扩展青霉PF898碱性脂肪酶cDNA的克隆及序列分析

扩展青霉 (Penicilliumexpansum)PF898可产生一种具有工业价值的碱性脂肪酶 (PEL) .在测定了其N端 12个氨基酸残基序列的基础上 ,通过RT PCR、5′RACE、基因克隆及序列测定 ,获得了PEL完整的cDNA序列 (GenBank登录号为AF2 84 0 6 4 ) .cDNA全长 10 5 0bp ,包括PEL编码区、3′非翻译区和部分 5′非翻译区基因的序列 .编码区cDNA由 85 5个碱基组成 ,编码 1个由 2 85个氨基酸残基组成的酶蛋白 ,其信号肽及前肽部分由 2 7个氨基酸残基组成 ,成熟肽部分由 2 5 8个氨基酸残基组成 .根据氨基酸组成推导该脂肪酶蛋白的分子量为 2 7 3kD .该脂肪酶的氨基酸序列 130～ 134位上有各类脂肪酶中普遍存在的G X S X G保守序列     

虾夷扇贝β-actin基因的克隆和序列分析

为进一步研究虾夷扇贝功能基因的表达调控。利用SMART cDNA文库构建试剂盒成功构建了健康虾夷扇贝外套膜和肾脏两种组织的cDNA文库。对随机选取的4009个克隆进行5′端测序,比对,筛选出1条β肌动蛋白同源序列,对此EST序列两端进行扩增、测序,得到肌动蛋白基因cDNA全长序列。肌动蛋白基因cDNA全长1536bp(不包括polyA),5′端非编码区84bp,3′端非翻译区321bp,阅读框1131bp,编码377个氨基酸。在基因组DNA中,该基因被一个内含子分为两段,内含子位于第41和第42个氨基酸之间,长度为1498bp。系统发育分析显示该肌动蛋白属于β类型。本研究得到的虾夷扇贝β-肌动蛋白基因可以被用于作为定量某种虾夷扇贝mRNA的标准,这为继续研究虾夷扇贝其它功能基因,及其分子生物的进一步研究、促进其他相关分子发育和系统进化研究奠定了基础。     

大口黑鲈脂代谢相关基因NPY、UCP2、LPL、HL克隆与分子进化分析

采用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆了大口黑鲈NPY基因cDNA全序列及UCP2、LPL、HL基因cDNA核心片段。序列分析结果表明,大口黑鲈NPY基因cDNA全序列长664 bp,其中5′端非翻译区(5′-UTR)长53 bp,3′端非翻译区(3′-UTR)长311 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长300 bp,编码99个氨基酸,即前体NPY。大口黑鲈前体NPY包括三个部分,28个氨基酸组成的信号肽、36氨基酸组成的成熟NPY以及32个氨基酸组成的由Gly-Lys-Arg指示的NPY C端肽（CPON）。大口黑鲈UCP2、LPL、HL基因cDNA核心片段长度分别为737 bp、509 bp和666 bp,各自编码245个氨基酸、169个氨基酸和222个氨基酸。将4个基因的氨基酸序列分别与其他物种的氨基酸序列进行同源性比较,并通过MEGA3构建系统树,对这4个脂代谢相关基因的分子进化特征进行了探讨。     

牡丹PsCS基因的克隆及序列分析

以牡丹品种‘赵粉’(Paeonia suffruticosa L.cv.‘Zhao Fen’)为试材,采用RT-PCR和RACE方法从雄蕊中获得了一个牡丹柠檬酸合成醇(citrate synthase,CS)基因cDNA全长,命名为PsCS,GenBank登录号为HQ449568.其cDNA全长1 564 bp,包含75 bp的5’非编码区、73 bp的3 '非编码区和一个长度为1 416 bp编码471个氨基酸的开放阅读框.序列比对和系统进化分析表明,PsCS与葡萄的亲缘关系最近,相似性达89.4％以上.     

