鸭绿江香鱼耳石日轮与生产的研究

１９９２年对鸭绿江香鱼耳石日轮与生长进行了研究。人工受精孵胚胎发育后期和前仔鱼期连续剖察表明,受精后约９６小时胚体听囊内出现一对矢耳石,孵出后第２天耳石上出现第一个日轮,之后每天形成一轮。在当镜和扫描电镜下测定了幼、成鱼矢耳石的形态、直径、日轮数及其间距变化。耳石矩径与鱼体长呈线性关系,７５尾幼、成鱼的关系式为ｙ＝３＼２８ｘ＋２４８．３０     

鸭绿江香鱼耳石日轮与生长的研究

１９９２年对鸭绿江香鱼耳石日轮与生长进行了研究。人工受精卵胚胎发育后期和前仔鱼期连续剖察表明，受精后约９６小时胚体听囊内出现一对矢耳石，孵出后第２天耳石上出现第一个日轮，之后每天形成一轮。在光镜和扫描电镜下测定了幼、成鱼矢耳石的形态、直径、日轮数及其间距变化。耳石短径（ｖ， μｍ）与鱼体长（ｘ， ｍｍ）呈线性关系， ７５尾幼、成鱼的关系式为ｙ＝３．２８ｘ＋２４８．３０。以耳石日轮数推算其产卵孵化期与实地调查结果一致。耳石日轮数（Ｄ）可用孵化后日数（Ｎ）减１表示。日轮间距有规律性变化，与鱼体生长发育和生态条件密切有关。依据日龄和相关体长体重资料进行了香鱼生长特性研究，用生长方程描绘的生长速度曲线和生长拐点（位于２８３日龄）等均较客观地反映了其生长特点。     

草鱼仔鱼耳石的自然标记和生长轮的清晰度

将野生和人工繁殖的草鱼仔鱼的耳石取出并置于显微镜下观察微结构特征。结果表明 :草鱼耳石一般有一个圆形或卵圆形的原基和中心核 ,但有 0 4 1%～ 4 6 7%的样本具有双原基或双中心核。343尾野生仔鱼中 ,6 71%的个体在矢耳石和微耳石上具有营养转换标记 ,而 187尾人工繁殖的仔鱼中 ,在矢耳石和微耳石上出现营养转换标记的比例分别是 6 4 17%和 5 0 80 % ;在营养转换标记处 ,矢耳石和微耳石的直径分别为 5 4 12±9 4 9μm和 4 0 4 8± 7 0 2 μm (n =5 0 ) ;133尾野生仔鱼在转入实验室饲养的过程中 ,86 4 7%的个体在耳石上形成了转移标记 ;野生仔鱼生长轮纹清晰的矢耳石 (n =5 2 1)和微耳石 (n =5 2 1)样本的比例分别低于 10 %和2 5 % ,但在人工饲养仔鱼中 ,95 0 0 %个体的矢耳石 (n =186 )和 88 0 0 %个体的微耳石 (n =184 )具有清晰的生长轮纹 ;野生仔鱼经人工饲养后 ,其耳石上在饲养期间沉积的生长轮的清晰度亦明显比在野外生存期间沉积的高 ;对比实验显示饥饿对仔鱼耳石生长轮的清晰度没有明显的影响.     

基于耳石微化学的乌苏里白鲑生境履历分析

为了分析乌苏里白鲑(Coregonus ussuriensis Berg)的洄游生态类型及生境履历, 采用X射线电子探针微区分析技术(EPMA)研究了2013年12月、2014年1月黑龙江干流2尾和松花江干流2尾乌苏里白鲑矢耳石的锶(Sr)、钙(Ca)元素微化学特征。定量线分析结果显示, 乌苏里白鲑耳石锶钙比值(Sr/Ca×103)波动显著, 具有对应淡水生活的低值区(小于5), 而且还有对应咸水生活的高值区(大于10), 显示了乌苏里白鲑的溯河洄游履历; 耳石元素面分析结果也显示乌苏里白鲑的淡水-咸水洄游的特征。结合耳石年轮特征分析, 乌苏里白鲑具有年度(季节)洄游特征, 部分群体有规律在淡水-咸水中季节洄游, 不同个体在淡水、咸水之间停留时间存在较大差异。研究表明, 乌苏里白鲑伴随着季节性洄游特征, 具有江海或者淡水-河口之间洄游的履历。     

