中国栽培白灵侧耳的RAPD和IGS分析

以RAPD和IGS为分子标记,研究了中国栽培白灵侧耳Pleurotus nebrodensis菌株的遗传多样性,RAPD结果表明,供试菌株间存在多态性;对供试菌株的IGS分析表明,白灵侧耳P. nebrodensis的IGS1区域较保守,菌株间没有多态性;IGS2区域进化较快,菌株间具丰富的多态性。IGS2-RFLP可应用于白灵侧耳的菌株鉴定鉴别,较RAPD更稳定,更具可操作性。     

黑木耳菌株酯酶同工酶酶谱多样性研究

目的：为了探索黑木耳菌株之间的遗传距离,构建出供试菌株酯酶同工酶鉴别图。方法：采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对21个黑木耳菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性进行了研究。结果：酯酶同工酶电泳各个菌株分别具有2~7条酶带,其中在Rf值为0.344处,21个菌株都有谱带出现。21个菌株之间的遗传相似系数在0.167-1.000之间,应用NTSYS软件进行聚类分析,当相似水平为0.73时,可将供试的21个黑木耳菌株分为6个不同的类群。结论：酯酶同工酶可以有效快捷的对黑木耳菌株进行菌种鉴定,是黑木耳菌株遗传多样性研究的理想手段。     

离褶伞属菌株酯酶同工酶分析

对45个离褶伞属真菌菌株进行酯酶同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)分析,分析其酶谱多态性,并采用聚类分析方法对菌株间的亲缘关系进行鉴定。结果表明:在45个离褶伞属菌株酯酶同工酶酶谱中,共检测到了10条相对迁移率不同的酶带,多态性较高,并且在相似系数为0.75时,可将供试菌株分为4类,第一类包括17个菌株,第二类包括16个菌株,第三类包括11个菌株,第四类包括1个菌株。     

用ITS和ISSR分子标记技术鉴别香菇生产用种

通过选用香菇生产中存在名称争议或者名称相近或者同一名称但长期在不同地区栽培的12株香菇生产菌株,以及用于种水平对比的豹皮香菇Lentinuslepideus和虎皮香菇Lentinustigrinus的4个菌株,共16个菌株作为供试材料,进行ITS和ISSR遗传分析,并用RAPD技术验证试验结果。结果证明,不同种的ITS长度存在差异,再次证明ITS可以有效区别种之间的菌株;在ISSR的菌株水平分析中,香菇种内材料拥有两个共同的条带,与其他两种菌株的带型图谱有着明显差异,其中5对材料的带型图谱极为相近。RAPD验证结果与上述结果相近。由此可见,结合ITS与ISSR技术是可以用作香菇生产菌株鉴别的,这为ITS和ISSR分子标记技术推广应用于香菇生产菌株的快速准确鉴别提供了技术依据。     

微卫星(TATG)n基序在香菇菌种中的验证

以（TATG）4重复序列为引物对香菇属的3个种13个菌株的微卫星区DNA进行PCR扩增,15%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳,获得了25个条带,并且在供试菌株上表现出多态性,可以实现遗传分类研究。为了验证微卫星分子标记实验准确性,又用RAPD技术对13个供试菌株进行了实验。7个引物在13个菌株上共获得了102条多态性条带。通过聚类分析,RAPD获得的分类结果与微卫星分子标记获得的结果一致。此外,为了证明微卫星分子标记获得的条带不是假阳性,在实验中回收了No.10菌株的PCR扩增产物,进行克隆测序。测序结果显示有（TATG）n基序存在,并且达到了微卫星基序重复数量的最低限度。通过本实验可知,香菇中是存在微卫星（TATG）n基序的, 且基序的多态性可以用于香菇的遗传分类研究。     

灵芝栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性

采用酯酶同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)方法,对灵芝属(GanodermaKarst.)9株灵芝进行品系间鉴定,并采用非加权组平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析。试验结果表明:在9个菌株(16 d)中共检测到40条酶带,各个菌株分别具有3至6条酶带,9个菌株共有4种酶谱类型。在相异系数为0.62时所有供试菌株归为1个群,在相异系数为0.81时,把9个菌株分为5个群。酯酶同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定方法可有效应用于灵芝属真菌品种鉴定及亲缘关系分析。     