松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus)凝血因子Ⅺ的基因克隆与表达分析

克隆松江鲈凝血因子XI基因cDNA序列,分析表达模式。利用RACE技术从松江鲈中克隆获得了凝血因子XI的cDNA全长序列(命名为TfXI),并对其进行生物信息学和表达模式分析。获得TfXI cDNA全长1 287 bp,包括13 bp的5'端非编码区,1 143 bp的开放阅读框以及131 bp的3'端非编码区。开放阅读框编码280个氨基酸的多肽链,预测的蛋白大小为42.9 kD。N端含有由第22-105位氨基酸,112-196位氨基酸、205-279位氨基酸和289-369位氨基酸形成的4个串联排列的典型APPLE结构域。NCBI Blast结果显示TfXI与其他物种凝血因子XI的相似性为30%-63%,进化树分析显示,TfXI符合传统进化规律。Realtime PCR分析表明,经LPS刺激96 h后,松江鲈脾脏TfXI表达量明显提高(P0.01)。     

白桦肌动蛋白(Actin)基因全长cDNA克隆与序列分析

以白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)次生木质部为材料,用改良CTAB方法提取总RNA。根据植物肌动蛋白(Actin)基因编码区的保守序列设计引物后进行RT-PCR,并采用RACE技术扩增出Actin基因全长序列。该基因cDNA全长1 785 bp,序列分析表明,该基因编码区1 134 bp,编码377个氨基酸,5′非编码区157 bp,3′非编码区495 bp。所得序列与GenBank中注册的其它植物肌动蛋白核苷酸序列的相似性均在80%以上,氨基酸序列的相似性高达96%以上。此基因已在GenBank注册（EU588981）。根据高等植物肌动蛋白相似性构建了进化树,表明白桦肌动蛋白与蓖麻肌动蛋白之间的亲缘关系最为密切,在进化中分化时间最为接近。     

中华蜜蜂蜂毒镇静肽基因的cDNA克隆和表达

从中华蜜蜂 (Apisceranacerana)工蜂毒腺中快速抽提总RNA ,用RT PCR扩增得到大小约为2 5 0bp的cDNA片段 ,测序得到的片段长度为 2 34bp ,为蜂毒前镇静肽原 (preprosecapin)基因编码区的cDNA .以 3′RACE方法 ,扩增和测定了 3′端非编码区 2 19bp序列 .中蜂前镇静肽原cDNA序列与已报道的欧洲意蜂该基因cDNA序列具有 92 %同源性 ,氨基酸序列具有 87%同源性 .代表成熟肽镇静肽的最后 2 5个氨基酸序列 ,中蜂与意蜂同源性为 88% .3′端非编码区cDNA序列与欧洲意蜂序列有 73 1%同源性 .将中华蜜蜂蜂毒镇静肽成熟肽编码区与 3′非编码区部分克隆 ,构建了镇静肽与谷胱甘肽转移酶融合表达的载体pGEX AcSecapin .将载体转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3)进行融合表达 .表达产物与抗GST抗体在 2 9kD处有很强的交叉反应 .大肠杆菌超声破碎后的上清液用SDS PAGE检测到表达的蛋白多为可溶性融合蛋白 ,通过亲和层析柱纯化和凝血酶的切割得到了镇静肽蛋白     

团头鲂促性腺激素β亚基cDNA的克隆和序列分析

本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE克隆了团头鲂（Megalobrama amblycephala）脑下垂体中两种促性腺激素β亚基（GtHIβ和GtHIIβ）cDNA序列,并对其进行了结构和系统进化分析。团头鲂GtHIβ亚基cDNA全长567碱基对（bp）,5’端非翻译区26bp;3’端非翻译区148bp;开放阅读框（ORF）393bp,其编码含有130个氨基酸的蛋白质,包括由108个氨基酸组成的成熟肽以及22个氨基酸组成的信号肽。GtHII亚基cDNA全长564bp,5’端非翻译区43bp;3’端非翻译区95bp;ORF426bp,其编码含有141个氨基酸的蛋白质,包括由117个氨基酸组成的成熟肽以及24个氨基酸组成的信号肽。团头鲂GtHIβ亚基氨基酸序列与青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）等15种鱼类相比较,相似性为90%—31%,与湖蛙（RanaRidibunda）等5种四足类的相似性为38%—21%;GtHII亚基与青鱼等15种鱼类相比较,其相似性为95%—41%,与湖蛙等5种四足类的相似性为49%—36%,团头鲂GtHIβ和GtHII亚基与鲤科鱼类的相似性最高,显示出较为亲近的进化关系。另外,团头鲂GtHIβ和GtHIIβ亚基含有12个保守的半胱氨酸残基和1个N糖基化位点。     

