COPD大鼠肺组织中小窝蛋白-1 的表达及其与气道重塑的关系

目的:探讨小窝蛋白-1(Caveolin-1)在COPD大鼠肺组织中的表达及其与气道重塑的关系。方法:采用10周龄Wister大鼠20只,随机分为对照组与实验组,每组10只,对照组常规饲养,实验组采用烟熏法+内毒素法建立COPD模型。第91天处死全部大鼠,测定肺功能后取肺组织,采用免疫组织化学法检测Caveolin-1的表达;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测各组大鼠肺组织匀浆中白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的含量;分析Caveolin-1的表达与IL-8、TNF-α、TGF-β表达的相关性。结果:与对照组比较,实验组大鼠的肺顺应性明显下降,肺弹性阻力及气道阻力显著升高,肺组织TNF-α、IL-8、TGF-β1的含量明显升高,Caveolin-1的表达明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。大鼠肺组织中Caveolin-1的表达与IL-8、TNF-α、TGF-β1含量呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论:Caveolin-1在COPD大鼠肺组织中的表达明显降低,可能通过促进炎性细胞因子的释放与气道重塑参与COPD的发生和发展。     

气管内反复滴入脂多糖法建立大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型

目的评价脂多糖(LPS)诱发大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)模型的可行性。方法气管内滴入脂多糖或生理盐水,每周1次,共8周。测定大鼠的气道阻力(RL)和肺动态顺应性(Cdyn),计数大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞总数及分类,肺组织病理切片行HE和AB-PAS染色,并测定肺组织粘蛋白(MUC5AC)的含量。结果模型组大鼠RL明显升高(87.5%),Cdyn显著下降(16.4%);BALF中白细胞总数及分类中的中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核巨噬细胞数均明显高于对照组;光镜下可见病变呈慢性支气管炎及肺气肿样改变。结论反复气管内滴入LPS可用于制备大鼠COPD模型,其肺功能、BALF细胞学及病理学改变符合人类COPD表现,可以用于实验研究。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠模型病变特点的研究

目的 研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)大鼠模型肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A(Surfactant protein A, SP-A)表达及肺组织超微结构变化特点.方法 运用气管内滴注脂多糖加烟熏28天法建立COPD大鼠模型.观察大鼠一般状态、用免疫组化法检测SP-A表达及透射电镜观察肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞超微结构变化.结果 各组SP-A平均肺泡阳性细胞数与空白组比较有显著差异(P＜0.01).结论 用气管内滴注脂多糖加烟熏28天法建立的COPD大鼠模型可靠,造模停止两周后模型稳定.     

低分子量肝素对慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠的肺功能及气道炎性细胞的影响

目的:观察低分子量肝素(low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)大鼠肺功能及气道炎性细胞的影响。方法:将30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、COPD模型组、LMWH干预组,每组10只。采用熏吸香烟法加气管内注入脂多糖的方法建立COPD模型,LMWH干预组于COPD模型开始建立时皮下注射150U/kg,每天一次,40天后检测各组大鼠肺功能及气道内炎性细胞的改变。结果:COPD模型组大鼠气道阻力及气道炎性细胞数均较正常组明显升高(P<0.05),以中性粒细胞为主;而皮下注射低分子量肝素治疗组气道阻力及气道炎性细胞数较COPD模型组均明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:低分子肝素可以减少COPD大鼠气道内炎性细胞数,降低气道阻力,有助于COPD病情的控制和转归。     

加味参苓白术散对COPD大鼠血清IL-8和TNF-α的影响

目的:观察加味参苓白术散对COPD肺脾气虚证大鼠血清IL-8和TNF-α的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组及加味参苓白术散低、中、高剂量组。除空白组外,其余四组采用气管滴注脂多糖加烟熏28天的方法复制COPD模型,大黄水煎液灌胃8天的方法复制肺脾气虚证的模型,药物干预组给予加味参苓白术散治疗。HE染色观察肺组织病理情况,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中IL-8、TNF-α的表达情况。结果:药物干预组大鼠炎性细胞浸润以及肺大泡融合等症状相较于模型组明显缓解,血清IL-8、TNF-α的表达降低。结论:加味参苓白术散能够改善COPD肺脾气虚证大鼠肺组织病理损伤,降低血清炎症因子IL-8、TNF-α的表达,改善炎症。     

