漓江中下游基于鱼类生物完整性指数的河流健康评价体系

2014年4月—2015年1月,按季度对漓江中下游进行了4次鱼类物种采样调查,通过对22个初选指标的筛选,建立了基于鱼类生物完整性指数(IBI)的河流健康评价体系,最终确定了7个评价指标,即鱼类总物种数、鲤科鱼类占总类数的百分比、亚科鱼类种数、亚科鱼类种数、杂食性鱼类数量百分比、敏感性鱼类占总类数的百分比、耐受性鱼类占总类数的百分比。采用1、3、5赋值法计算各采样点IBI值,并将鱼类完整性划分为6个等级对河流进行评价,具体为:极好(58~60)、较好(48~52)、一般(40~44)、较差(28~34)、极差(12~22)、无鱼(0)。结果显示,漓江中下游以及各分段河流(桂林段、阳朔段、平乐段)的鱼类IBI总分均在40分以上,处于一般或一般以上水平。     

基于植被完整性指数的鄱阳湖湿地生态健康评价

基于鄱阳湖湿地30个采样点的植被调查数据,利用植被完整性指数法(V-IBI)评价鄱阳湖湿地生态健康状况。通过分布范围分析、判别能力分析和相关性分析,从35个候选生物参数中筛选出6个核心参数,利用比值法对核心参数赋值并累加求得各采样点V-IBI分值,以所有采样点95%分位数值为最佳期望值建立评价标准划分健康等级。结果显示:鄱阳湖湿地生态健康状况总体较好,30个采样点中6个为非常健康(V-IBI≥5.01),7个为健康(4.38≤V-IBI5.01),8个为一般(3.74≤V-IBI4.38),7个为差(3.10≤V-IBI3.74),2个为极差(V-IBI3.10),呈现出西部优于东部,北部优于南部的空间差异。V-IBI与景观发展强度指数(LDI)和栖息地环境质量评价指数(QHEI)呈显著相关性,表明V-IBI方法对鄱阳湖湿地生态健康状况评价结果合理有效,可作为鄱阳湖湿地生态监测的重要手段。     

应用生物完整性指数评价水生态系统健康的研究进展

生物完整性指数(IBI)法是评价水生态系统健康的一种重要且被广泛应用的方法.本文综述了生物完整性指数的指示物种选择原因、构建方法以及在水生态系统健康评价中的应用,并总结了现阶段生态系统评估常用的鱼类完整性指数（F_IBI）、底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数（B_IBI）和着生藻类完整性指数（P_IBI)中候选生物状况参数指标,提出了使用微生物完整性指数(M_IBI)评价水生态系统健康的可行性和必要性.     

基于底栖生物完整性指数的赣江流域河流健康评价

底栖生物完整性指数(B-IBI)是最为广泛应用的水生态系统健康评价指数之一。根据2009-2010年期间赣江流域60个采样点的底栖动物数据(15个参照点, 45个受损点), 对17个生物参数进行分布范围、判别能力和Pearson相关性分析, 确定了B-IBI指数体系由总分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物分类单元数、甲壳和软体动物%和BI指数构成。采用比值法统一各生物参数量纲, 将各个生物参数分值加和得到B-IBI指数值。根据参照点的B-IBI值的25%分位数值最终确定赣江流域河流健康评价标准。评价结果表明, 赣江流域60个采样点中19个为健康, 19个为亚健康, 14个为一般, 8个较差。综合来看, 赣江流域河流处于健康-亚健康状态: 上游各支流中绵水、贡江、上犹江和桃江为健康状态, 章水、濂水、梅江和平江为较差状态; 中游各支流健康评价结果多为健康-亚健康状态, 而乌江为较差状态; 下游各支流为健康-亚健康状态; 赣江干流上健康评价的结果均为健康。       

