黄泥河自然保护区狍冬季栖息地选择

2009年12月—2010年1月,在黄泥河自然保护区采用样线法对狍冬季栖息地选择进行了研究。共设置了47条样线,调查了109个狍利用样方和109个对照样方,测定了海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、隐蔽级、郁闭度、食物丰富度、灌丛盖度、树胸径、人为干扰距离、林型、裸岩、雪深、倒木和针叶树15类栖息地因子。Baileys法和Mann-WhiteyU检验表明:在黄泥河自然保护区冬季,狍喜欢在坡度平缓、平均海拔602m,位于阳坡或半阴半阳坡的中坡位上雪被较浅,食物丰富度、灌丛盖度和隐蔽级都较高的针阔混交林生境中活动,对倒木因子表现出明显的选择性,避开选择阴坡、裸岩和针叶林生境。在主成分分析中,前5个主成分中的累积贡献率达到88.6%,第一主成分贡献率为30.8%,主要反映利用样方的林型、海拔和隐蔽级的影响,第二主成分贡献率为26.5%,主要反映利用样方的食物丰富度和灌丛盖度影响。     

四川扭角羚春冬季对栖息地的利用初步研究

1998年3月至1999年2月,在四川省青川县唐家河自然保护区,对四川扭角羚（Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)春冬季对栖息地的利用进行了初步研究。结果表明,影响四川扭角羚春季栖息地利用的主要生态因子为人为干扰,植被型、乔木大小、乔木距离,乔木密度、食物丰富度,海拔,坡位、郁闭度,影响冬季栖息地利用的主要生态因子为人为干扰。植被型,乔木距离,灌木大小,灌木密度,动物干扰度,乔木大小、灌木距离,坡位,郁闭度,水源,四川扭角羚春冬季栖息地利用的分离主要表现为食物丰富度,乔木大小,乔木密度,乔木距离,植被型,水源,坡位等生存因子的分离。     

清凉峰自然保护区梅花鹿秋季对栖息地利用的初步分析

20 0 3年 9～ 1 1月 ,作者在浙江省清凉峰自然保护区 ,对梅花鹿栖息地的利用进行了研究 ,选择 9类生态因子 ,并设置 3 89个 1 0m× 1 0m样方。选择指数的结果表明 ,梅花鹿喜欢选择草甸 沼泽和灌丛、郁闭度较低、食物丰富度高、上坡位、海拔≥ 1 2 0 0m、人为干扰距离 >1 0 0 0m、向阳、坡度平缓的生境。分析表明 ,梅花鹿对灌木盖度的选择以适合为准。主成份分析表明 ,影响梅花鹿栖息地选择的主要因子有 4种 ,依次为 :干扰因子 (包括海拔、坡位和人为干扰距离 )、食物因子 (包括郁闭度、食物丰富度和植被型 )、灌木盖度因子和地形因子 (包括坡度和坡向 )。     

唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴冬季栖息地选择

2009年12月至2010年2月,对唐家河自然保护区内的一群(约60只)川金丝猴群采用直接跟踪观察,并结合植物样方调查对该猴群冬季栖息地选择进行了初步研究。根据猴群的活动位点,设置了75个20m×20m的植物样方,测定了12个生态因子(植被类型、乔木的胸径、郁闭度、乔木的高度、海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、坡形、距水源距离、乔木密度、灌木盖度)。研究发现,冬季猴群主要在海拔2000～2500m、乔木平均胸径11～30cm、乔木平均树高为10～29m、乔木密度为20～40棵/20m×20m之间的落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林的阳坡中活动,还偏好在郁闭度为25%～49%、坡度为6°～20°、坡形为凸坡和复合坡、坡位为脊中部和下部、距水源距离0～300m的生境中活动。研究表明,冬季的食物资源、气候条件是影响川金丝猴群栖息地选择的主要生态因子。     

大兴安岭原麝冬季的生境选择

2005年3～4月和2006年3月,在黑龙江省大兴安岭呼中自然保护区,采用机械布点法随机设置样线,对原麝(Moschus moschiferus)冬季生境选择进行了研究。对海拔、乔木密度、雪深、隐蔽度、食物丰富度、坡度和倒木数量进行2个独立样本的Mann-Whitey U检验,找出生境利用样方与任意样方的生态因子的差异。U检验的结果表明,原麝冬季喜欢活动在相对海拔高、乔木密度小、雪层浅、隐蔽度高、坡度陡且喜食食物丰富的区域;对植被类型、坡位、坡向、距水源距离、距人为干扰距离、动物干扰和碎石坡7个名词性变量采用卡方(Chi-square)统计进行显著性检验,卡方检验的结果表明:原麝冬季偏好远离人为干扰、接近碎石坡、阳坡和其他动物干扰较少的针阔混交林中;对以上14个生态因子进行主成分分析,结果表明,前6个特征值的累计贡献率达到72·318%,可以较好地反映原麝生境特征,根据主成分分析结果,将原麝冬季生境选择影响因子分别命名为空间因子(海拔、坡度、距碎石坡距离)、干扰因子(距人为干扰距离、距水源距离)、坡向因子(坡向、乔木密度)、坡位因子(坡位、动物干扰)、食物因子(食物丰富度、隐蔽度)和倒木因子(倒木数量)。     