据于矢耳石Sr/Ca值的长江日本鳗鲡迁移格局多样性分析(英文)

长江口是中国日本鳗鳗苗的主要产区和仅存的成鳗渔业水域。日本鳗自长江河口至上游金沙江近3000km干流及许多支流中都有分布,但其迁移行为却不为人了解。该文分析了2008年9～11月采自长江靖江段(31o30′N,120o42′E)的153尾银色鳗样本的生物学特征,测定了其中27尾标本的矢耳石Sr/Ca值。结果显示,153尾样本中有雌性85尾、雄性68尾,雌雄性比1:0.8。雌性由3～7(平均5.52)龄组成,平均体长(669±80)mm,体重(555±229)g,丰满度1.77±0.22,性腺指数(GSI)1.32±0.31。雄性由3～5(平均4.38)龄组成,平均体长(518±51)mm,体重(234±76)g,丰满度1.62±0.18,GSI0.21±0.11。雌性的这些生物学参数均显著大于雄性(P<0.05)。依据矢耳石线鳗标志轮平均Sr/Ca值(7.99±1.05)×10-3进行判断,有17尾(即62.96%个体)为"淡水型",10尾(即37.04%个体)为"河口型"。16尾雌性中有13尾(即81.25%)为"淡水型",3尾为"河口型"。11尾雄性中仅36.36%为"淡水型",63.64%为"河口型"。对每个生长层组的Sr/Ca值分析表明,雌雄间2龄时无显著差异,但3龄、4龄和洄游龄组都有显著或极显著的差异,预示着2龄时两者的栖息水域比较一致,但后来出现了明显栖息地分化。     

怒江东方墨头鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

2006年10月至2008年10月于怒江采集东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)136尾,体长54～167mm,体重3.0～114.6g。研究了其年龄、生长等生物学特性,通过耳石轮纹估算东方墨头鱼的年龄,显示怒江东方墨头鱼由10个年龄组组成。耳石半径与体长关系为:L=0.061R1.131(n=125,R2=0.907),体长与体重关系为:W=0.1×10-4L3.160。von Bertalanffy生长参数由退算体长估算:雄性L∞=224.79mm,k=0.094/年,t0=0.51年;雌性L∞=228.91mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.639年;总体L∞=227.78mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.588年。体重生长拐点雄性12.15龄、雌性13.75龄。     

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石元素组成

耳石微量元素越来越广泛地被用于头足类群体划分、洄游史等领域的研究。根据我国鱿钓船2007、2008和2010年在西南大西洋生产期间采集的阿根廷滑柔鱼样本,利用激光剥蚀电感等离子质谱法(Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,LA-ICP-MS)按不同群体、不同性别和不同生长阶段,分析了33枚阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石的元素组成及分布特性。结果表明,阿根廷滑柔鱼耳石主要由56种元素组成,含量最多的前10种元素分别为钙Ca、锶Sr、钠Na、磷P、钾K、铁Fe、镁Mg、钡Ba、硼B、镓Ga。方差分析表明(ANOVA),不同性别间Ca、Sr、Na、P、K、Fe、Mg、Ba、B、Ga都不存在显著性差异(P0.05)。冬季孵化群和秋季孵化群间耳石的Sr、Na、Mg、Ba和B存在显著性差异(P0.05),Ca、P、K、Fe和Ga则不存在显著性差异(P0.05)。耳石的核心区、后核心区、暗区和外围区等不同部位间的Na、Ba和Ga不存在显著性差异(P0.05),Ca、Sr、P、K、Fe、Mg和B则存在显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,Sr和Mg含量及其分布特性最适合用于研究阿根廷滑柔鱼的群体划分、洄游史等渔业生态学特性。     