基于浮游植物生物完整性指数的湖泊生态系统评价——以2012年冬季太湖为例

依据2012年12月对太湖29个样点和同一地理区划4个湖、库的浮游植物和环境变量的监测结果,应用生物完整性理论和方法,构建冬季太湖浮游植物生物完整性指数,评价冬季太湖水生态健康质量。采用干扰程度最小系统法定义筛选确定参照点,对51个候选参数进行分布范围筛选、判别能力分析、参数间相关性分析,获得了太湖枯水期P-IBI指数的6个构成参数:总分类单元数、硅藻门分类单元%、细胞Simpson指数、细胞密度、硅藻门细胞密度%和绿藻门个体密度%。采用比值法统一各参数的量纲,累加后得到枯水期太湖P-IBI分值,并划分健康评价标准。应用P-IBI对冬季太湖水生态进行评价,8个参照点中1个点位评价结果为健康其余7个为亚健康;25个受损点中,2个点位为亚健康,9个点位为一般,12个点位为差,2个点位为极差。太湖总体受到了不同程度的人为干扰,东太湖湖区水生态状况最好,评价结果多为亚健康或一般;竺山湖、贡湖、东部沿岸和西部沿岸次之;南部沿岸和湖心区最差,湖心区有2个点位评价结果为极差。与冬季太湖P-IBI指数显著相关的水化学因子是氨氮和总磷含量。     

基于大型底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数的鄱阳湖湿地生态健康评价

湿地生态健康评价对于掌握湿地的健康状况、理解人类活动干扰对其影响及实施生态预警等有重要意义。鄱阳湖对于维持其流域甚至长江中下游的生态平衡十分重要,目前尚未建立起其较完善的生态健康评价指标体系。大型底栖无脊椎动物完整性指数(benthic macroinvertebrate-based index of biotic integrity, B-IBI)是广泛应用的湿地生态健康评价方法。基于30个采样点(7个参照点,23个受损点)的大型底栖无脊椎动物采样数据,构建鄱阳湖湿地的B-IBI指数,采用自然断点法划分非常健康、健康、一般、差和极差5个健康等级标准,据此评价湿地生态健康状况。研究表明:(1)基于B-IBI指数的鄱阳湖湿地生态健康评价结果为一般;(2)就采样点B-IBI分值而言,呈现出西部健康状况优于东部的格局,其中国家级自然保护区内状况较好,而工业区、城镇、农田及河流入湖口附近状况较差;(3)B-IBI指数与前期构建的景观发展强度指数(LDI)、栖息地环境质量指数(QHEI)以及植被完整性指数(V-IBI)具有显著相关性,表明基于不同指数的评价结果较为一致。本研究构建的B-IBI指数能为鄱阳湖湿地的生态健康评价和监测提供重要方法。     

天津市典型湖库湿地生态完整性评价

对湖库湿地进行生态健康评价,可为湖库湿地生态系统修复和管理提供决策依据。本文以天津市为例,选取20个典型的湖库湿地采样点,基于2018年8—9月期间调查获取的物理、化学和生物群落指标(浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖动物、鱼类、水生大型植物、河岸带植物)数据,构建包含物理完整性、化学完整性和生物完整性在内的生态完整性指数(IEI)对采样点生态健康状况进行评价。根据栖息地环境质量(QHEI)、水质状况和人类活动干扰3方面选取参照点,采用标准化方法筛选候选指标,应用层次分析法计算各指标权重,最终得出天津市典型湖库湿地生态完整性评价结果。结果表明: 1)所有样点中,“健康”点位占5.0%,“较好”点位占20.0%,“一般”点位占35.0%,“较差”点位占30.0%,“差”点位占10.0%。天津市典型湖库湿地生态健康状况整体处于一般水平,呈现出西部优于东部的趋势,空间差异显著;2)基于栖息地评分、水质状况与人类活动干扰相结合选取参照点是可行的,依据水质指标可降低选择参照点时的主观性;3)适用性验证结果表明,IEI可较好表征各点位的健康状况,区分效率明显,适用于评价研究区湖库湿地生态健康状况。     

基于鱼类多样性与生物完整性的海南岛南渡江河流健康评价

根据2016—2017年南渡江鱼类资源调查数据,通过分析渔获生物量、相对重要性指数IRI、Pielou均匀性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数评估了南渡江的鱼类生物多样性。基于鱼类生物完整性指数IBI构建了两套评价体系,分别评价了南渡江的局部健康状况及其与历史的差异。鱼类多样性研究结果表明:群落中存在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticu)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、海南似鱎(Toxabramis houdemeri)、(Hemiculter leucisulus)等16种优势种;Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数均显示,以南渡江源头及河口采样点的数值较高,中部采样点数值较低;Pielou均匀性指数则表现为南渡江中部采样点数值高,两端采样点的低。鱼类生物完整性评价结果表明:南渡江保存了历史的大部分鱼类,各项百分比指标与历史的变化幅度在0.2%~10.5%,而种类指标变化范围在0~4种;从南渡江局部江段来看,中游江段评价得分仅为19分,远低于其他江段的36~46分。研究表明:南渡江鱼类生物多样性和生物完整性保存完好,河流健康状况好;在河流内部,源头和河口生物多样性高且完整性好,而河流中游健康状况差。     