中国庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)全基因结构特点及其感染地理分布

分析和讨论了中国人庚型肝炎病毒（HGV）的基因结构特点及我国HGV感染的地理分布状况。中国庚型肝炎病毒株（HGVC964）基因全长9128个核苷酸,编码一个长度为2870个氨基酸残基的多聚前体蛋白。5’端有一个367bp的非翻译区,3’端非编码区为147个核苷酸。基因组中G＋C占59．9％。该株病毒与国外报道的三株HGV序列比较,核苷酸同源性为82．0％～86．2％,氨基酸同源性均大于90％。对我国部分地区的某些人群进行的分子流行病学研究表明,在我国北方、南方及广西少数民族地区也存在HGV感染。HCV自然     

眼镜王蛇泛素融合蛋白基因和核糖体蛋白L30基因的克隆及分析

从广西产眼镜王蛇（Ophiophagus hannah）毒腺中抽提总RNA,经mRNA纯化后构建眼镜王蛇毒腺cDNA文库。从所构建的cDNA文库中,随机筛选200个克隆测序,得到两个在进化上高度保守的基因：泛素融合蛋白基因（GenBank登录号为AF297036）和核糖体蛋白L30基因（GenBank登录号是AF297033）。前者cDNA的开放阅读框为387bp,后者为348bp。前者编码128个氨基酸残基组成的泛素融合蛋白前体;后者编码115个氨基酸残基组成的核糖体蛋白L30前体。由cDNA序列推导出的氨基酸序列分析表明,泛素融合蛋白前体包括N-末端的泛素结构域（76个氨基酸残基）和C-末端的核糖体蛋白L40结构域（52个氨基酸残基）。该蛋白为一高碱性蛋白,C末端含有一个“锌指”模式结构。与16个物种比较的结果表明,眼镜王蛇与脊椎动物的泛素融合蛋白氨基酸序列相似度较高,具有高度的保守性。     

枣食芽象甲线粒体基因组全序列测定与系统发育分析

【目的】从线粒体基因组水平上探讨枣食芽象甲Scythropus yasumatsui与近缘种的系统发育关系。【方法】利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对枣食芽象甲线粒体基因组进行测序,对基因组序列进行拼装、注释和特征分析;利用贝叶斯法和最大似然法构建基于象甲科13个物种的线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因核苷酸序列的系统发育树。【结果】结果表明,枣食芽象甲线粒体基因组全长为16 472 bp (GenBank登录号: MF807224),包含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和2个非编码控制区,37个基因的排列顺序与祖先昆虫的线粒体基因排列顺序一致。13个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子为ATN,其中除了cob和nad1基因的完全终止密码子为TAG外,其余11个基因的完全终止密码子为TA(A)。22个tRNA基因中除了trnS1缺少DHU臂,反密码子由GCT变为TCT外,其余均能形成典型的三叶草结构。基于13个蛋白质编码基因序列构建的系统发育树结果显示,象甲科8个亚科系统发育关系为：(((隐喙象亚科(Cryptorhynchinae)+(象虫亚科(Curculioninae)+魔喙象亚科(Molytinae)))+长小蠹亚科(Platypodinae))+(粗喙象亚科(Entiminae)+Cyclominae亚科))+隐颏象亚科(Dryophthorinae)+小蠹亚科(Scolytinae))。【结论】在13种象甲科昆虫物种中,同属于粗喙象亚科的枣食芽象甲与南美果树象甲Naupactus xanthographus在系统发育树中聚为同一分支,表明基于线粒体基因组全序列的分子系统发育结果与传统的形态分类结果是一致的。     

Phylogenetic relationships among Phytophthora species inferred from sequence analysis of mitochondrially encoded cytochrome oxidase I and II genes