河南伏牛山北坡果子狸夏季巢穴生境特征

通过对伏牛山北坡果子狸夏季巢穴生境选择的研究,以海拔、植被类型、坡度、坡向、坡位、巢穴隐蔽程度、水源距离、干扰距离、郁闭度、乔木距离、灌木距离、灌木密度12个指标进行评估。分析结果表明,果子狸夏季巢穴生境的选择特征是:(1)地理分布因子:海拔900-1200m地带,以阔叶林为主,杂有少量针阔混交林。(2)干扰因子:距离人类活动较近的地方。(3)隐蔽因子:郁闭度高、灌木密度高、隐蔽程度好的巢穴。(4)地形因子:巢穴位于斜坡或陡坡的上坡位或中坡位的阳坡或半阳坡。(5)食物丰富度因子:巢穴选择在乔木个体发育较好的阔叶林中,有丰富的食物来源。(6)水源因子:水源距离在100m以内。     

吉林黄泥河自然保护区马鹿冬季栖息地选择

2009年12月～2010年1月,在黄泥河自然保护区采用样带法对马鹿冬季栖息地选择进行了研究。共设置了47条样带,调查了72个马鹿利用样方和109个对照样方。结果表明,在黄泥河自然保护区冬季马鹿喜欢选择针阔混交林、食物丰富度和灌丛盖度较高、中等坡度和隐蔽级、远离人为干扰源的生境,避开选择阴坡和针叶林。逻辑斯蒂回归分析揭示坡度、隐蔽级、食物丰富度、坡向、人为干扰距离和林型是影响马鹿栖息地选择的主导因子,灌丛盖度为次要因子。回归模型为:Z=-53.391+0.194×坡度+0.352×隐蔽级+0.5×食物丰富度-0.071×灌丛盖度+1.064×坡向(1)+6.11×坡向(2)+0.004×人为干扰距离+17.305×林型(1)+7.147×林型(2),选择利用概率P(z)=ez/(1+ez),模型正确预测率为94.5%。     

伏牛山北坡野猪(Sus scrofa)泥浴场的生境特征

2005年6月至8月,在伏牛山北坡对野猪的泥浴场特征进行了研究.野外设置了42个20×20m2样方和14个生态因子,以此为基准运用聚类分析和主成分分析的方法,对野猪泥浴场进行了分析,结果表明,野猪泥浴场的生境特征为:(1)安全舒适因子:无倒木、无树桩、隐蔽距离30m以下、黄泥土质、郁闭度80%以上;(2)植被地形因子:乔木距离适中、灌木距离小于1m、坡度小于30°;(3)植被类型因子:高度倾向阔叶林;(4)干扰因子:人为干扰距离大于500 m;(5)海拔因子:海拔高度大于1000 m.在水源距离和坡位两项上没有明显的偏向.     

小兴安岭地区野猪冬季卧息地选择的初步研究

应用聚类分析的方法,对小兴安岭地区野猪冬季卧息地选择进行了研究。结果表明,对其影响的主要因子是人为干扰,坡向和隐蔽条件。其次是植被类型、食物丰盛度、坡度和水源。坡位和海拔也有一定影响。其最适卧息地生境条件的选择依次为：草甸沟塘或阔叶林植被,食物丰盛度中等以上,隐蔽级≥０．５阳坡,卧息地距人为干扰源＞１０００ｍ和距水源≤１０００ｍ。     

陕西牛背梁自然保护区血雉对栖息地的选择

2009年1月～2010年12月,对牛背梁自然保护区血雉栖息地选择与利用情况进行了调查研究.结果表明,血雉Ithaginis cruentus sinensis David栖息分布于秦岭主脊以南海拔2000～2500 m中山地带、乔木高度较矮(5～10 m)、郁闭度较低(0.3～0.5)、林下灌木稀疏(≤0.2)的针阔混交林中.从地形情况来看,则多活动于山坡的上坡位或梁脊处、坡度相对较为平缓(≤25°)地带的半阴半阳坡.距离水源较远(150 m),对人为干扰的敏感性相对较弱.从对各生态因子的偏好性来看,血雉比较偏好坡度相对较陡(25°～40°)、乔木高度低矮(≤5 m)、郁闭度低(≤0.2)的针叶林,以及盖度在0.3～0.6的竹林、隐蔽性较高(≤5 m)、距离水源较近(50～100 m)的环境,而对其他因子的选择性和偏好性则无差异.主成分分析表明,血雉栖息地选择的主要因子有3种:干扰因子(依次为坡向、植被类型、坡位、乔木高度与人为干扰距离)、隐蔽因子(灌木盖度、竹林盖度、隐蔽性、坡度、乔木郁闭度和水源距离)和食物因子(灌木盖度).人为活动干扰是影响血雉对栖息地各生态因子选择的最根本的诱因.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.