种萜烯类化合物分离鉴定及其杀虫活性研究

为研究砂地柏杀虫化学成分特征,采用活性示踪法,从砂地柏果实乙醇提取物中分离鉴定出6种萜烯类化合物:4-表-松香醛(1)、7,13-松香二烯-3-酮(2)、4-表-松香醇(3)、日本扁柏酮(4)、β-谷甾醇(5)和豆甾醇(6),其中日本扁柏酮是从砂地柏中首次分离得到.以砂地柏中另2种主要杀虫活性成分鬼臼毒素和脱氧鬼臼毒素为对照品,采用小叶碟添加法和浸叶法分别测试了上述化合物对粘虫(Mythimna separata)幼虫的拒食活性和对菜青虫(Pieris rapae)的毒杀活性.结果表明,2种木脂素类化合物鬼臼毒素和脱氧鬼臼毒素的活性高于本研究得到的6种化合物,其中4种二萜类化合物的活性高于2种甾醇三萜类化合物;4种二萜类化合物的活性差异较大,其中4-表-松香醇和7,13-松香二烯-3-酮对粘虫幼虫的拒食活性较高,其48 h AFC50分别为2.92和3.02mg·mL-1,7,13-松香二烯-3-酮对菜青虫毒杀活性较高,其48h LC50为3.40mg·mL-1.所得到的4-表-松香醇和日本扁柏酮2种化合物的杀虫活性为首次报道.     

昆明山海棠的杀虫活性及有效成分

【目的】从天然产物尤其是植物中寻找杀虫活性物质是杀虫剂创制的重要途径。【方法】采用生物活性追踪、分离等方法,研究了昆明山海棠Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch对6种鳞翅目昆虫的杀虫活性及有效成分。【结果】昆明山海棠根皮石油醚提取物、甲醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物对粘虫3龄幼虫均具有拒食活性,24 h的拒食毒力AFC₅₀值分别为1 165.7 μg/mL、104.3 μg/mL和 47.3 μg/mL。昆明山海棠根皮甲醇提取物对粘虫4龄幼虫具有触杀活性,其LD₅₀值为100.4 μg/头。从昆明山海棠根皮甲醇提取物中分离出雷公藤春碱、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱 4个杀虫活性化合物,雷公藤春碱和雷公藤吉碱对粘虫具有胃毒麻醉活性,对粘虫3龄幼虫8 h的麻醉中量（ND₅₀）分别是18.1 μg/头和7.4 μg/头。雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱对粘虫具有触杀麻醉活性,对粘虫4龄幼虫24 h的ND₅₀分别是0.33 μg/头和0.06 μg/头;对3龄小地老虎具有胃毒麻醉活性,24 h的麻醉中量ND₅₀分别是5.62 μg/头和1.24 μg/头。【结论】昆明山海棠对所测试的6种鳞翅目昆虫均有一定的杀虫活性,其主要杀虫活性成分为雷公藤春碱、雷公藤吉碱、雷公藤定碱和雷公藤榕碱4个化合物。     

博落回茎中抗玉米大斑病的生物碱类成分研究

为了解博落回茎中具有抗玉米大斑病的活性成分,采用天然产物分离和活性追踪的方法分离鉴定了8个生物碱类化合物。这8个化合物分别为6-(2-羟基乙基)-5,6-二氢血根碱(1)、6-(2-甲氧基-2-氧代乙基)-5,6-二氢血根碱(2)、6-丙酮基二氢血根碱(3)、6-丙酮基白屈菜红碱(4)、isointegriamide(5)、arnottianamide(6)、二氢血根碱(7)和白屈菜红碱(8)。其中化合物1、2、5、6首次从博落回茎中分离得到。以上生物碱类化合物(1～8)通过滤纸片琼脂糖扩散法对玉米大斑病进行抗菌测试,确定了化合物8具有显著的抗玉米大斑病的生物活性,然后用48孔板测定了化合物8对玉米大斑病孢子萌发实验,其IC_(50)值为12.0μg/mL,以上研究为防治玉米大斑病提供了一种潜在的新型生物农药原料。     

