尾孢菌属一新种

本文报道寄生在鳞毛蕨科（Ｄｒｙｏｐｔｅｒｉｄａｃｅａｅ）卵果蕨（ＤｒｙｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｐｏｌｙｐｏｄｏｉｄｅｓＦｅｅ）上的尾孢菌属一新种－鳞毛蕨尾孢（ＣｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒａｄｒｙｏｐｔｅｒｉｄｉｓＹ．Ｌ．Ｇｕｏ．ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ）尾隐菌属真菌在鳞毛蕨科是首次报道。鳞毛蕨尾孢叶斑角状至不规则形,灰白色至浅黄褐色,子实体主要生在叶背面,分生孢子梗单生或２～１２根簇生,青黄褐色至中度褐色,顶部色泽较浅,宽度不规     

燕麦紫斑病的病原

2013年8月在甘肃省通渭县的一块燕麦田中,叶片和小穗上出现大量紫色病斑,病株率达100%。采用组织分离法得到核腔菌属Pyrenophora（synonym:Drechslera）真菌。通过Koch’s法则明确了菌株ASA-13的致病性:在8-22℃下,接种植株产生紫色叶斑,在20-25℃下,接种植株产生中心黑色、周围黄褐色至淡黄色叶斑,一些病斑几乎成为条斑。在20℃下,菌株ASA-13人工接种可侵染皮燕麦、裸燕麦、高粱、小麦、玉米和青稞离体叶片。采用形态学和分子生物学方法对病原菌进行了鉴定,燕麦紫斑病病原为毛壳核腔菌Pyrenophora chaetomioides（syn.:D. avenae）。采用温度梯度法测定了试验菌株的适宜生长温度,在PDA培养基上菌株ASA-13的菌丝适宜生长温度为25-30℃。     

套袋苹果褐点病菌分类鉴定及致病性

2011和2012年山东栖霞、蓬莱、沂源等地套袋苹果果实出现了一种红褐色病斑。从病斑上分离获得两株枝顶孢属Acremonium真菌,其中一株产生头状排列的分生孢子,另一株产生链状排列的分生孢子。2个菌株都能从伤口侵染近成熟期的苹果果实,导致果肉细胞坏死,表面凹陷,形成红褐色坏死斑。2个菌株都不能侵染无伤果实。2个菌株的ITS、β-微管蛋白基因、核糖体大亚基（nucLSU）和小亚基（nucSSU）的DNA序列完全相同。依椐两个菌株的ITS和nucLSU的DNA序列和形态特征,将2个菌株鉴定为菌核生枝顶孢Acremonium sclerotigenum。A. sclerotigenum是一种机会真菌,条件适宜时可侵染套袋的苹果果实,导致褐色坏死病斑,称之为枝顶孢褐点病。     

两种葡萄孢属真菌对不同品种百合花瓣和叶片的侵染能力比较

为明确两种葡萄孢属真菌对不同百合品种叶片和花瓣的侵染能力,采用离体叶片接种法测定灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea和椭圆葡萄孢Botrytis elliptica对4个百合品种叶片和花瓣的侵染时间和病斑扩展速度。结果表明,供试百合花瓣接种灰葡萄孢病斑出现时间明显早于叶片,而不同品种花瓣接种椭圆葡萄孢病斑出现时间差异显著。此外,百合品种‘木门’叶片接种椭圆葡萄孢96 h后仍没有病斑出现,而花瓣接种后48 h病斑出现,说明‘木门’叶片对椭圆葡萄孢抗性较强,而花瓣较易感病。     

