广藿香精油对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾生物活性研究

试验采用不同浓度广藿香(Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.)精油,研究其对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾幼虫拒食和忌避作用。使用2.5~40 mg/mL广藿香精油分别对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾幼虫进行饲喂试验,檀香粉蝶幼虫的选择性和非选择性拒食率都为100%,荔枝卷叶蛾的选择性拒食率为18.36%~100%,24 h和48 h非选择性拒食率分别为51.45%~100%和53.34%~100%。忌避试验发现,随着浓度提高,忌避作用越强,其中最大忌避率分别为80.30%和93.81%;随着时间推移,各浓度精油对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾幼虫的忌避效应呈现不同程度的下降趋势。试验表明,广藿香精油对檀香粉蝶和荔枝卷叶蛾幼虫有较好的防治作用。     

组培广藿香形态特征及挥发油成分分析

对原产于广州石牌和海南的两个广藿香(Pogostemon cablin)栽培品种进行组织培养并获得了再生植株.用GC法对广藿香再生植株的挥发油成分进行分析研究.结果表明,广藿香两个品种的再生植株生长2～3个月后形态上有明显的差异.生长3个月的再生植株中,原产于广州石牌的广藿香挥发油含量为1.4%,低于原产于海南的广藿香(2.9%);而挥发油的成分中,广州石牌广藿香的广藿香酮含量为375.76 mg ml1,显著高于海南广藿香(7.82 mg ml1).这说明组织培养获得的再生植株保持了其原植物在形态、挥发油含量和成分上的差异性,为广藿香的品种分类提供了实验依据.     

黄荆精油对玉米象的杀虫活性成分、毒力及作用机制

为明确黄荆精油及其主要成分作为储粮保护剂的开发利用价值,采用水蒸气蒸馏法从泰山黄荆Vitex negundo Linn.叶片中提取精油,利用GC-MS技术进行了成分分析鉴定,研究了黄荆精油及其主要成分桉树脑和α-蒎烯对玉米象 Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 成虫的毒力及作用机制。结果表明: 黄荆精油中含量大于0.3%的成分有31种,其中石竹烯、桉树脑和α-蒎烯的含量分别为35.97%,8.21%和0.69%。桉树脑、α-蒎烯和黄荆精油对玉米象成虫的综合杀虫毒力都较高,并以桉树脑的毒力最高,LC₅₀为0.7171 g·kg^-1;在2.0 g·kg^-1剂量下,桉树脑、α-蒎烯和黄荆精油对玉米象种群的抑制率分别达100％,85.45％和89.73％;3种药剂对玉米象72 h触杀LC₅₀分别为0.2690,0.7529 和0.2969 mg·cm^-2,毒力都很高;3种药剂在4 g·kg^-1剂量下,对玉米象的驱避率分别为96.49%,84.26％和90.61%,防虫作用大;3种药剂对玉米象72 h的熏蒸LC₅₀分别为14.053, 28.648 和21.429 μL·L^-1,熏蒸杀虫毒力较高,其中以桉树脑的毒力最高。3种药剂对玉米象有干扰呼吸的作用,对离体乙酰胆碱酯酶、过氧化氢酶和羧酸酯酶都有抑制作用。这些结果明黄荆精油及其主要成分的作用机制具有多样性。     

灰毛豆树皮中的杀虫成分及其杀虫活性

为确定灰毛豆Tephrosia purpurea树皮甲醇提取物中的杀虫成分,以白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus4龄幼虫为靶标昆虫,在活性跟踪的基础上利用色谱技术分离其活性成分,然后根据各化合物的核磁共振网谱和质谱数据确定化合物的结构,并利用玻片载蚜法和点滴法测定了各化合物对桃蚜Myzus persicae无翅蚜...     