呼吸训练配合卡介苗多糖核酸雾化吸入对慢阻肺患者康复的研究

目的:用深慢腹式呼吸配合阻力呼吸及吸入氧气的治疗方法,对慢阻肺缓解期患者进行呼吸训练,配合卡介苗多糖核酸注射液雾化吸入,来提高患者呼吸肌的肌力和耐力,防治慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)缓解期患者急性发作,从而改善肺功能、提高生活质量.方法:将120例COPD缓解期患者分为2组,每组60例.其中治疗组进行深慢腹式阻力呼吸锻炼,同时氧气吸入(5L/min),每天2次,每次15分钟进行呼吸训练,加用卡介苗多糖核酸注射液雾化吸入治疗,每次1ml,每周2次,配合常规治疗(包括止咳、祛痰、平喘等);对照组只用常规治疗,两组疗程均为3个月.测定治疗前后肺功能、动脉血气分析、运动耐力、生活质量评估及急性发作次数.结果:治疗组治疗后肺功能、PaO2、SaO2有显著改善,同时运动耐力、生活质量评估亦有提高,而且急性发作次数明显减少;对照组治疗前后肺功能、PaO2、SaO2、运动耐力、生活质量及其急性发作次数均没有明显改善.结论:应用深慢腹式呼吸配合阻力呼吸及吸入氧气进行呼吸训练,配合卡介苗多糖核酸注射液雾化吸入治疗既能改善慢阻肺缓解期患者的肺功能、PaO2、SaO2,提高其运动耐力和生活质量.又能减少慢阻肺缓解期患者急性发作次数.     

盐酸氨溴索对烟所致慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡和血管重塑的作用机制研究

目的:盐酸氨溴索对烟所致慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡和血管重塑的作用机制研究。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组20只,依次为正常组、模型组、实验组、对照组。模型组、实验组、对照组大鼠采延安香烟烟熏64天构建慢性阻塞性肺大鼠模型,正常组大鼠室温下正常饲养。烟熏结束后,实验组、对照组大鼠每日分别皮下注射5ml盐酸氨溴索(20 mg/kg)和5 m L的盐酸班布特罗(20 mg/kg),正常组、模型组分别腹腔注射等剂量的生理盐水。在药物干预28天后,苏木精-伊红染色(hematoxylin-eosinstaining,HE)、弹力纤维(elastic van gieson,EVG)染色、TUNNEL染色、免疫组化染色、Western blot检测各组大鼠肺组织病理、血管重塑、肺组织的细胞凋亡、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-smoothmus-cleactin,α-SMA)和血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的表达、以及Caspase-3、Bax和Bcl-2的表达水平。结果:与正常组相比,模型组肺组织损伤明显,肺小动脉中膜厚度明显增加,血管肌化程度、细胞的凋亡率、α-SMA和VEGF、Caspase-3、Bax的表达明显升高,Bcl-2的表达明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);与模型组相比,实验组和对照组大鼠肺组织损伤明显改善,肺小动脉中膜厚度明显减小,血管肌化程度、细胞的凋亡率、α-SMA和VEGF、Caspase-3、Bax的表达明显降低,Bcl-2的表达明显升高,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:盐酸氨溴索能抑制肺组织的细胞凋亡以及改善其血管重塑,保护COPD大鼠的肺组织。     