板栗褐缘叶枯病协同致病菌Ophiognomonia castaneae的生活史

采用室外定点观察,子实体诱导及rDNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α 3种分子标记进行系统发育分析等方法,对板栗褐缘叶枯病Phomopsis castaneae-mollissimae的协同致病菌板栗蛇孢日规壳Ophiognomonia castaneae的生活史进行了研究。结果表明,每年7月下旬至8月初叶片发病初期很少分离到O. castaneae,随着病斑扩大该菌的分离频率逐渐增大,至发病后期其分离频率可高达78.5%,甚至可超过致病菌P. castaneae-mollissimae,10月下旬板栗落叶背面的病斑上开始形成O. castaneae的分生孢子盘,11月下旬开始形成O. castaneae的子囊壳原基,次年5、6月越冬落叶背面的病斑上长出子囊壳;带病斑的叶片经室内外诱导,0-25℃范围均可产生成熟子囊壳;湿度是决定子囊壳能否形成的关键因素,强光照不利于子囊壳的产生;分离物的菌丝体在PDA培养基上培养,易产生分生孢子;将分离物分为两种交配型,相互交配后6个月所有处理均未长出该菌的有性型子实体。室外定点观察及rDNA ITS、MS204、tef1-α 3种分子标记表明分离物和病斑上的子囊孢子及其萌发菌丝为O. castaneae的不同生长发育阶段。     

四绺孢属一中国新记录种

埃里四绺孢 图 1 Tetraploa ellisii Cooke, apud Cooke & Ellis in Grevillea, 8:12, 1879 Fig. 1 叶片上无明显病斑。菌体叶面生,点状,散生。菌丝体部分表生,纤细,宽2～3.5m,常集结成网状,无色、近无色至浅褐色。分生孢子梗与菌丝区别不明显,分枝,具隔膜,无色至浅黄褐色。产孢细胞单芽,有限产孢。分生孢子全壁芽生,单生,侧生,椭圆形至卵圆形,黄褐色至深褐色,26～40×17～26m,表面具有瘤突;孢体由三绺（个别四绺）细胞组成,基部和顶部呈明显开裂状,每绺4～8个细胞（通常5～6个）,6～12m宽,顶端细胞有一近无色长…     

麻风树叶枯病菌的鉴定

作者于2009年在贵州麻风树栽培基地栽培的麻风树上发现一种叶部新病害,定名为麻风树叶枯病。该病主要危害植株叶片,叶片受害后初期产生椭圆形或不规则病斑,后期病斑连成片,常引起叶片过早脱落。从贵州罗甸麻风树栽培基地采集了16个叶枯病标样,经分离培养获得13个真菌分离物。通过致病性测定,证明菌株PE06为麻风树叶枯病的病原菌。通过形态学观察及其rDNA-ITS序列分析,将贵州麻风树叶枯病的病原菌鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢菌Pestalotiopsis microspora,这也是首次在麻风树叶片上发现由该病菌引起的病害。     

假格孢属一中国新记录种*

鸡冠花假格孢 图1 Nimbya celosiae E.G.Simmons & Holcomb, Mycotaxon 55:144, 1995. Fig. 1 病斑扩散,圆形至椭圆形,中央灰褐色,边缘浅黄褐色;在经保湿的标本上菌丝体表生或埋生基物中;菌丝无色,纤细,具隔膜;分生孢子梗单生,短、粗大,褐色至暗褐色,30~55×4.5~5.5祄,通常具有1~2个产孢孔;产孢细胞内壁芽生孔生式产孢;分生孢子单生或2个链生,椭圆形或倒棍棒形,浅褐色,孢身由内壁形成的离壁假隔膜分成许多腔室,横（假）隔膜5~15个,偶有真隔膜,纵隔膜或斜隔膜0~4个,成熟的分生孢子孢身50~120×15~21祄,中部宽,两端渐…     