采用耳石日轮研究珠江口黄唇鱼幼鱼的产卵期及生长

通过矢耳石日轮对采自珠江口的黄唇鱼Bahaba flavolabiata 幼鱼进行日龄鉴定, 并据此研究其产卵期和生长特性。黄唇鱼的产卵时间最早为2 月8 日, 最晚是5 月17 日, 产卵期主要集中在3-5 月。体长为16.40-26.30 cm 的黄唇鱼幼鱼的体长与体重之间的关系为幂函数关系, 体重生长为匀速生长; 体长和体重随日龄的生长关系均以幂函数模型符合程度较好; 体长和体重平均生长率分别为0.55 mm⋅d−1 和1.60 g⋅d⁻¹, 特定生长率分别为0.27%⋅d−1 和0.82%⋅d⁻¹。研究结果表明, 利用耳石日龄来推算黄唇鱼的产卵期是可行的, 并可据此推算其特定阶段的生长模型。     

湘江鳡仔稚鱼个体和耳石生长发育研究

2008 年6 月至7 月间于鳡(Elopichthys bambusa Richardson)的主要繁殖季节在湘江采集鳡仔稚鱼共370尾, 耳石分析表明这些仔稚鱼日龄在4-25d 间, 推算孵化日期为5 月27 日至6 月22 日。仔鱼前弯曲期向弯曲期转化时间为第6 日龄, 弯曲期向后弯曲期转化为第10 日龄, 后弯曲期向稚鱼期转化为15.5 日龄。体长生长和耳石生长均在进入后弯曲期后(12-13 日龄)出现1 个节点: 节点后体长生长速度是节点前的5 倍,节点后耳石生长速度是节点前的2 倍。早期生活史不同阶段鳡微耳石形态显著改变: 前弯曲期耳石为圆形;弯曲期耳石前后轴的生长速度明显超过背腹轴生长, 耳石也变为椭圆形; 后弯曲期耳石进一步延长, 耳石后端形成略尖的突起, 耳石呈梨形; 进入稚鱼期后, 耳石后突起变得较为平滑, 耳石形状呈贝形。耳石半径和体长的关系在后弯曲期阶段出现节点, 节点前后呈不同的直线关系。       

洞庭湖中是否存在溯河洄游型刀鲚

利用电子探针微区分析(EPMA)技术, 分析了2018年8月采自湖南省岳阳市洞庭湖畔水产市场2尾刀鲚(Coilia nasus)干制个体的矢耳石中锶和钙微化学特征。定量线分析结果显示, 2尾样本的耳石锶钙比值(Sr/Ca×1000)波动显著, 从耳石核心到边缘可分别出现对应淡水生境的锶钙比值<3的低值区, 对应于半咸水生境的3—7高值区和再次为对应于淡水生境<3的低值区。面分布分析结果更直观显示两尾刀鲚个体的耳石从核心到边缘对应于不同盐度生境的锶含量变化图谱, 即从耳石核心到边缘可分别出现对应于淡水生境的蓝色区域, 对应长江口外半咸水生境的黄绿色区域和再次对应于淡水生境的蓝色区域。这种淡水-半咸水-淡水的生境转换显示出了上述个体的典型溯河洄游生活史“履历”。研究显示目前距长江河口约1400 km的洞庭湖中仍可能存在溯河洄游型刀鲚个体。     

Effect of hypergravity on the Ca/Sr composition of developing otoliths of larval cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus)