MMP-9、ICAM-1、TNF-α在自发性高血压大鼠烟熏肺损伤中的变化分析

探讨MMP-9、ICAM-1和TNF-α在自发性高血压大鼠烟熏肺损伤中的表达变化及其作用机制。选取健康、雄性Wister大鼠12只(对照组),自发性高血压雄性Wister大鼠24只随机分为烟熏组和SH对照组各12只,对照组和烟熏组均每天进行烟熏2次、每周6 d,连续8周对比3组大鼠肺功能变化、肺组织中细胞粘附分子-1(ICAM-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)蛋白及mRNA的表达情况。对照组、烟熏组的气道阻力、平滑肌指数、胶原指数均显著的高于SH对照组(p0.05),对照组、烟熏组的最大呼气流量、平均肺泡个数均低于SH对照组(p0.05);烟熏组的气道阻力、平滑肌指数、胶原指数均显著的高于对照组(p0.05),烟熏组的最大呼气流量、平均肺泡个数均低于对照组(p0.05);对照组、烟熏组的ICAM-1、TNF-α、MMP-9蛋白、mRNA表达程度均显著的高于SH对照组(p0.05);烟熏组的ICAM-1、TNF-α、MMP-9蛋白、mRNA表达程度均显著的高于对照组(p0.05)。烟熏对自发性高血压大鼠肺功能的损伤十分明显,破坏肺泡结构,影响大鼠的肺部功能,该过程可能与上调ICAM-1、TNF-α、MMP-9表达有关。     

HIF-1α、VEGF在慢支及COPD大鼠肺组织的表达及意义

目的:研究HIF-1α、VEGF在COPD及慢支大鼠肺组织的表达情况及意义。方法:采用烟熏法制作慢支及COPD模型,应用免疫组化法检测肺组织中HIF-1α、VEGF的表达。结果:慢支组及COPD组HIF-1α、VEGF在大鼠肺组织中的表达均较正常组增加(P<0.05);HIF-1α、VEGF在COPD组与慢支组大鼠肺组织中的表达差异无显著性(P>0.05);直线相关分析显示,模型组HIF-1α与VEGF的表达呈正相关。结论:慢支组及COPD组大鼠肺组织中HIF-1α、VEGF的表达增加,二者参与气道炎症及结构的重塑。     

噻托溴铵及噻托溴铵联合布地奈德福莫特罗治疗COPD疗效分析

目的:观察噻托溴铵与布地奈德/福莫特罗联合吸入和噻托溴铵单独吸入对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的疗效及安全性。方法:58例COPD患者随机分为2组:治疗组30例,给予噻托溴铵(18μg,1次/d)联合布地奈德/福莫特罗(160/4.5μg,2次/d)吸入治疗;对照组28例,给予噻托溴铵(18μg,1次/d)吸入治疗。观察患者治疗前、治疗8周和16周后肺功能及临床症状的变化。结果:治疗8周和16周后,2组FEV1和SGRQ症状评分均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.05),治疗组FEV1和SGRQ症状评分的改善显著高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组白天使用沙丁胺醇次数更少(P<0.05)。各组均未出现明显不良反应。结论:噻托溴铵与布地奈德/福莫特罗联合吸入治疗COPD,疗效优于噻托溴铵单药治疗。     

白介素-18在被动吸烟诱导的慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠中的表达

目的 研究白介紊-18(Interleukin-18,IL-18)在被动吸烟诱导的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)大鼠中的表达变化.方法 将20只大鼠随机分为2组,即正常对照组和COPD模型组.应用单纯被动吸烟法建立大鼠COPD模型,香烟烟雾暴露时间为6个月.利用酶联免疫吸附法测定2组大鼠血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoal veolar lavage fluid,BALF)中的IL-18浓度,用实时定量RT-PCR法测定BALF中IL-18 mRNA的表达水平,用HE染色法观察肺组织形态学改变,用免疫组织化学染色法检测IL-18在肺组织中的表达.结果 1.COPD模型组血清和BALF中的IL-18浓度较正常对照组显著增加(P＜0.01);2.COPD模型组BALF中IL-18 mRNA的表达水平较正常对照组显著增高(P＜0.01);3.COPD模型组肺组织中IL-18的表达较正常对照组显著增加(P＜0.01).结论 被动吸烟诱导的COPD大鼠外周血和肺部均高表达IL-18,提示IL-18在吸烟所致的COPD发病机制中可能起重要作用.     