内生真菌感染对宿主羊草抗病性的影响

以感染内生真菌的天然禾草羊草为实验材料,通过体外纯培养条件下的内生真菌、感染内生真菌的离体叶片和在体叶片对3种病原菌的抑菌实验,以探讨内生真菌对宿主植物羊草在抗病性方面的贡献。结果表明:体外纯培养条件下,分离自羊草的内生真菌Epichlobromicola对新月弯孢(Curvularia lunata)、根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和枝孢霉(Cladosporium sp.)这3种病原菌都具有抑制作用,抑菌率分别达56.22%,46.93%和45.15%,且内生真菌培养滤液可以有效抑制这3种病原菌的孢子萌发,平均萌发率分别为30.4%,15.7%和16.4%;宿主植物叶片在离体条件下,内生真菌感染可以有效降低羊草叶片受C.lunata和C.sp.侵染后的病斑数或病斑长度,但对B.sorokiniana不起作用,甚至提高了叶片的病斑数及病斑长度,而离体叶片提取液对不同病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;在体条件下,内生真菌均可以通过降低叶片病斑数来增强羊草植株对这3种病原菌的抗性。由此看来,内生真菌E.bromicola对宿主植物羊草在抗病原菌侵染方面有一定的增益作用。     

壳二胞属一中国新记录种

大麦生壳二胞 图1 Ascochyta hordeicola Punithalingam,Graminicolous Ascochyta Species. Mycol. Pap. 1979,142: 98. 病斑生于叶片和叶鞘上,圆形或近圆形,直径5-12mm,多从叶缘开始发病,初呈褐色,后扩大为边缘深褐色,中央灰白色的病斑,上生黑色小点(分生孢子器)。分生孢     

First record of Colletogloeopsis zuluense comb. nov., causing a stem canker of Eucalyptus in China

Coniothyrium zuluense causes a serious canker disease of Eucalyptus in various parts of the world. Very little is known regarding the taxonomy of this asexual fungus, which was provided with a name based solely on morphological characteristics. In this study we consider the phylogenetic position of C. zuluense using DNA-based techniques. Distance analysis using 18S and ITS regions revealed extensive sequence divergence relative to the type species of Coniothyrium, C. palmarum and species of Paraconiothyrium. Coniothyrium zuluense was shown to be an anamorph species of Mycosphaerella, a genus that includes a wide range of Eucalyptus leaf and stem pathogens. Within Mycosphaerella it clustered with taxa having pigmented, verruculose, aseptate conidia that proliferate percurrently and sympodially from pigmented conidiogenous cells arranged in conidiomata that vary from being pycnidial to acervular. The genus Colletogloeopsis is emended to include species with pycnidial conidiomata, and the new combination Colletogloeopsis zuluense is proposed. This is also the first report of the pathogen from China where it is associated with stem cankers on Eucalyptus urophylla.     

Medium- and Light-dependence of Growth and Conidiomata Production in Phaeocytosporella zeae Pathogenic to Maize

Culture appearance, mycelium growth and pycnidial conidiomata formation in Phaeocytosporella zeae cultivated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Leonian agar and carnation leaf agar (CLA) during permanent dark (25 C) or a 12-h photoperiod (24/18°C) are described. Different media and light conditions significantly affected fungus growth and the occurrence of conidiomata.
Dark conditions favoured more mycelium growth of the fungus than alternating light and dark. Moreover, fungus growth was more rapid on PDA and CLA media than on Leonian agar. Carnation leaf agar and a 12-h photoperiod provided excellent conditions for the promotion of rapid conidiomata formation in a number of P. zeae isolates.     

鳞皮鳞木Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao叶座的解剖构造

描述了贵州水城矿区汪家寨组(晚二叠世晚期)煤核中一种脱落的具解剖构造的鳞木类叶座.这些叶座在大小和形态上与鳞皮鳞木(Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao)很相似,很可能属于同一种植物的不同保存类型的叶座.将鳞皮鳞木与已知几个鳞木类植物叶座属,如鳞木属、鳞皮木属、封印木属和华夏木属进行了对比,认为鳞皮鳞木具有这几个属的混合特征,将其归入上述任何一属似乎都不太妥当.该类植物有可能代表了一个新属.由于茎的其他部分构造不明以及这些叶座与生殖构造的联系目前尚不清楚,因此,本文暂时采用鳞皮鳞木这一种名,其确切归属留待对其茎的其他部分的解剖构造以及与生殖器官之间的联系都清楚了以后再行决定.首次较详细地报道华夏植物区鳞木类植物叶座的解剖构造.     