肾叶天胡荽精油的超临界CO2萃取、成分分析及杀虫活性初探

采用正交实验设计,对肾叶天胡荽（Hydrocotyle wigordi Maxim．）精油超临界CO2萃取条件进行了优化,并用GC—MS分析技术对精油的化学成分进行了鉴定,初步探讨了肾叶天胡荽精油对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的触杀活性。结果表明,肾叶天胡荽精油超临界CO2萃取的最佳条件为萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度50℃、解析压力5MPa、解析温度40℃、萃取时间75min、CO2流量34—36L·h^-1,精油得率最高可达5．32％。从精油中共鉴定出19种成分,总相对含量达到89．266％,主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（64．302％）。用超临界CO2萃取技术提取的肾叶天胡荽精油对小菜蛾2龄幼虫有一定的触杀作用,20g·L^-1精油对小菜蛾2龄幼虫的24h校正死亡率高达90．00％。     

植物精油对几种害虫的毒杀活性

对 11科 15属 2 7种植物精油的杀虫活性做了测定。八角茴香果实、柠檬果实、细叶桉叶和留兰香叶精油对粘虫、小菜蛾、棉铃虫和玉米象有较强的熏蒸活性 ;精油稀释 10 0倍后 ,甜橙果实、玳玳花和砂地柏精油对粘虫的拒食活性最高 ;在 0 4% (w/w)剂量下 ,肉桂皮和八角茴香果实等 7种精油对玉米象的种群形成抑制率达 10 0 %。     

酮型广藿香MVA途径基因表达分析及与主要成分合成相关性研究

广藿香药材以广藿香酮含量较高的酮型广藿香为最优质。而广藿香酮为一种萜类成分,其生物合成途径尚未明确。MVA(甲羟戊酸)途径是萜类化合物生物合成的重要途径。为了分析MVA途经基因表达与化学成分的相关性从而获得促进广藿香酮合成的潜在基因,该文以2种酮型广藿香栽培品种(石牌广藿香、高要广藿香)为材料,通过实时定量PCR分析基因表达和主要成分含量测定,并研究了供试材料不同时期的茎、叶中与甲羟戊酸代谢途径相关的HMGR、MK、MDD基因表达及化学成分。结果表明:(1)HMGR基因在石牌广藿香嫩叶中表达更明显;MK基因在石牌广藿香和高要广藿香中表达模式相似,主要在老茎中表达;MDD基因在石牌广藿香叶中比高要广藿香表达量更高,在两种广藿香的茎中表达模式相似。(2)同属于酮型广藿香,石牌广藿香与高要广藿香的化学成分相似,老叶广藿香醇含量最高,老茎的广藿香酮含量更高。(3)MDD和MK基因与广藿香酮的合成正相关。综上结果所述,酮型广藿香两个栽培种MVA途径的基因表达模式相似,MDD和MK基因可能为酮型广藿香萜类代谢途径的关键基因。     

芸香精油的化学成分和杀虫活性初探

生物活性筛选试验表明,芸香科植物芸香(Ruta graveolens Linn.)全草精油对储粮害虫具有较强的生物活性。在0.1％(W/W)的用药量下,对赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneumLinn.)和谷蠢(Rhizopertha dominica Fabricius)的种群繁殖抑制率均达到了100％,对赤谷盗成虫还具有较强的熏蒸毒杀作用。采用GC—MS方法分析了芸香精油的化学成分,共检出了64个成分,鉴定出其中39个成分,占精油总量的90.04％。其主要成分为2-十一酮、2-壬酮和乙酸-2-壬醇酯,相对百分含量分别为36.82％、24.12％和16.71％。     

广藿香酮对斜纹夜蛾的拒食作用研究

广藿香酮Pogostone,是一种新型的、被认为具有应用潜力的植物源杀虫活性物质。为探明广藿香酮的杀虫活性,本试验以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura作为试虫,采用选择性和非选择性拒食活性测定法,在室内分别测定了不同浓度的广藿香酮对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性以及广藿香酮对不同龄期的斜纹夜蛾的拒食作用,研究结果表明,1 mg/mL、2 mg/mL、4 mg/mL、8 mg/mL、10 mg/mL的浓度下,广藿香酮对三龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性拒食率分别为56.5%、62.24%、80.01%、82.40%、90.03%;非选择性拒食率分别为62.48%、71.78%、84.15%、86.35%、92.71%。浓度为4 mg/mL的广藿香酮对2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性拒食率分别为78.56%、80.25%、66.80%、40.35%;非选择性拒食活性分别为78.21%、83.02%、77.36%、40.24%。可见,浓度为4 mg/mL的广藿香酮对三龄斜纹夜蛾的拒食效果较好。     

