Ca2+对骨骼肌钙释放通道的调节

钙释放通道（calcium release channel）又称Ryanodine受体（RyR）,是细胞内质网膜上介导细胞内钙信号转导的离子通道。RyR1在骨骼肌细胞的兴奋-收缩偶联过程中起重要作用,是肌质网快速释放Ca^2＋的通道。许多调节因素,如一些内源性蛋白（FK结合蛋白、钙调素、钙结合蛋白）和一些离子（Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋）,通过不同的作用位点与RyR1结合,调控RyR1的结构与功能。研究表明,Ca^2＋是众多调节RyR1因素中的核心成分和前提条件,其对RyR1的结构与功能有重要的调控作用。     

Ryanodine受体和内源性调节蛋白的相互作用

Ryanodine受体(RyR)是细胞内分子量最大的离子通道,在调节各种细胞内钙信号转导方面扮演着重要的角色。在骨骼肌中,RyR和双氢吡啶受体共同参与肌细胞的兴奋-收缩偶联。同时,一些内源性蛋白(包括FK结合蛋白、钙调素、钙结合蛋白、junctin和triadin等)通过不同的方式,在不同的阶段与RyR结合,形成一个复杂的调控网络,协助RyR发挥正常生理功能,实现结构与功能的统一。     

质膜钙离子ATP酶

钙离子(Ca2+)是重要的第二信使,通过与效应蛋白的结合和解离,以及在不同细胞器之间的穿梭运动而精确调控细胞活动,参与多种重要生命过程。细胞内具有精确调节Ca2+时空分布的调控系统。在静息状态下,细胞内的游离Ca2+浓度约为100 nmol/L;而当细胞受到信号刺激后,胞内的Ca2+浓度可上升至1000 nmol/L甚至更高。细胞中存在多种跨膜运送Ca2+的膜蛋白,以精确调节Ca2+浓度的时空动态变化,其中,细胞质膜上的多种Ca2+通道(包括电压门控通道、受体门控通道、储存控制通道等),以及内质网/肌质网和线粒体等胞内"钙库"膜上的雷诺丁受体、三磷酸肌醇受体等膜蛋白复合物,均可提升胞内Ca2+浓度,而细胞质膜上的钠钙交换体、质膜Ca2+-ATP酶、"钙库"膜上的内质网Ca2+-ATP酶、线粒体Ca2+单向转运体等,可将Ca2+浓度降低至静息态水平。质膜钙ATP酶是向细胞外运送Ca2+的关键膜蛋白,本文将对其结构、功能及其酶活性的调控机制做一简要综述。     

气道平滑肌细胞Ryanodine受体亚型mRNA的表达及其在哮喘中的变化

目的:测定正常大鼠气道平滑肌细胞(ASMCs)中Ryanodine受体(Ryanodine receptor RyR)各亚型mRNA的表达以及在哮喘中的变化.方法:采用胶原酶消化法培养大鼠ASMCs,RT-PCR测定受体各亚型mRNA的表达.卵蛋白致敏并激发大鼠制备慢性哮喘模型,RT-PCR测定各受体mRNA表达水平的变化.结果:大鼠ASMCs中可见RyR1、RyR2和RyR3三种RyR亚型mRNA共表达,扩增片段测序结果与GenBank中登录的大鼠RyR1-3序列完全一致.制备的慢性哮喘模型中,病理切片显示平滑肌层及黏膜层明显增厚,RyR1的表达较对照组有明显的上调P＜0.05.结论:大鼠气道平滑肌细胞中RyR三种亚型共表达,提示存在着复杂的细胞内钙调节机制;并且RyR1在慢性哮喘的发生过程中可能起了一定的作用.     

一种快速大量纯化骨骼肌ryanodine受体的方法

Ryanodine受体（RyR1）在骨骼肌细胞的兴奋-收缩偶联过程中扮演重要角色,是肌质网快速释放Ca²⁺的通道。RyR1的结构研究不同于其功能研究,需要大量的且纯度很高的蛋白。通过运用肝素（Heparin,HP）层析与羟基磷灰石（Hydroxylapatite,HA）层析,不仅在一天的时间内就可以纯化获得毫克级的RyR1,而且RyR1的纯度达到95%以上。在透射电子显微镜下观察到RyR1是一个正方形的结构,边长大约26 nm,形态类似儿童玩具风车。这个方法获得RyR1速度快、纯度高、结构完整,为进行RyR1结构研究奠定了基础。     