The amounts of calcium and strontium were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in saccular and utricular inner ear otoliths (sagittae and lapilli, respectively) of developing cichlid fish. These fish had been maintained for 22 days at 3-g hypergravity conditions within a centrifuge. During this time-span, the animals completed their ontogenetic development from hatch to the free-swimming stage. Neither the morphogenetic development nor the timely onset and gain of performance of the swimming behaviour was impaired by the experimental conditions. Experimental and control animals also did not differ concerning their size (total length). ICP-MS revealed that the otoliths contained significantly less calcium (in microg/otolith) after hyper-g exposure compared to parallelly raised 1-g control specimens (lapilli: 0.74+/-0.21 vs. 1.16+/-0.41; sagittae: 2.09+/-0.49 vs. 2.76+/-0.47). The content of strontium (in microg/otolith: lapilli: 0.0044+/-0.0023 vs. 0.0022+/-0.0013; sagittae: 0.0094+/-0.0026 vs. 0.0081+/-0.0016) and, consequently, the Sr/Ca ratio (Sr/Cax100) was increased (lapilli: 0.607+/-0.267 vs. 0.201+/-0.12; sagittae: 0.439+/-0.093 vs. 0.301+/-0.086). Since the calcium content can be taken as a proxy for otolith weight, and because parallelly undertaken morphometric investigations revealed smaller otoliths (maximum radius and surface area) due to hyper-g exposure, the results suggest that the growth of otoliths at hyper-g is slowed down. Since the concentration of trace elements incorporated into otoliths is likely based on the composition of the respective protein matrix, our findings suggest that the protein metabolism is affected by hypergravity.     

三江平原小叶章钾、钙、镁含量与累积的季节变化

2004年5—10月,对三江平原典型小叶章草甸和小叶章-苔草沼泽化草甸群落优势植物小叶章的K、Ca、Mg含量与累积的季节变化进行了研究.结果表明：典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章不同器官K、Ca、Mg含量差异较大,其中,其地上器官的K含量整体均呈下降趋势,符合线性模型(y=A+Bt);茎中Ca含量变幅不大,符合抛物线模型(y=A＋B₁t＋B₂t₂),叶和叶鞘中整体呈递增变化,符合指数增长模型(y=Aexp(t/B₁)+B₂);茎中Mg含量变幅最大,而叶和叶鞘相对平缓.不同时期小叶章各器官K、Ca、Mg含量差异较大,典型草甸小叶章地上器官的K含量大多高于沼泽化草甸小叶章,而沼泽化草甸小叶章根、叶鞘的Ca、Mg含量则高于典型草甸小叶章;典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章不同器官K、Ca、Mg储量及累积速率差异明显,其中根的储量最大,分别占总储量的（63.82±23.19）％、（78.68±15.44）％、（76.48±19.06）％和（85.23±9.20）％、（93.51±3.46）％、（92.39±3.22）％.典型草甸小叶章地上器官K、Ca、Mg储量均明显高于沼泽化草甸小叶章,根则相反.这种差异主要与小叶章生态学特性及所处生境有关。     

Migratory history of the spotted flagtail, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kuhlia marginata</Emphasis>

The spotted flagtail, Kuhlia marginata (Kuhliidae) is commonly found in streams throughout the Ryukyu Archipelago, including Okinawa Island, Japan. Although it has been suggested that they spawn at sea, little is known about their migratory history. The aim of the study was to clarify their migration history based on otolith microchemistry analysis, size composition and the gonadal development of fish collected from the Genka River on Okinawa Island. All strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios of otoliths remained high around their cores, and then dropped rapidly at some distance from the core. The estimated standard length corresponding to decreases correlated with the size of new recruits collected in the river (ca. 20 mm in standard length: SL). Multiple increases, the sign for migrations into the high saline area, were recognized intermittently around the otolith margin. As the estimated SL at these increases in the Sr/Ca ratio occurred above the minimum maturation size (female: 95.5 mm SL; male: 83.5 mm SL), such multiple increases in Sr/Ca ratios were caused by spawning migration. Therefore, we conclude that the catadromous pattern of K. marginata is as follows; this species grows in the sea during the early life stage until ca. 20 mm SL and then grow in the freshwater area until maturation, before they migrate again to the sea for spawning. Sr/Ca ratio profiles also suggested that a large number of males did not return to the freshwater area after spawning, whereas females might spawn several times during their lives around the inshore area.     