浑河流域2010-2014年的鱼类群落和水生态健康变化分析

为了解浑河流域鱼类群落结构的变化趋势和水生态健康变化,分别于2010年和2014年对浑河流域46个采样点进行了鱼类和环境因子调查。其中2010年采集到鱼类15039尾,隶属于6目9科32种;2014年采集到鱼类10483尾,隶属于6目10科41种。Mann-Whitney U检验表明从2010年到2014年鱼类总物种数、香农多样性指数、底层物种数百分比、植食性和肉食性个体数百分比等鱼类特征参数显著上升。典型对应分析（CCA）结果表明,2010年显著影响鱼类群落结构的环境因子为流速、电导率、河流等级和钙离子浓度;而2014年显著影响鱼类群落结构的环境因子则为电导率、河流等级和氨氮浓度。2010年和2014年的鱼类完整性指数（FIBI）评分分别为48.7624.82和50.4117.35,与2010年的评价结果相比,2014年F-IBI结果稍有改善,其中极好和好的点位数分别少3个和1个,一般的点位数多9个,而极差和差的点位分别少4个和1个。     

应用鱼类完整性指数(FAII)评价长江口沿岸碎波带健康状况

基于2006年11月-2007年10月在长江口的13个站点的周年调查,探索了鱼类完整性指数（FAII）在河口水域鱼类栖息地环境评价中的应用。结果显示各站点FAII值介于0-46之间,表明碎波带健康状况全年处于一般到极差的水平。系统聚类（Hierarchical Cluster）将所有站点分为四组,第一组St.1,Sts.12-13;第二组为Sts.2- 3,St.5;第三组为St.6,St.11;第四组为St.4,Sts.7- 10。健康状况差的站点FAII值全年波动较大,由于夏季水温升高,部分站点出现大量的洄游性和海洋性种类,FAII值出现季节性的升高;其中河口外段的St.1,St.11-St.13的完整性等级分别在7月和8月达到一般水平。St.4,St.10因位于水源保护区外侧,St.9位于西沙湿地公园,受人为影响较小,这三个站点的FAII值相对比较稳定且在所有站位点中处于较高水平。FAII与Margalef丰富度指的周年变化有一定的相似性,但与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的变化却有很大的差异。     

Validation of a fish-based index of biotic integrity for streams and rivers of central Mexico

An existing version of a fish assemblage-basedindex of biotic integrity (IBI) for the streamsand rivers of west central Mexico was testedwith independent data to validate itsusefulness as a measure of ecosystem qualityand to determine the geographic area where itis effective. Fish assemblages from 63 uplandsites in 10 basins in central Mexico(Armería, Ameca, Coahuayana, Marabasco,Purificación, Grande de Morelia, Grande deSantiago, Lerma, Balsas and Pánuco) wereassessed using the metrics and scoring criteriafrom the existing IBI and then compared withindependent evaluations of habitat and waterquality. IBI scores were congruent withhabitat and water quality values in theArmería, Purificación and Marabascobasins, where the IBI was first developed, aswell as in the adjacent Ameca and Coahuayanabasins. We conclude that the IBI can be usedwithout modification to assess environmentalquality in non-coastal streams and riverswithin these five basins. Further data areneeded from the Grande de Morelia, Grande deSantiago and middle Lerma basins, but ourresults suggest that the existing IBI may alsobe effective here. However, the existing IBIdoes not consistently reflect habitat and waterquality conditions in the Balsas and Pánucobasins and must be modified before it can beapplied there. Necessary modifications in theBalsas basin appear to be small and relatedprimarily to changes in the scoring criteriafor metrics. However, in the Pánuco basinmore substantive changes in the nature of themetrics are required. Changes in the IBI forthese basins are proposed. The IBI is nowvalidated for use in river monitoring,conservation and restoration efforts in 5basins in west central Mexico and suggestionsfor its application in other basins areavailable here.     