地塞米松联合缬沙坦对慢性阻塞性肺疾病小鼠保护作用及机制探讨*

目的: 评估地塞米松联合缬沙坦对香烟所致慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)小鼠的保护作用。方法: 40只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为(n=8):对照组、COPD组、地塞米松组、缬沙坦组和地塞米松+缬沙坦联合处理组。COPD组小鼠持续8周进行香烟暴露;在香烟暴露基础上,地塞米松组小鼠在5~8周香烟暴露前腹腔注射地塞米松(2 mg/kg);缬沙坦组小鼠在1~8周香烟暴露前腹腔注射缬沙坦(30 mg/kg);地塞米松+缬沙坦联合处理组小鼠腹腔注射地塞米松(2 mg/kg)和缬沙坦(30 mg/kg)。8周后收集各组小鼠肺组织及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),评估肺组织病理学评分及BALF中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)活性,以及丙二醛(MDA)、细胞内黏附分子1(ICAM-1)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和一氧化氮(NO)含量。结果: 与对照组相比,COPD组小鼠存在肺气肿和肺泡充血,BALF中MDA、ICAM-1、MMP-9、CRP和淋巴细胞升高,SOD、巨噬细胞和NO降低(P均＜0.05)。与COPD组相比,地塞米松或缬沙坦组小鼠肺气肿和肺泡充血无明显改善,BALF中SOD 和NO升高,MDA、淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞降低(P均＜0.05)。与地塞米松或缬沙坦组相比较,地塞米松+缬沙坦联合处理组能更有效预防香烟引起的肺气肿和肺泡充血,降低BALF中MDA、ICAM-1、MMP-9、CRP和淋巴细胞,升高SOD、巨噬细胞和NO(P均＜ 0.05)。结论: 地塞米松联合缬沙坦通过抑制氧化应激和炎症,可以更有效在COPD小鼠中发挥保护作用。     

Inhibitory effects of hydrogen sulphide on pulmonary fibrosis in smoking rats via attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) is involved in the pathogenesis of various respiratory diseases. In the present study, we established a rat model of passive smoking and investigated whether or not H₂S has protective effects against pulmonary fibrosis induced by chronic cigarette smoke exposure. Rat lung tissues were stained with haematoxylin‐eosin and Masson's trichrome. The expression of type I collagen was detected by immunohistochemistry. Oxidative stress was evaluated by detecting serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and measuring reactive oxygen species generation in lung tissue. Inflammation was assessed by measuring serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, including high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6. The protein expression of Nrf2, NF‐κB and phosphorylated mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the pulmonary tissue was determined by Western blotting. Our findings indicated that administration of NaHS (a donor of H₂S) could protect against pulmonary fibrosis in the smoking rats. H₂S was found to induce the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 in lung tissue and consequently up‐regulate the expression of antioxidant genes HO‐1 and Trx‐1 in the smoking rats. Moreover, H₂S could also reduce cigarette smoking‐induced inflammation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, JNK and p38 MAPKs and negatively regulating NF‐κB activation. In conclusion, our study suggests that H₂S has protective effects against pulmonary fibrosis in the smoking rats by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation.     

Lung glutathione adaptive responses to cigarette smoke exposure

Background

Smoking tobacco is a leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but although the majority of COPD cases can be directly related to smoking, only a quarter of smokers actually develop the disease. A potential reason for the disparity between smoking and COPD may involve an individual''s ability to mount a protective adaptive response to cigarette smoke (CS). Glutathione (GSH) is highly concentrated in the lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and protects against many inhaled oxidants. The changes in GSH that occur with CS are not well investigated; therefore the GSH adaptive response that occurs with a commonly utilized CS exposure was examined in mice.

Methods

Mice were exposed to CS for 5 h after which they were rested in filtered air for up to 16 h. GSH levels were measured in the ELF, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, plasma, and tissues. GSH synthesis was assessed by measuring γ-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCL) activity in lung and liver tissue.