担子菌黄硬皮马勃杀虫活性研究

研究了担子菌黄硬皮马勃 SclerodermacitrinumPer. 子实体提取物对3龄粘虫的杀虫活性.黄硬皮马勃甲醇-氯仿总浸膏及其石油醚萃取物在浓度为25mg·mL-1时,对3龄粘虫的48h拒食率分别为96.8%和81.3%,而其氯仿及正丁醇萃取物的拒食活性相对较弱;石油醚浸膏具有较强的毒杀作用,在浓度10mg·mL-1时,3龄粘虫的48h校正死亡率均大于80%;石油醚萃取物的触杀活性相对较弱,25mg·mL-1剂量对3龄粘虫7d内的校正死亡率小于60.0%.     

30种药用植物提取物杀虫杀菌活性研究

采用微量点滴法和载毒叶片饲喂法测定30种药用植物乙醇提取物对粘虫3龄幼虫的触杀、胃毒以及拒食活性。结果表明,供试样品在50mg·mL-1浓度下均无明显的触杀或胃毒作用,但卡瓦胡椒和川陈皮对试虫有一定的拒食活性,其中卡瓦胡椒24h拒食中浓(AFC50)为4.12mg·mL-1,48h为9.12mg·mL-1。采用抑制菌丝生长速率法和抑制孢子萌发法测定离体杀菌活性的结果表明,供试样品在2mg·mL-1浓度下,卡瓦胡椒和厚朴对供试病原菌均有较强抑制作用。毒力测定结果表明,卡瓦胡椒对玉米大斑病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、小麦根腐病菌、油菜菌核病菌4种病原真菌菌丝生长抑制的有效中浓(EC50)分别为108、258、290、205mg·L-1,厚朴分别为208、331、345、408mg·L-1;卡瓦胡椒对玉米大斑病菌、玉米小斑病菌、烟草赤星病菌3种病原真菌抑制孢子萌发的有效中浓(EC50)分别为155、195、268mg·L-1,厚朴则分别为151、242、241mg·L-1。根据以上结果,我们认为卡瓦胡椒和厚朴的乙醇提取物具有较高的杀菌活性,其有效成分值得进一步研究。     

广藿香精油的杀虫作用及其活性成分分析

采用室内生物活性测定方法,研究了广藿香〔Pogostem on cablin(B lanco)Benth.〕全草精油的杀虫活性及其活性成分。结果表明,广藿香精油和广藿香酮对菜粉蝶(Preris rapaeL.)和小菜蛾(Plutella xylostellaL.)幼虫有较好的防治作用。使用2.5~40.0 mg.mL-1广藿香精油和1~10 mg.mL-1广藿香酮分别对菜粉蝶和小菜蛾幼虫进行饲喂实验,均表现出较强烈的拒食作用;广藿香精油和广藿香酮对4龄菜粉蝶幼虫毒杀作用的LC50值分别为104.28和32.20μg.mL-1。活性跟踪实验确证广藿香酮为广藿香精油的有效杀虫成分。     

拟青霉菌代谢产物对菜粉蝶幼虫的生物活性

淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)甲醇萃取物柱层析活性馏分DM6和拟青霉(Paeecilomyces sp.)菌株X1甲醇萃取物柱层析活性馏分X1M5对菜粉蝶Pieris rapae(L.)4龄幼虫具有较强的选择性和非选择性拒食作用,处理后24h选择性AFC50分别为5.8652mg/mL和3.5239mg/mL,非选择性AFC50分别为9.0095mg/mL和14.0234mg/mL。饲喂法、注射法、点滴法测定结果表明,DM6和X1M5对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫具有较强的毒杀活性,其中注射法处理后72h,DM6和X1M5对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫的LD50分别为0.1846μg/头和0.6784μg/头。DM6和X1M5以5.0mg/mL饲喂法处理菜粉蝶3龄幼虫后,试虫生长发育受到强烈的抑制作用,发育抑制率分别为73.34%和63.30%。这些结果对于进一步研究拟青霉菌杀虫活性成分具有重要参考意义。     