基于底栖动物预测模型构建生物完整性指数评价河流健康

提高生物完整性指数(integrity of biotic index,IBI; 又称多参数指数multi-metric index, MMI)在时间和空间尺度的稳定性是水生态完整性评价和水环境管理实践的重要内容.本研究利用2004—2011年在浙江省多个河流采集的227个点位的底栖动物和水质理化数据,利用地理信息系统(GIS)提取样点及其对应流域的自然预测因子(如地理形态学、气候学)和土地利用数据,通过随机森林模型方法定量时间和空间尺度自然变量对生物群落的影响,构建基于预测模型控制自然因子影响方法和常规方法的MMI,并比较它们的表现力.结果表明: 基于预测模型法和基于常规方法构建的MMI的核心组成参数存在差异,随机森林模型中自然预测因子对预测模型MMI构成生物参数的解释量介于11.4%～61.2%.预测模型方法提高了MMI的精确度和准确度,但其敏感性和响应性低于常规方法的MMI.最近距离方法表明,9个评价点位和1个严重受损点位的自然属性与参照点位的自然属性存在差异性.在计算参照点位自然属性代表性范围的基础上,采用预测模型方法控制自然变量可以提高MMI的精确度和准确度,同时降低评价结果出现Ⅰ型(将健康水体误判为受损水体)或者Ⅱ型(将受损水体误判为健康水体)错误的可能性.研究结果可以为提高完整性指数评价稳定性和表现力提供方法支持.     

Development of a multimetric plant-based index of biotic integrity for assessing the ecological state of forested,urban and agricultural natural wetlands of Jimma Highlands,Ethiopia

Wetlands are vital natural resources thereby providing ecological and socio-economic benefits to the people. However, anthropogenic activities have seriously changed the ecological conditions of wetlands worldwide, especially in developing nations like Ethiopia. Predominantly, the absence of biomonitoring tool greatly hampers the protection and management of wetlands. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop a plant-based index of biological integrity for facilitating the management of wetlands. Accordingly, 122 plant species belonging to 37 families were collected and identified from forested, urban and agricultural wetland types and included in the analysis of the plant metrics. Initially, we reviewed and screened 35 potential metrics. Then, we selected four core metrics (% cover of native species, sensitive plant species richness, tolerant plant species richness and% of shrub species richness) using the decrease or increase responses to human disturbances, Mann-Whitney U test and redundant metric test. A trisect-quartile range system using box plots of the reference or impaired sites of wetlands was established to provide values for each core metrics. Then after, we combined the core metrics to develop the plant-based index of biological integrity. Finally, we validated the index by comparing the index response to different wetland types. Additionally, the index was validated based on the measured environmental variables that characterize the human disturbance gradient of wetlands. We found that the plant-based index is robust to discriminate the reference wetlands from impaired wetlands and can also be used as an effective tool for evaluating the long term natural wetland conditions of the Eastern African wetlands in the future.     

不同施肥模式对蔬菜生长、氮肥利用及菜地氮流失的影响

在天然降雨条件下,通过一年三茬蔬菜(小白菜、空心菜和苋菜)田间试验,研究了7种不同施肥模式（不施肥、化肥基施、化肥基追肥各半、化肥和双氰胺基施、化肥和双氰胺基追肥各半、化肥和有机肥基追肥各半、有机肥基施）对蔬菜株高、单株质量、产量、氮累积量、氮肥利用率及菜地硝态氮和铵态氮随地表径流流失的影响.结果表明：与不施肥对照相比,化肥和有机肥基追肥各半、化肥和双氰胺基施2种施肥模式可改善蔬菜农艺性状,分别使蔬菜产量提高103%～219%和93%～226%、植株氮累积量增加153%～216%和231%～320%、氮肥利用率较高,与化肥基施处理相比,还可减少蔬菜种植期间菜地土壤硝态氮和铵态氮随地表径流的流失量,减少幅度分别为48.1%和46.5%,从而减少了菜地土壤造成的农业面源污染.这两种施肥模式应在今后蔬菜生产中推广应用.     