The phylogenetic relationships of 51 isolates representing 27 species of Phytophthora were assessed by sequence alignment of 568 bp of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome oxidase II gene. A total of 1299 bp of the cytochrome oxidase I gene also were examined for a subset of 13 species. The cox II gene trees constructed by a heuristic search, based on maximum parsimony for a bootstrap 50% majority-rule consensus tree, revealed 18 species grouping into seven clades and nine species unaffiliated with a specific clade. The phylogenetic relationships among species observed on cox II gene trees did not exhibit consistent similarities in groupings for morphology, pathogenicity, host range or temperature optima. The topology of cox I gene trees, constructed by a heuristic search based on maximum parsimony for a bootstrap 50% majority-rule consensus tree for 13 species of Phytophthora, revealed 10 species grouping into three clades and three species unaffiliated with a specific clade. The groupings in general agreed with what was observed in the cox II tree. Species relationships observed for the cox II gene tree were in agreement with those based on ITS regions, with several notable exceptions. Some of these differences were noted in species in which the same isolates were used for both ITS and cox II analysis, suggesting either a differential rate of evolutionary divergence for these two regions or incorrect assumptions about alignment of ITS sequences. Analysis of combined data sets of ITS and cox II sequences generated a tree that did not differ substantially from analysis of ITS data alone, however, the results of a partition homogeneity test suggest that combining data sets may not be valid.     

部分苔藓植物叶绿体DNArbcL-a序列的亲缘关系分析

目的:利用rbcL-a序列对13种苔藓植物进行亲缘关系分析。方法:以毛地钱为外类群,利用ClustalX2.0和MEGA4.1软件对13种苔藓植物的rbcL-a基因序列进行比对和分析,构建分子系统树。结果:13种苔藓植物的rbcL-a序列长度在643bp～656bp之间,排序后总长度为661bp,其中变异位点54个,信息位点91个。遗传距离在0.019～0.144之间,平均遗传距离为0.073。利用MP法建立的系统树显示,13种苔藓植物分为3组。结论:序列分析结果与形态学结果一致,rbcL-a序列可用于苔藓植物的亲缘关系分析。     

Gene tree discordance of wild and cultivated Asian rice deciphered by genome-wide sequence comparison

Although a large number of genes are expected to correctly solve a phylogenetic relationship, inconsistent gene tree topologies have been observed. This conflicting evidence in gene tree topologies, known as gene tree discordance, becomes increasingly important as advanced sequencing technologies produce an enormous amount of sequence information for phylogenomic studies among closely related species. Here, we aim to characterize the gene tree discordance of the Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa and its progenitor, O. rufipogon, which will be an ideal case study of gene tree discordance. Using genome and cDNA sequences of O. sativa and O. rufipogon, we have conducted the first in-depth analyses of gene tree discordance in Asian rice. Our comparison of full-length cDNA sequences of O. rufipogon with the genome sequences of the japonica and indica cultivars of O. sativa revealed that 60% of the gene trees showed a topology consistent with the expected one, whereas the remaining genes supported significantly different topologies. Moreover, the proportions of the topologies deviated significantly from expectation, suggesting at least one hybridization event between the two subgroups of O. sativa, japonica and indica. In fact, a genome-wide alignment between japonica and indica indicated that significant portions of the indica genome are derived from japonica. In addition, literature concerning the pedigree of the indica cultivar strongly supported the hybridization hypothesis. Our molecular evolutionary analyses deciphered complicated evolutionary processes in closely related species. They also demonstrated the importance of gene tree discordance in the era of high-speed DNA sequencing.     

Mitochondrial genomes of two luminous beetles, Rhagophthalmus lufengensis and R. ohbai (Arthropoda, Insecta, Coleoptera)

We determined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of two luminous beetles (Arthropoda, Insecta, Coleoptera), Rhagophthalmus lufengensis from Yunnan, China and Rhagophthalmus ohbai from Yaeyama Island, Japan. We identified all the 37 mtDNA genes of R. lufengensis (15,982 bp) and the 34 genes of R. ohbai (15,704 bp). R. lufengensis and R. ohbai genomes have higher A + T contents than other coleopteran genomes although the gene arrangements are similar. Interestingly, in a study of the evolutionary relationship among R. lufengensis, R. ohbai and the firefly Pyrocoelia rufa, the phylogenetic tree inferred from lrRNA genes from mitochondrial genomes indicates a biogeographic relationship among the bioluminescent insects in East Asia and the phylogenetic tree inferred from luciferase-related genes from nuclear genomes shows an appropriate relationship among coleopterans, reflecting the evolutionary origin of bioluminescence. Thus, the mtDNAs of luminescent beetles can provide an insight into their evolutionary origin and biogeography.     