骨质疏松中破骨细胞活性与其RyR表达的关系研究

目的:研究骨质疏松病理状态下破骨细胞活性的变化与其线粒体表面RyR表达之间的关系。方法:构建骨质疏松SD大鼠模型,2周后取长管骨骨髓血提取破骨细胞,筛选出发育成熟细胞核大于3的破骨细胞,高速离心法分离细胞胞质Cytosol和细胞内质网SR,Western-Blot分析骨质疏松状态下OC表达RyR通道蛋白的变化;进一步用FlaxStation 3分析OC细胞[Ca2+]i释放;最后评测骨质疏松环境下OC细胞活性和骨吸收能力变化。结果:与对照组相比,骨质疏松实验组大鼠OC细胞内质网SR上RyR蛋白表达显著减少;,同时破骨细胞[Ca2+]i释放减少导致OC细胞活性骨吸收能力显著增加。结论:破骨细胞内RyR通过调控其细胞内钙释放程度对OC活性产生影响。     

FK506结合蛋白12.6调节小鼠嗜铬细胞分泌

FK506结合蛋白12.6(FKBP12.6)能够结合并调控钙离子释放通道兰尼碱受体2型(RyR2)的开放,可能是儿茶酚胺分泌的重要调控器.利用FKBP12.6敲除小鼠模型,我们研究了FKBP12.6在肾上腺嗜铬细胞胞吐中的作用.结果表明,FKBP12.6在小鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞中表达,而敲除FKBP12.6小鼠的嗜铬细胞中有正常的去极化引起的钙电流和胞吐作用.然而,FKBP12.6敲除会导致嗜铬细胞中出现增强的咖啡因引起的细胞整体钙瞬变和咖啡因引起的胞吐作用.结果提示,FKBP12.6调控肾上腺嗜铬细胞儿茶酚胺的分泌,这种调控作用是通过调节钙离子的释放而实现的.FKBP12.6是嗜铬细胞分泌的重要蛋白.     

滨蒿内酯对哮喘豚鼠气管平滑肌细胞RyR2 mRNA表达影响

研究哮喘豚鼠气管平滑肌细胞Ryanodine受体亚型的变化及滨蒿内酯对其的影响。将动物分为3组:正常组、哮喘组和滨蒿内酯组,采用卵蛋白致敏复制豚鼠哮喘模型,滨蒿内酯组雾化吸入滨蒿内酯。应用RT-PCR鉴定豚鼠气管平滑肌细胞(TSMC)中RyR亚型分布并观察各组豚鼠气管平滑肌细胞RyR2 mRNA表达的变化。豚鼠TSMC表达RyR2和RyR3两个亚型;哮喘时豚鼠TSMC中RyR2 mRNA表达量(以RyR2区带与-βactin区带的密度百分比表示)为47.15%±15.30%,明显低于对照组(77.12%±6.16%)(P<0.01);滨蒿内酯组豚鼠TSMC中RyR2 mRNA量为63.77%±9.09%,较哮喘组增强(P<0.05)。豚鼠TSMC表达RyR2和RyR3两个亚型;哮喘时TSMC RyR2 mRNA表达下调;滨蒿内酯可使哮喘豚鼠TSMC RyR2表达水平得以恢复。     

大麻素受体系统对视网膜细胞离子通道和突触传递的调控

内源性大麻素系统在脊椎动物视网膜中广泛分布。大麻素受体(cannbinoid receptor)主要有CB1和CB2两个亚型,与内源性配体N-花生四烯酸氨基乙醇(N-arachidonoylethanolamide,anandamine,AEA)和2-花生四烯酸甘油(2-arachidonyl glycerol,2-AG)结合调控视网膜神经元和胶质细胞的功能,从而参与调控视网膜视觉信息的处理。本文结合我们研究组近年在视网膜大麻素受体系统的研究结果,综述了有关大麻素CB1和CB2受体对视网膜细胞离子通道和突触传递调控及其机制的研究进展。     

质膜Ca2+-ATPase的结构与功能

质膜Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA)是P型ATPase家族的一员,在真核细胞中主要负责信号刺激后胞内高浓度Ca2+的清除扫尾工作,并对维持静息状态下较低Ca2+浓度起着重要的调节作用.PMCA的一级结构已被确定,拓扑学结构显示,它有10个跨膜区和3个胞浆功能区.它的4个编码基因可产生4种亚型(PMCA 1~4),这些亚型在功能与分布上存在差异.PMCA的活性可被钙调蛋白等多种因素调节,这与其结构特征息息相关.近年来,PMCA已被证实与脂筏结构有一定关联,它在信号传导和细胞凋亡中的作用也成为目前科学研究的焦点.本文主要对PMCA的结构、亚型和功能的研究现状进行综述.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.