Development issues in extending plant-based IBIs to forested wetlands in the Midwestern United States

Most plant-based indices of biotic integrity (IBIs) developed for wetlands have focused on emergent wetlands. A Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI-Forest) was developed for forested wetlands in the four large ecoregions of the Ohio. Assessing the effect of human disturbance on the ecological condition of wetland forests is complicated by several factors. First, forest canopies can remain largely intact even after significant degradation of the herb and shrub stratum. Second, increases in total diversity may not be good. In forested wetlands, a major artifact of disturbance is the addition of non-wetland or wetland native or adventive plant species adapted to full sun conditions to their floras. Initial versions of the VIBI-Forest metrics were very sensitive to disturbance-induced increases in diversity. Correcting this problem required modifying or replacing metrics so that only forest dependent species were included in metric calculations. The final VIBI-Forest included metrics which evaluated each forest stratum including the ground layer (% bryophyte), herb layer (shade or seed-less vascular plant species), shrub layer (subcanopy importance value (IV), relative density of young trees), canopy (canopy IV), and composite metrics for all vertical strata (Floristic Quality Assessment Index score, % hydrophytes, % sensitive, % tolerant). Assessing wetland forest condition is further complicated by the fact that some successional communities after canopy death or destruction (shrub swamp, marsh, wet meadow) may have intrinsic value as wetland community types. The solution is not to attempt to derive a one-size-fits-all assessment method but to derive separate protocols for other successional phases that are of value or interest.     

Relative influence of variables at multiple spatial scales on stream macroinvertebrates in the Northern Lakes and Forest ecoregion, U.S.A.

• 1 We used 94 sites within the Northern Lakes and Forests ecoregion spanning Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan to identify environmental variables at the catchment, reach and riparian scales that influence stream macroinvertebrates. Redundancy analyses (RDA) found significantly influential variables within each scale and compared their relative importance in structuring macroinvertebrate assemblages.
• 2 Environmental variables included landcover, geology and groundwater delivery estimates at the catchment scale, water chemistry, channel morphology and stream habitat at the reach scale, and landcover influences at three distances perpendicular to the stream at the riparian scale. Macroinvertebrate responses were characterised with 22 assemblage attributes, and the relative abundance and presence/absence of 66 taxa.
• 3 Each scale defined macroinvertebrates along an erosional to depositional gradient. Wisconsin's macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity, Ephemeroptera–Plecoptera–Trichoptera taxa and erosional taxa corresponded with forest streams, whereas organic pollution tolerant, Chironomidae and depositional taxa corresponded with wetland streams. Reach scale analyses defined the gradient similarly as dissolved oxygen and wide, shallow channels (erosional) opposed instream macrophytes and pool habitats (depositional). Riparian forests within 30 m of the stream coincided with an erosional assemblage and biotic integrity.
• 4 Next, we combined all significant environmental variables across scales to compare the relative influence of each spatial scale on macroinvertebrates. Partial RDA procedures described how much of the explained variance was attributable to each spatial scale and each interrelated scale combination.
• 5 Our results appeared consistent with the concept of hierarchical functioning of scale in which large‐scale variables restrict the potential for macroinvertebrate traits or taxa at smaller spatial scales. Catchment and reach variables were equally influential in defining assemblage attributes, whereas the reach scale was more influential in determining relative abundance and presence/absence.
• 6 Ultimately, comprehending the relative influence of catchment and reach scale properties in structuring stream biota will assist prioritising the scale at which to rehabilitate, manage and derive policies for stream ecosystem integrity.

     

A fish-based assessment tool for the ecological quality of the brackish Schelde estuary in Flanders (Belgium)

This paper presents a new approach which was developed to find an optimal combination of candidate metrics for creating a fish-based estuarine biotic index (EBI) for defining the quality status of an estuarine area. The key idea was that a powerful index should minimise two prediction errors simultaneously: falsely declaring the status of a site as disturbed while it is not (Type I error) and the reverse, falsely declaring a disturbed site as undisturbed (Type II error). The balance between both errors is an inherent characteristic of an index and can be displayed as a curve. The area under this curve (AUC) is a measure of the misclassification rate (smaller = better). This criterion was the basis for a stepwise approach whereby in each step a metric resulting in the highest reduction of AUC was added. Five metrics were selected and the distribution of their average was the basis to derive the thresholds for the classes of the EBI. This paper presents the fish-based index (EBI) for the brackish Schelde estuary in Flanders (Belgium). The index was calibrated against fyke net data from five sites during the period from 1995 to 2004. The sites ranged in quality from moderately impacted to very disturbed, classes 3 to 5 respectively. Despite there being neither of the highest classes 1 (high) and 2 (good), the EBI presented can serve as an evaluation tool in the highly impacted situation in Flanders as it discriminates well between moderate and highly impacted sites. In addition, its definition complies with the biological status classes of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Handling Editor: K. Martens