二氧化碳浓度升高对太湖沉水植物马来眼子菜生长的影响

通过室外培养试验,研究不同CO₂浓度条件下沉水植物马来眼子菜的生长及生理变化.结果表明：CO₂浓度升高(1000 μmol·mol^-1)条件下,马来眼子菜单株的平均生物量增加了44.3%(P<0.01),茎生物量比重下降了5.5%(P<0.05);根和叶中氮含量分别下降了18.1%和6.4%(P<0.05),而茎中氮含量变化不明显(P>0.05);根、茎、叶中磷含量分别增加了22.2%(P<0.05)、26.6%(P>0.05)和38.8%(P<0.05);可溶性糖含量增加了27.3%、18.3%和37.5%(P<0.05);根、茎和叶中全碳含量增加了4.6%、5.3%和2.0%;CO₂浓度升高使水体中氮、磷含量分别下降了7.9%和5.1%(P<0.05),但对底泥中氮、磷的含量影响不明显.CO₂浓度升高将对沉水植物生长及其生境有一定影响.     

Does water calcium content influence the distinctness of daily growth increments in the otoliths of larval whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.)?

In larval and juvenile whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus L.) from Lake Constance, Germany, the otolith increments are deposited daily, whereas daily deposition could not be confirmed in larval whitefish from Lake Pyhäselkä, Finland. The calcium concentration in Lake Constance is high (around 1.3 m m ), while calcium deficiency is typical for Finnish lakes (around 0.15 m m ). Therefore, the hypothesis that the distinctness of daily otolith increments in whitefish is related to water calcium content was tested by rearing three groups of Lake Constance whitefish in water of 0.2, 1.3 and 4.7 m m Ca. The eggs were incubated in lake water (1.3 m m Ca), and the larvae were acclimated to the experimental calcium concentrations on the day of hatching. After 39 days of ad libitum- feeding with Artemia nauplii, the three groups did not differ significantly in total length, wet and dry weight, and otolith length and width. The daily increments were easily recognizable, and contrast between dark (D)- and light (L)-zones was the same in the fish of all test groups. For the experimental set-up of this study, and particularly the range of calcium concentrations tested, the hypothesis that water calcium content influences the distinctness of daily otolith increments was rejected.     

Occurrence of the non-anadromous life history in the shirauo, Salangichthys microdon

Strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in the otoliths of the shirauo, Salangichthys microdon, collected from Japanese coastal waters were examined by wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry on an electron microprobe. The otolith Sr : Ca ratios gradually increased from 15.7?19.7 × 10^?3 around the core to 32.8?39.4 × 10^?3 around the edge of otoliths, with no transition point from the low Sr : Ca ratio phase to the high phase. The fluctuation pattern of otolith Sr : Ca ratios was different from the anadromous form reported in a previous study. The evidence indicates that the fish do not necessarily migrate into freshwater during the growth phase.     

Otolith shape analysis and daily increment validation during ontogeny of larval and juvenile European chub Squalius cephalus

This assesses features of otoliths from laboratory-reared embryos, larvae and juvenile European chub Squalius cephalus from hatching to 180 days post-hatching (dph). We observed the development of the three pairs of otoliths (lapilli, sagittae and asterisci) and more precisely shape changes, as well as timing and deposition rate of increments of the lapilli. The lapilli and the sagittae were present at hatching, whereas the asterisci formed between 20 and 30 dph. The lapillus and sagitta shapes were round until 20 dph. From 60 dph the anterior and the posterior rostra of the sagittae were well developed, but very thin, making this otolith too fragile to manipulate for further studies of shape and validation of otolith increment deposition rate. The lapilli provided reliable age estimates for free embryos, larvae and juveniles up to 120 dph. However, caution should be taken when ageing fish older than 150 dph as an underestimation was noticeable. The regression of the number of otolith increments on age showed a slope and an intercept not significantly different from 1 and 0, respectively, which indicated that otolith growth increments were deposited on a daily basis, with the first microincrement occurring at hatching. Increment counts were consistent between three interpreters, indicating a consistent and reliable age estimate. This study validates that the otolith increment deposition rate can be used to assess hatching dates and daily growth of wild S. cephalus under 150 dph and in environments similar to the conditions used in this study.     