木耳栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对木耳（Ａｕｒｉｃｕｌａｒｉａａｕｒｉｃｕｌａ（Ｈｏｏｋ）Ｕｎｄｅｒｗ）１０个栽培菌株酯酶同工酶的酶谱多样性进行了研究。１０个供试菌株的幼龄菌丝（７ｄ）中仅检测到２５条酶带,各个菌株分别具有２～３条酶带,１０个菌株仅有２种酶谱类型;老龄菌丝（７２ｄ）中共检测到４４条酶带,各个菌株分别具有３～６条酶带,１０菌株共有８种酶谱类型。研究表明,木耳双核体菌丝中某些酯酶同工酶基因位点在一定的发育时期才开始表达,老龄菌丝酯酶同工酶酶谱在木耳菌株鉴别和遗传育种研究中具有更大的应用价值。     

酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术在香菇杂种优势研究中的应用

采用酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术对香菇3个亲本双核体(苏香、野生46#、野生80#)及其10个单核体、以及它们的10个杂交后代进行了遗传差异和亲缘关系的研究,同时针对亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记和RAPD标记遗传距离、以及杂交子和亲本单核体RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势进行了相关性分析。结果表明,酯酶同工酶和RAPD技术都可进行香菇杂种优势群的划分研究,但RAPD标记检测的多态性要远远高于酯酶同工酶标记。相关分析结果表明,亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势无相关性,而RAPD标记遗传距离与其存在极显著正相关;杂交子和以苏香为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势也存在极显著正相关,而杂交子和以野生46#、野生80#为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与其相关不显著。     

酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术在香菇杂种优势研究中的应用*

采用酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术对香菇3个亲本双核体(苏香、野生46#、野生80#)及其10个单核体、以及它们的10个杂交后代进行了遗传差异和亲缘关系的研究,同时针对亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记和RAPD标记遗传距离、以及杂交子和亲本单核体RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势进行了相关性分析。结果表明,酯酶同工酶和RAPD技术都可进行香菇杂种优势群的划分研究,但RAPD标记检测的多态性要远远高于酯酶同工酶标记。相关分析结果表明,亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势无相关性,而RAPD标记遗传距离与其存在极显著正相关;杂交子和以苏香为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势也存在极显著正相关,而杂交子和以野生46#、野生80#为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与其相关不显著。     

酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术在香菇杂种优势研究中的应用

采用酯酶同工酶及RAPD技术对香菇3个亲本双核体(苏香、野生46^#、野生80^#)及其10个单核体、以及它们的10个杂交后代进行了遗传差异和亲缘关系的研究,同时针对亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记和RAPD标记遗传距离、以及杂交子和亲本单核体RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势进行了相关性分析。结果表明,酯酶同工酶和RAPD技术都可进行香菇杂种优势群的划分研究,但RAPD标记检测的多态性要远远高于酯酶同工酶标记。相关分析结果表明,亲本单核体酯酶同工酶标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势无相关性,而RAPD标记遗传距离与其存在极显著正相关;杂交子和以苏香为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与香菇产量超亲优势也存在极显著正相关,而杂交子和以野生46^#、野生80^#为来源的单核体亲本之间RAPD标记遗传距离与其相关不显著。     

阴道分离因肯毛孢子菌的分子鉴定和种内分型

分别采用rRNA基因内转录间隔区(ITS)和基因间隔区(IGS1)测序,ITS和IGS1区PCR限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)和基因组DNA的随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)等方法,对三株因肯毛孢子菌Trichosporon inkin进行分子特征及种内分型研究。结果显示,不同菌株的rRNA基因ITS区和IGS1区的序列相似性均高达100%,RFLP酶切图谱具有较理想的种内一致性,而不同菌株的RAPD图谱不尽相同。研究表明:rRNA基因IGS1区测序及RFLP酶切可考虑用于因肯毛孢子菌的菌种分子鉴定,而基因组DNA的RAPD则较适合于菌种的种内分型。     

Characterization of subrepeat regions within rDNA intergenic spacers of the edible basidiomycete Lentinula edodes