石荠苧精油的GC-MS分析及其抑菌活性的研究

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取石荠芋（Mosla scabra（Thunb．）C．Y．Wu et H．W．Li]精油,得油率为1．2％。采用GC—MS方法分析了该挥发油的化学组成,检测到125个峰,共鉴定出其中67个化学成分并测定其相对含量。占总含量的95．25％。其中,（R）侧柏酮（26．11％）、（M）侧柏酮（13．66％）、石竹烯（8．89％）、桉叶油素（7．99％）、（R）-α-石竹烯（6．45％）、芹菜脑（5．43％）和β-荜澄茄油烯（4．51％）为主要成分。体外抑菌实验表明,该精油对7种供试细菌均有抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus Roenbach）、普通变形杆菌（Proteasv ulgarisHauser）、甘薯青枯假单胞菌（Ralstonia soanacearum E．F．Smith）、大肠杆菌（Esckrichia coli Castellani et Chalmers）和短小芽孢杆菌（Bacillus pumilus Meyer et Gottheil）的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为2％,对枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis Cohn）和藤黄八叠球菌（Sarcina lutea Schroeter）的MIC为1％。     

广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生

为了提高药用植物广藿香的次生物质广藿香醇含量,采用秋水仙素人工诱导染色体加倍技术,进行了广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生、倍性鉴定和挥发油组分广藿香醇含量的测定。结果表明,广藿香毛状根多倍体诱导的最佳条件为0.05%秋水仙素处理36 h,其多倍体诱导率可达40%以上;经秋水仙素加倍的广藿香毛状根在MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L培养基中培养60 d后可获得毛状根多倍体再生植株。与对照(二倍体植株)相比,广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株根系更发达、茎更粗、节间变短、叶片的长度、宽度和厚度均较二倍体明显增大。根尖细胞染色体压片观察证实,所获得的广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株为四倍体,其根尖细胞染色体数约为128;同时,其叶片的气孔保卫细胞体积及其叶绿体数目均约为对照的两倍;但其气孔密度则随着倍性增加而下降,二倍体植株叶片的气孔密度约为四倍体植株叶片的1.67倍。GC-MS测定结果表明,广藿香毛状根多倍体再生植株的广藿香挥发油组分广藿香醇的含量为4.25 mg/g干重,约为二倍体植株的2.30倍。该结果证实毛状根多倍体化可提高药用植物广藿香的广藿香醇含量。     

广藿香挥发油化学成份的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对广藿香[pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.]茎叶的挥发油成份进行了分析,从分离出的49个色谱峰中鉴定出33个化合物,占总挥发油含量的83.75％。主要成份是广藿香醇(31.86％),刺蕊草烯(9.58％),α-愈创木烯(8.82％),δ-愈创木烯(8.65％),α-广藿香烯(8.48％),β-广藿香烯(6.91％),广藿香酮(3.83％)等。     

Alpha-bulnesene, a novel PAF receptor antagonist isolated from Pogostemon cablin

Alpha-bulnesene is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from the water extract of Pogostemon cablin. It showed a potent and concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on platelet-activating factor (PAF) and arachidonic acid (AA) induced rabbit platelet aggregation. In a radioligand binding assay for the PAF receptor, alpha-bulnesene competitively inhibited [(3)H]PAF binding to the PAF receptor with an IC(50) value of 17.62+/-5.68microM. alpha-Bulnesene also dose-dependently inhibited PAF-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increase in fluo-3/AM-loaded platelets (IC(50) values of 19.62+/-1.32microM). Furthermore, alpha-bulnesene inhibited AA-induced thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) formation and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) formation. These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of alpha-bulnesene on platelet aggregation was due to a dual activity; specifically the chemical blocked PAF-induced intracellular signal transduction and interfered with cyclooxygenase activity, which resulted in a decrease in thromboxane formation. This study is the first to demonstrate that alpha-bulnesene is a PAF receptor antagonist as well as an anti-platelet aggregation agent.     