Mediterranean juvenile bluefin tuna: life history patterns

As there is a lack of information on the growth and migrations of bluefin tuna, information about them was gathered using the structural and chemical characteristics of their otoliths and mercury levels in body tissues as indicators of physiological and habitat characteristics. The otoliths of juvenile tuna caught in the Spanish Mediterranean littoral were studied. Otolith increments, assumed to be formed daily, were enumerated. Measurements by wavelength dispersive electron microprobe confirmed the presence of strontium in otolith tissue, and an inverse relationship between strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) concentration ratio and temperature is suggested. Electron microprobe analyses combined with daily increment analyses of otoliths provided life history profiles for individual fish. Additional Sr/Ca concentration ratio data on fish supported the idea that Sr/Ca ratios can provide information on the environmental history of individual fish. Body concentrations of mercury were related to otolith analyses to suggest age structure, critical life history periods, growth environment, stock structure, food web position, and migration history. The techniques applied present an innovative approach to management-related problems, and the combination of chemical analyses with structural analyses promises to expand our knowledge of the life history of migratory fishes.     

四种温带森林土壤氧化亚氮通量及其影响因子

以中国东北东部4种典型森林生态系统(人工红松林、落叶松林、天然次生蒙古栎林和硬阔叶林)为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,比较其土壤N₂O通量的季节动态及其影响因子.结果表明：在生长季, 4种森林生态系统土壤总体上表现为大气N₂O的排放源, 其N₂O通量大小顺序为：硬阔叶林(21.0±4.9 μg·m^-2·h^-1)> 红松林(17.6±4.6 μg·m^-2·h^-1)>落叶松林(9.8±5.9 μg·m^-2·h^-1)>蒙古栎林(1.6±12.6 μg·m^-2·h^-1).各生态系统的N₂O通量没有明显的季节动态,只在夏初出现排放峰值(蒙古栎林为吸收峰).4种生态系统N₂O通量均与10 cm深土壤含水量呈极显著正相关,与NO₃^--N呈显著负相关;N₂O通量对土壤温度和NH₄⁺-N的响应出现分异：针叶林N₂O 通量与NH₄⁺-N呈显著正相关,而与5 cm深土壤温度呈不相关;阔叶林与针叶林正相反.在较为干旱的2007年,土壤水分是影响4种林型土壤N₂O通量的关键因子.植被类型与环境因子及氮素有效性对N₂O通量的相互作用将是未来研究的重点.     

Comparison of otolith growth and morphology with somatic growth and age in young-of-the-year bluefin tuna

Otolith morphological characteristics were studied using image analysis techniques and the relationships between otolith growth and somatic growth and age, as estimated from counting daily otolith increments, were examined in young-of-the-year (YOY) bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus ranging in fork length ( L _F) from 8·5 to 55·5 cm. Whole otolith length, width, area and perimeter, and three shape indexes, circularity, E value and rectangularity, were extracted for each pair of sagittae. Since no statistical significant differences between left and right otolith morphometrics were found, only one otolith from each fish was used for correlations. Statistically significant relationships were observed between otoliths measurements and fish somatic growth when a linear regression was applied after logarithmic transformation of all variables tested. Among the variables, otolith length was the one that showed the highest correlation with L _F, followed by otolith area and perimeter, whereas otolith rectangularity exhibited the lowest correlation. Statistically significant relationships were also observed between the otolith variables tested and the age of the fish, which ranged from 20 to 129 days. The ages estimated using otolith mass were very close to those assessed using daily increment counts (bias ranged from 1 to 24 days). Therefore, otolith mass could represent a valuable criterion for age estimation in YOY bluefin tuna that is objective, economic and easy to perform compared to daily increment counting method.