三叶蔓荆提取物对几种害虫的生物活性研究

在实验室条件下研究了三叶蔓荆Vitex trifolia L叶片提取物对甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae L的拒食、对菜粉蝶Pieris rapae L幼虫的生长发育抑制以及对家蝇Musca domestica的毒杀活性。试验结果表明：10 mg/mL的乙酸乙酯提取物在24 h和48 h对蚜虫的拒食率分别为8889％和8636％,拒食效果明显。几种溶剂提取物对5龄菜粉蝶幼虫的生长发育均有不同程度的影响,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的体重增长抑制率第1天达7535%。各溶剂提取物在高浓度下对家蝇2龄幼虫均有一定的毒杀作用,低浓度下效果较差。乙酸乙酯提取物48 h的LC50为2278 mg/mL,远高于拒食和生长发育抑制试验设定的浓度。结果表明乙酸乙酯提取物拒食活性和生长发育抑制活性显著。     

藁本提取物杀虫活性初步研究

分别采用点滴法、三角瓶熏蒸法和小叶碟添加法测定了藁本（Ligusticum sinense Oliv．）提取物对粘虫（Mythimna separata Walker）和小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella L．）幼虫的触杀、熏蒸和拒食活性,同时也测定了对黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor L．）蛹的生长发育有抑制作用,并对其致毒症状、作用方式进行了初步探讨。结果表明,不同溶剂提取物中,丙酮冷浸提取物对粘虫毒杀活性较高;其丙酮提取物对粘虫和小菜蛾3龄幼虫均具有较高触杀及熏蒸活性,24h触杀LD50分别为0．062 3mg干样／头和0．150 2mg干样／头;12h熏蒸LC530分别为24．3422 mg干样／L和10．601 5mg干样／L;对黄粉虫（Tenebrio molitor L）蛹的生长发育有抑制作用,ID50为6．5157mg干样／头;粘虫中毒后先后表现出兴奋、痉挛、麻痹等症状,最后死亡;对黄粉虫蛹生长发育的抑制作用类似于保幼激素活性。     

亮叶中南鱼藤的杀虫活性及有效成分

研究了亮叶中南鱼藤Derris fordii var. lucida的杀虫活性及有效成分。通过生物测定确定了该植物提取物对几种害虫的杀虫活性及其作用方式,并在活性跟踪的基础上,通过萃取、柱层析、薄层制备、重结晶、核磁共振和质谱等方法对其有效成分进行了分离和鉴定。结果表明,亮叶中南鱼藤不同部位甲醇提取物中仅根部提取物表现出杀虫活性。根甲醇提取物对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus 4龄幼虫、棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover 无翅成蚜、豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch无翅成蚜、桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)无翅成蚜、甘薯天蛾Herse convolvuli L. 2龄幼虫、三化螟Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)初孵幼虫、菜青虫Pieris rapae (L.) 2龄幼虫和黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius)成虫都有毒杀效果,其LC₅₀值分别是260.3 mg/L、234.6 mg/L、141.3 mg/L、16.4 mg/L、233.4 mg/L、20.8 mg/L、11.7 mg/L和148.4 mg/L。根甲醇提取物对甘薯天蛾3龄幼虫24 h的触杀和胃毒毒力LC₅₀值分别为101.6 mg/L和234.9 mg/L。此外,亚致死剂量的根甲醇提取物对甘薯天蛾3龄幼虫还有拒食和抑制生长发育的作用。从根中分离和鉴定了3个化合物,即鱼藤酮、6a,12a-脱氢鱼藤素和β-谷甾醇。鱼藤酮和6a,12a-脱氢鱼藤素对三化螟初孵幼虫表现出毒杀活性,24 h的LC₅₀值分别是2.6 mg/L和5.3 mg/L。结论为：亮叶中南鱼藤仅根为活性部位,该甲醇提取物对棉蚜等多种害虫有活性,其主要作用方式为触杀和胃毒,鱼藤酮和6a,12a-脱氢鱼藤素是根中的主要杀虫活性成分。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.