多花筋骨草黑胫病及其病原菌鉴定

多花筋骨草是一种在江南广泛栽培的园艺植物,2005年秋,在杭州西湖风景区发现其黑胫病。该病害一年四季均可发生,发病最严重的是花期。黑胫病首先在寄主下部叶片的叶柄处发病,病斑初期为褐色、水渍状,很快变黑,最后整株枯萎死亡,典型症状是胫基部变黑腐烂。通过对病原菌形态学观察与核糖体DNA ITS序列分析,侵染多花筋骨草的6个分离菌株均被鉴定为多喙茎点霉Phoma multirostrata。致病性试验表明,多花筋骨草是多喙茎点霉的寄主。     

斑痣盘菌科一新种——坛状散斑壳(英文)

报道了一个采自天目杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei落叶上的斑痣盘菌科一新种——坛状散斑壳Lophodermium urniforme。它区别于近似种的主要特征为成熟子囊果呈坛状、具发达且外翻的唇、分生孢子器为不规则下皮下生。研中提供了该种的描述、子实体的外表与内部结构的照片及形态图和讨研。模式标本保藏于安徽农业大学森林菌物标本室(AAUF)。     

鳞皮鳞木Lepidodendron lepidophloides Yao叶座的解剖构造

描述了贵州水城矿区汪家寨组 (晚二叠世晚期 )煤核中一种脱落的具解剖构造的鳞木类叶座。这些叶座在大小和形态上与鳞皮鳞木 (LepidodendronlepidophloidesYao)很相似 ,很可能属于同一种植物的不同保存类型的叶座。将鳞皮鳞木与已知几个鳞木类植物叶座属 ,如鳞木属、鳞皮木属、封印木属和华夏木属进行了对比 ,认为鳞皮鳞木具有这几个属的混合特征 ,将其归入上述任何一属似乎都不太妥当。该类植物有可能代表了一个新属。由于茎的其他部分构造不明以及这些叶座与生殖构造的联系目前尚不清楚 ,因此 ,本文暂时采用鳞皮鳞木这一种名 ,其确切归属留待对其茎的其他部分的解剖构造以及与生殖器官之间的联系都清楚了以后再行决定。首次较详细地报道华夏植物区鳞木类植物叶座的解剖构造。     

Occurrence of Passalora Leaf Spot Caused by Passalora ampelopsidis on Virginia Creeper in Korea

A previously unknown leaf spot disease was observed on Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) vines in Seoul, Korea. Affected plants exhibited leaf spots and discoloration, resulting in leaf blight and premature defoliation. The causal agent of the disease was identified as Passalora ampelopsidis by comparing morphological characteristics and analyzing the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA. Pathogenicity tests were conducted twice with the same results, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Passalora leaf spot on Virginia creeper vines was first recorded in the United States in 1878. Recent reports of Passalora leaf spots on Virginia creeper vines in 2005 in Germany, in 2012 in China and now in Korea indicate the prevalence of the disease.     

新月弯孢子座的结构和形成条件

新月弯孢 [Curvularialunata (Walk)Boed ]是近些年我国北方玉米主栽区新发生的弯孢菌叶斑病的致病菌 ,它以分生孢子进行重复侵染。在试验中 ,当用高粱培养基进行扩繁培养时 ,新月弯孢能产生一种无性繁殖体 子座。报道了子座产生的条件及子座的形态结构特征。     

Effects of leaf blade narrowness and petiole length on the light capture efficiency of a shoot

Effects of the length: width ratio of a leaf blade and petiole length on shoot light capture were studied with computer simulation. Both a larger length: width ratio and longer petiole contributed to larger light capture per unit leaf area due to a reduced aggregation of leaf area around the stem. Other conditions being equal, shoots with narrow leaves and no petioles and those with wide leaves with petioles showed similar light capture as long as the mean distance of the leaf blade from the stem was the same. In shoots with a short internode and/or distichous phyllotaxis, however, narrow leaves contributed more to avoiding mutual shading than wide leaves with petioles. The predominance of light coming from a higher angular altitude also favored narrow leaves. The possible consequences of these results in the adaptive geometry of plant architecture are discussed.