Results

GSH levels in the ELF, plasma, and liver were decreased by as much as 50% during the 5 h CS exposure period whereas the lung GSH levels were unchanged. Next, the time course of rebound in GSH levels after the CS exposure was examined. CS exposure initially decreased ELF GSH levels by 50% but within 2 h GSH levels rebound to about 3 times basal levels and peaked at 16 h with a 6-fold increase and over repeat exposures were maintained at a 3-fold elevation for up to 2 months. Similar changes were observed in tissue GCL activity which is the rate limiting step in GSH synthesis. Furthermore, elevation in ELF GSH levels was not arbitrary since the CS induced GSH adaptive response after a 3d exposure period prevented GSH levels from dropping below basal levels.

Conclusions

CS exposures evoke a powerful GSH adaptive response in the lung and systemically. These data suggests there may be a sensor that sets the ELF GSH adaptive response to prevent GSH levels from dipping below basal levels. Factors that disrupt GSH adaptive responses may contribute to the pathophysiology of COPD.     

Attenuation of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Airway Mucus Production by Hydrogen-Rich Saline in Rats

Background

Over-production of mucus is an important pathophysiological feature in chronic airway disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Cigarette smoking (CS) is the leading cause of COPD. Oxidative stress plays a key role in CS-induced airway abnormal mucus production. Hydrogen protected cells and tissues against oxidative damage by scavenging hydroxyl radicals. In the present study we investigated the effect of hydrogen on CS-induced mucus production in rats.

Methods

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sham control, CS group, hydrogen-rich saline pretreatment group and hydrogen-rich saline control group. Lung morphology and tissue biochemical changes were determined by immunohistochemistry, Alcian Blue/periodic acid-Schiff staining, TUNEL, western blot and realtime RT-PCR.

Results

Hydrogen-rich saline pretreatment attenuated CS-induced mucus accumulation in the bronchiolar lumen, goblet cell hyperplasia, muc5ac over-expression and abnormal cell apoptosis in the airway epithelium as well as malondialdehyde increase in the BALF. The phosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr1068 and Nrf2 up-regulation expression in the rat lungs challenged by CS exposure were also abrogated by hydrogen-rich saline.

Conclusion

Hydrogen-rich saline pretreatment ameliorated CS-induced airway mucus production and airway epithelium damage in rats. The protective role of hydrogen on CS-exposed rat lungs was achieved at least partly by its free radical scavenging ability. This is the first report to demonstrate that intraperitoneal administration of hydrogen-rich saline protected rat airways against CS damage and it could be promising in treating abnormal airway mucus production in COPD.     

川芎嗪注射液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺动脉高压的作用及其机制

目的：观察川芎嗪注射液对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺动脉高压的临床作用并探讨其可能机制。方法：将采集的确诊为COPD的22例患者随机分为2组（n=11）： 常规治疗组和川芎嗪治疗组,并随机抽取门诊体检正常者11例作为正常对照组。常规治疗组予以卧床休息、低流量吸氧、支气管舒张剂、糖皮质激素及抗生素等治疗,川芎嗪治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用川芎嗪注射液（60 mg/d静脉点滴）,正常对照组不予任何治疗措施,治疗2周后检测3组的肺功能、动脉血气分析及肺动脉压,用敏感硫电极法检测血浆硫化氢（H₂S）的浓度。结果：①经过2周治疗后,常规治疗组和川芎嗪治疗组肺功能、动脉血气分析、肺动脉压等各项指标均比治疗前有明显改善,但川芎嗪治疗组优于常规治疗组（P<0.05）;②川芎嗪组综合治疗后血浆H₂S浓度明显高于治疗前和常规治疗组 （P<0.01）。结论：川芎嗪注射液可能通过升高体内H₂S浓度,有效地改善COPD患者肺功能状态。     

Farnesol ameliorates massive inflammation, oxidative stress and lung injury induced by intratracheal instillation of cigarette smoke extract in rats: an initial step in lung chemoprevention