For 16 commercial cultivars of Lentinula edodes, DNA fragments for the nuclear rDNA intergenic spacers IGS1 and IGS2 were amplified and analyzed. IGS1 contained a subrepeat region, named SR1, and IGS2 contained a pair of direct repeats and a subrepeat region, named SR2. Three and five types of subrepeats were found in SR1 and SR2, respectively. Heterogeneity in the lengths of IGS1 and IGS2 arose mainly from the number of different kinds of subrepeats within SR1 and SR2. The DNA fingerprints from the PCR products targeting SR1 and SR2 were specific for each of the 16 cultivars, and had enough variation for discrimination among the cultivars. This result suggests that the DNA fingerprints targeting SR1 and SR2 are useful for investigations of L. edodes cultivars.     

Genetic diversity of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from pea (Pisum sativum) in subtropical regions of China

Diversity of 42 isolates from effective nodules of Pisum sativum in different geographical regions of China were studied using 16S rRNA gene RFLP patterns, 16S rRNA sequencing, 16S–23S rRNA inter-genic spacer (IGS) region RFLP patterns and G-C rich random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The isolates were distributed in two groups on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene RFLP patterns. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains from 16S rRNA gene RFLP patterns group I were very closely related (identities higher than 99.5%) to Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA 2370. Group II consisting of WzP3 and WzP15 was closely related to Rhizobium etli CFN42. The analysis of the 16S–23S IGS RFLP pat-terns divided the isolates into 18 genotypes and four groups. Group I was clustered with R. legumino-sarum USDA2370. Group II consisted of YcP2, YcP3 and CqP7. The strains of group III were distributed abroad. Group IV consisted of WzP3, WzP15 and R. etli CFN42. RAPD divided the isolates into nine clusters in which group IV only consisted of YcP2 and the strains of group V and IX were from Wenzhou and Xiantao, respectively. This assay demonstrated the geographical effect on genetic diversity of pea rhizobia.     

Genetic diversity of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from pea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pisum sativum</Emphasis>) in subtropical regions of China

Diversity of 42 isolates from effective nodules of Pisum sativum in different geographical regions of China were studied using 16S rRNA gene RFLP patterns, 16S rRNA sequencing, 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer (IGS) region RFLP patterns and G-C rich random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The isolates were distributed in two groups on the basis of their 16S rRNA gene RFLP patterns. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains from 16S rRNA gene RFLP patterns group I were very closely related (identities higher than 99.5%) to Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA 2370. Group II consisting of WzP3 and WzP15 was closely related to Rhizobium etli CFN42. The analysis of the 16S-23S IGS RFLP patterns divided the isolates into 18 genotypes and four groups. Group I was clustered with R. leguminosarum USDA2370. Group II consisted of YcP2, YcP3 and CqP7. The strains of group III were distributed abroad. Group IV consisted of WzP3, WzP15 and R. etli CFN42. RAPD divided the isolates into nine clusters in which group IV only consisted of YcP2 and the strains of group V and IX were from Wenzhou and Xiantao, respectively. This assay demonstrated the geographical effect on genetic diversity of pea rhizobia.     

Mapping Three Classical Isozyme Loci in Tetrahymena: Meiotic Linkage of Esta to the Chxa Linkage Group

We demonstrate a reliable method for mapping conventional loci and obtaining meiotic linkage data for the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. By coupling nullisomic deletion mapping with meiotic linkage mapping, loci known to be located on a particular chromosome or chromosome arm can be tested for recombination. This approach has been used to map three isozyme loci, EstA (Esterase A), EstB (Esterase B), and AcpA (Acid Phosphatase A), with respect to the ChxA locus (cycloheximide resistance) and 11 RAPDs (randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs). To assign isozyme loci to chromosomes, clones of inbred strains C3 or C2 were crossed to inbred strain B nullisomics. EstA, EstB and AcpA were mapped to chromosomes 1R, 3L and 3R, respectively. To test EstA and AcpA for linkage to known RAPD loci on their respective chromosomes, a panel of Round II (genomic exclusion) segregants from a B/C3 heterozygote was used. Using the MAPMAKER program, EstA was assigned to the ChxA linkage group on chromosome 1R, and a detailed map was constructed that includes 10 RAPDs. AcpA (on 3R), while unlinked to all the RAPDs assigned to chromosome 3 by nullisomic mapping, does show linkage to a RAPD not yet assignable to chromosomes by nullisomic mapping.     