Antileishmanial activity of the essential oil from Tetradenia riparia obtained in different seasons

The herbaceous shrub Tetradenia riparia has been traditionally usedto treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. Recently, a study showed thatT. riparia essential oil (TrEO) obtained in summer hasantileishmanial effects, although these results could be influenced by seasonalvariation. This study evaluated the activity of the TrEO obtained in differentseasons against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, in vitro and invivo. The compounds in the TrEO were analysed by gas chromatography-massspectrometry; terpenoids were present and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the majoritycompounds (55.28%). The cytotoxicity and nitric oxide (NO) production were alsotested after TrEO treatment. The TrEO from all seasons showed a 50% growth inhibitoryconcentration for promastigotes of about 15 ng/mL; at 30 ng/mL and 3 ng/mL, the TrEOreduced intracellular amastigote infection, independently of season. The TrEO fromplants harvested in summer had the highest 50% cytotoxic concentration, 1,476 ng/mLfor J774.A1 macrophages, and in spring (90.94 ng/mL) for murine macrophages. NOproduction did not change in samples of the TrEO from different seasons. Theantileishmanial effect in vivo consisted of a reduction of the parasite load in thespleen. These results suggest that the TrEO has potential effects on L. (L.)amazonensis, consonant with its traditional use to treat parasiticdiseases.     

加拿大一枝黄花精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性

用GC—MS联用技术分析了加拿大一枝黄花（Solidago canadensis L．）精油的化学组成和含量,并测定了精油对6种农业病原真菌的抗菌活性。从加拿大一枝黄花的精油中鉴定出50种成分,占色谱峰总面积的91．08％,（＋）一大拢牛儿烯D（28．64％）、α-蒎烯（15、08％）、柠檬烯（11．80％）为精油的主要成分。抗菌活性研究结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花精油对水稻纹枯病和黄瓜立枯病的抑制作用最强,对番茄灰霉病显示出中等抑制作用,但对番茄早疫病、菜豆炭疽病和葡萄炭疽病的抑制作用很弱。     

Regeneration of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) plants from leaf and node callus, and evaluation after growth in the field

Pogostemon cablin (Benth.) is commercially important for its aromatic patchouli oil. Plants were regenerated through callus culture from leaf and nodal segments. Highest callusing was obtained from leaf explants in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.8% bacto agar and 2 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L BA. Shoot formation frequency was maximum (83%) with BA at 1.0 mg/L. Regenerated plantlets were rooted on MS medium with auxins. Maximum (90%) rooting was obtained using 0.5 mg/L NAA. Plantlets were grown for 4 weeks in this medium and then transferred to pots containing sterile sand in a moisture saturated glass chamber under laboratory conditions. The established plants were grown in pots filled with a mixture of sandsoilmanure (211) under natural daylight conditions in the field. The total leaf yield was increased in the tissue culture derived plants. These plants were dwarf and had higher specific leaf weight (leaf thickness) and leaf area compared to control plants.Abbreviations BA N⁶-Benzyladenine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - IBA Indole-3-butyric acid - IAA Indole 3-acetic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium - NAA 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cacalia tangutica (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz

Essential oil of the subterranean part of Cacalia tangutica (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrum (MS) tech-nique in two different capillary columns of different polar-ities. Thirty-one components were identified in the oil and the main compounds were a-zingiberene (13.49%), germa-crene D (10.76%), a-pinene (8.54%), caryophyllene(Z-) (6.36%), linalool (6.16%), β-myrcene (4.89%),β-ocimene (Z-) (4.40%)and ocimenone(Z-) (3.58%). The antimicro-bial activity of the oil was evaluated against 2 fungi and 12 bacteria including 6 clinically isolated strains using the agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The results show that the oil presented a broad antimicro-bial spectrum and had better antimicrobial activity against yeast and gram-positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration values were 0.16-5.00 g/L and minimum bactericidal concentration values were 0.16-5.00 g/L.