Cigarette smoke toxicants are well known for their debilitating effects on lungs. Cigarette smoke toxicities cause various respiratory disorders including pulmonary emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis and cancer. Farnesol, an isoprenoid, is known to possess anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties. In this study we report the protective efficacy of farnesol against massive lung inflammation, oxidative stress and consequent injuries caused by cigarette smoke toxicants. Farnesol was administered by gavage (50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. in corn oil) one time daily for 7 days. On day 7 lung injuries were induced by intratracheal instillation of aqueous cigarette smoke extract (CSE). LDH, total cell count, total protein, phospholipid content and MDA formation were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In lung tissue H2O2 content, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activities were evaluated. Prophylactic treatment with farnesol significantly shows lung protection by lowering the levels of LDH, total cell count, total protein and MDA in BALF. Farnesol maintained the phospholipid content of BALF in a positive manner. In lung tissue it positively modulated the CSE altered activities of GR, GPx and catalase. There was a marked increase in GSH content and decrease in H2O2 content of lung tissue by farnesol administration. Histopathological findings correlate with cellular and biochemical parameters of the lungs and potentiate the protective role of farnesol against CSE induced lung inflammation and injuries. These results suggest a potent role of farnesol in protection of lung against cigarette smoke toxicants induced lung injuries.     

结缔组织生长因子在慢性阻塞性肺疾病血管重建中表达研究

目的:探讨结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)血管重建中的表达及意义。方法:将30例有吸烟史的男性鳞癌需要手术的患者按其肺功能结果分成二组,对照组:(肺功能正常组);COPD稳定期组:(肺功能异常组),每组15例,标本来自于癌旁的肺组织,肺血管重塑的形态学观察行HE和MASSON三色染色,行免疫组化来观察CTGF蛋白、PCNA蛋白在肺血管平滑肌中的表达。结果:(1)COPD组肺动脉管壁面积/管总面积(WA%)、管壁的胶原厚度、肺动脉平滑肌中CTGF蛋白及PCNA蛋白的表达与对照组相比差异有统计学意义。(2)CTGF与管壁面积/管总面积(WA%)、管壁的胶原厚度及血管平滑肌中PCNA表达呈正相关(,r值分别为0.81、0.68、0.86,P<0.05)。吸烟指数与管壁面积/管总面积及PCNA的表达呈正相关(r=0.73,0.99,P<0.01)。结论:单纯吸烟者即有血管重建,吸烟伴COPD者血管重建更加严重,CTGF在COPD患者肺血管中的表达较对照组高,可能参与了COPD血管重建过程。     

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Influenza A Virus Infection-Induced Lung Injury

Parenchymal lung inflammation and airway and alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis are associated with cigarette smoke exposure (CSE), which contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Epidemiological studies indicate that people exposed to chronic cigarette smoke with or without COPD are more susceptible to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We found increased p53, PAI-1 and apoptosis in AECs, with accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs of patients with COPD. In Wild-type (WT) mice with passive CSE (PCSE), p53 and PAI-1 expression and apoptosis were increased in AECs as was lung inflammation, while those lacking p53 or PAI-1 resisted AEC apoptosis and lung inflammation. Further, inhibition of p53-mediated induction of PAI-1 by treatment of WT mice with caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) reduced PCSE-induced lung inflammation and reversed PCSE-induced suppression of eosinophil-associated RNase1 (EAR1). Competitive inhibition of the p53-PAI-1 mRNA interaction by expressing p53-binding 3’UTR sequences of PAI-1 mRNA likewise suppressed CS-induced PAI-1 and AEC apoptosis and restored EAR1 expression. Consistent with PCSE-induced lung injury, IAV infection increased p53, PAI-1 and apoptosis in AECs in association with pulmonary inflammation. Lung inflammation induced by PCSE was worsened by subsequent exposure to IAV. Mice lacking PAI-1 that were exposed to IAV showed minimal viral burden based on M2 antigen and hemagglutination analyses, whereas transgenic mice that overexpress PAI-1 without PCSE showed increased M2 antigen and inflammation after IAV infection. These observations indicate that increased PAI-1 expression promotes AEC apoptosis and exacerbates lung inflammation induced by IAV following PCSE.