Intergenic spacer (IGS) polymorphism: a new genetic marker for differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii strains and Neospora caninum

The region between the 28S and 18S rRNA genes, including the intergenic spacer (IGS) region and the 5S rRNA gene, from 32 strains of Toxoplasma gondii and the NC1 strain of Neospora caninum was amplified and used for DNA sequencing and/or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The 5S rDNA sequences from 20 strains of T. gondii were identical. The IGS region between the 5S and 18S rRNA genes (nontranscribed spacer 2 or NTS 2) showed 10 nucleotide variations. Six of the 10 variant positions correlated with the murine virulence of the strains. Intraspecific polymorphisms distinguished the virulent strains of zymodemes 5, 6, and 8 from other virulent strains (in zymodeme 1). RFLP methods (IGS-RFLP) were developed and used to characterize the virulent and avirulent patterns among 29 T. gondii strains. Sequence diversity of 19.8% was found between T. gondii and N. caninum when comparing a region of 919 bp at the 3' end of NTS 2. The sequence variation in ribosomal IGS could therefore be a useful marker for Toxoplasma strain identification and for distinguishing N. caninum from T. gondii.     

PCR amplification and polymorphism analysis of the intergenic spacer region of ribosomal DNA in Tuber borchii

PCR amplification of the complete intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the Tuber borchii nuclear ribosomal repeat was obtained using universal primers CNL 12 and NS1rev. In order to improve amplification yield a specific primer, T1, was selected from a partial sequence of the IGS product. IGS diversity was characterized both at the intraindividual and intraspecific level. The results obtained at the intraindividual level showed 10% varying repeats on ten screened colonies, while at the intraspecific level the IGS polymorphism was evident as difference in length amplification between mycelial strains and fruit bodies: 3.5 kb and 2 kb respectively.     

Molecular characterization of Antarctic actinobacteria and screening for antimicrobial metabolite production

The present study aimed to isolate actinobacteria from soil samples and characterized them using molecular tools and screened their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities. Thirty-nine strains from four different location of Barrientos Island, Antarctica using 12 types of isolation media was isolated. The isolates were preceded to screening of secondary metabolites for antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Using high-throughput screening methods, 38% (15/39) of isolates produced bioactive metabolites. Approximately 18% (7/39), 18% (7/39), 10% (4/39) and 2.5% (1/39) of isolates inhibited growth of Candida albicans ATCC 10231^T, Staphylococcus aurues ATCC 51650^T, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurues (MRSA) ATCC BAA-44^T and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145^T, respectively. Molecular characterization techniques like 16S rRNA analysis, Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus—polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and composite analyses were used to characterize the actinobacteria strains. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences is still one of the most powerful methods to determine higher taxonomic relationships of Actinobacteria. Both RAPD and ERIC-PCR fingerprinting have shown good discriminatory capability but RAPD proved to be better in discriminatory power than ERIC-PCR. Our results demonstrated that composite analysis of both fingerprinting generally increased the discrimination ability and generated best clustering for actinobacteria strains in this study.     

Comparison of three molecular methods for typing Aeromonas popoffii isolates

Three typing methods, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region (ISR), PCR amplification of the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and of the repetitive extragenic palindromic units (REP), were evaluated for typing 26 isolates of Aeromonas popoffii from different geographical origins. When the methods were independently studied, ERIC showed the highest discriminatory power. When the methods were combined, the best combination of two methods was ERIC with REP since strains showed a tendency to cluster according to their geographical origin. However, this tendency was reinforced with the addition of ISR-RFLP. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Strain typing of Lentinula edodes by random amplified polymorphic DNA assay

Abstract Single 10-base primers were used to generate randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in the shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes . Seven primers produced polymorphisms in all 15 strains tested, producing 12–19 bands ranging from 0.34 to 2.52 kb. Thirteen of the 15 strains had unique DNA fingerprints, whereas L. edodes ATCC 28759 and ATCC 28760 exhibited identical RAPD profiles for all the primers. Molecular-genetic markers obtained with the RAPD assay can be used to differentiate strains of L. edodes and have potential applications in mushroom breeding and strain improvement programs.