基于Cytb基因序列探讨蝽亚科11种昆虫的系统发育关系

对蝽亚科6属11种昆虫线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因部分序列进行PCR扩增和序列测定。比较其同源性,统计密码子使用频率并应用生物学软件构建分子系统树。在获得的432bp序列中,碱基T,C,A和G的平均含量分别是38．1,18．2,31．9和11．8％,表现出强烈的AT偏向性;就每个氨基酸密码子来看,第3位点的A＋T含量较高,达到85．5％。该序列片段中共有162个核甘酸位点发生变异（约占37．5％）,种间序列差异范围为0．9％～19．4％,平均为16．6％,变异较大。以筛豆龟蝽Megaeopta cribraria为外群,通过多种方法构建的系统发育树拓扑结构一致,这6属11种昆虫大致形成4个分支：珀蝽属、碧蝽属、菜蝽属3属的关系最接近,形成一个分支;真蝽属的3种聚为1支,与第1支形成姊妹群;曼蝽属的2种形成1支;麻皮蝽位于系统树的基部,为分化较早的1支,是蝽亚科中较为原始的类群。     

蝽科部分昆虫细胞色素b基因序列及其系统发育关系的探讨

以线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因作为分子标记,对蝽科蝽亚科3种、益蝽亚科2种、荔蝽亚科1种、盾蝽亚科2种昆虫进行序列测定,获得Cyt b基因432bp的序列片段,该片段中碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为31．3％、12．4％、37．6％和18．7％,A T平均含量为68．9％,明显高于G C含量(30．1％);密码子第三位点A T含量更高达82．7％。属和种间序列变异大,碱基替换多发生在第三位点。以筛豆龟蝽(Megacopta cribraria)为外群构建系统发育树,结合形态特征与序列变异率,赞同将盾蝽亚科、荔蝽亚科从蝽科划分出来并提升为科的观点,它们之间的系统关系为：盾蝽科与荔蝽科形成姊妹群,较蝽科发育得早;蝽科作为一个单系群,是蝽总科中最为进化的类群。     

武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析

【目的】了解闪蛱蝶亚科属间及种间的分子系统进化关系。【方法】采用PCR步移法对武铠蛱蝶 Chitoria ulupi 线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因的核苷酸序列构建了38种鳞翅目昆虫的系统发育树。【结果】分析结果表明,武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组全长15 279 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和一段长度为391 bp的A+T富含区,基因排列顺序与其他已知近缘种昆虫相同。武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组中存在很高的A+T含量（79.9％）。13个蛋白质编码基因中,COII以TTG作为起始密码子,COI以CGA作为起始密码子外,其余均为昆虫典型的起始密码子ATN。COII和ND4基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均以典型的TAA为终止密码子。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNA^Ser(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。与其他多数鳞翅目昆虫一样,武铠蛱蝶的A+T富含区中有一段由ATAGAA引导的保守的多聚T结构,长度为21 bp,并散布着一些长短不一的串联重复单元。系统发育树结果显示,总科级别的系统发育关系为：卷蛾总科＋（凤蝶总科＋（螟蛾总科＋(夜蛾总科＋蚕蛾总科＋尺蛾总科)））;在蛱蝶科物种中,武铠蛱蝶与猫蛱蝶Timelaea maculate 亲缘关系最近。【结论】基于分子标记构建的鳞翅目昆虫系统发育关系与传统的形态学分类结果基本一致。     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Anisakis simplex (Ascaridida: Nematoda) and phylogenetic implications

We determined the nucleotide sequence of the complete mitochondrial genome of the nematode species Anisakis simplex. The genome is circular, 13,916 bp in size and conforms to the general characteristics of nematode mitochondrial DNAs. The gene arrangement of A. simplex is the same as that of Ascaris suum and almost identical to those of rhabditid species with a minor exception concerning the relative position of the AT-rich and non-coding regions and radically different from those of spirurid species. Along with comparisons of gene arrangement, phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony, neighbour joining and maximum likelihood methods) based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes from 13 nematode species provided strong support for the sister-group relationship between Ascaridida and Rhabditida. The Shimodaira-Hasegawa and Templeton's tests both rejected the alternative hypothesis of a closer relationship between Ascaridida and Spirurida. These results contradicted the traditional view of nematode classification and a recent molecular phylogenetic study of 18S rDNA data that assigned Ascaridida and Spirurida as being a sister-group. Mapping of gene arrangement across the phylogenetic tree lead to the assumption that the conserved gene arrangement found in Ascaridida-Rhabditida members might have been acquired after the most recent common ancestor of ascaridid/rhabditid members branched off from the basal stock of the rhabditid lineage.