丛枝菌根真菌对烟草钾素吸收的研究

在盆栽条件下研究了接种AM真菌Glomus mosseae对烤烟K素吸收的影响。结果表明,施钾量与AM真菌对烤烟K累积量与分配有明显的影响,对烤烟不同时期生长、不同叶位含钾量影响显著(P<0．01)。菌根菌与施钾量二者组合对烤烟烟叶含钾量的提高作用在生长中、后期最为显著,接种AM真菌对烤烟整株烟叶含钾量的影响,主要是提高了上、中、下位叶的含钾量,进而提高了整株烟叶的含钾量;接种AM真菌提高了钾在叶中的分配比例。降低了K在茎中的分配比例,比较而言,在0．75～1．125g·kg^-1施钾(K2O)水平,AM真菌对烤烟K的累积与分配及含钾量的作用效果最佳。     

氮肥形态和用量对藏东南地区烤烟产量和质量的影响

在藏东南地区进行了氮肥用量和形态对烟产量与质量影响的田间试验。结果表明,在施N量0－150kg·hm^-2范围内,施N量与烘烤后烟叶产量、产值、氧化钾及总N含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与上中等烟比例、还原糖含量则呈显著负相关,糖／碳比显著下降,氮肥用量75kg·hm^-2时,产量、质量最佳。无机氮肥对烟产量与质量的效应极显著优于有机氮肥。铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵态氮肥处理间除上中等烟比例,其它各项指标仅略有差异,但均极显著优于酰胺态氮肥。铵态氮对烤烟产量与质量的影响略优于硝态氮,主要在于烟株吸收和同化过程的差异。     

氮肥形态和用量对藏东南地区烤烟产量和质量的影响

在藏东南地区进行了氮肥用量和形态对烤烟产量与质量影响的田间试验.结果表明,在施N量0～150kg·hm^-2范围内,施N量与烘烤后烟叶产量、产值、氧化钾及总N含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与上中等烟比例、还原糖含量则呈显著负相关,糖/碱比显著下降.氮肥用量75kg·hm^-2时,产量、质量最佳.无机氮肥对烤烟产量与质量的效应极显著优于有机氮肥.铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵态氮肥处理间除上中等烟比例,其它各项指标仅略有差异,但均极显著优于酰胺态氮肥.铵态氮对烤烟产量与质量的影响略优于硝态氮,主要在于烟株吸收和同化过程的差异.     

施钾对花生养分吸收、产量与效益的影响

对江淮丘陵地区花生钾素的养分吸收特点以及施钾对花生产量和经济效益的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在一定氮、磷肥供给水平上,增施钾肥,能调节植株体内养分的运输与分配,促进植株对N、P、K养分的吸收,显著提高花生生殖器官的干物质积累,从而有利于提高花生的产量、品质和抗性,每生产100kg荚果,对N、P、K养分吸收量分别为3．08～5．35、0．6～1．2、3．45～6．66kg。其中对K的吸收量最大。主要集中在营养器官中;N、P的吸收主要集中在荚果等生殖器官中,随着施K量的增加,各器官中N、P、K含量均随之增加,但K的增加最多,P增加最少,当施K量为150～180kg·hm^-2,且N、P、K的施肥配比为2：1：2时,花生荚果的产量最高(5425．5kg·hm^-2),经济效益最大(13878．7元·hm^-2),产投比达到6．75：1,增产增收效果显著;而施K量超过225kg·hm^-2时,花生产量和效益明显下降,因此,在花生生产上可以推荐N150P75K150作为该地区高产栽培的平衡施肥配方。     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响

氮素平衡对干物质积累与分配的影响是农业生态系统研究的重要内容,在保障产量前提下减少氮肥施用量可减少环境污染与温室气体排放。以晚播冬小麦为研究对象,设置4个施氮量水平:0 kg/hm2(N0)、168.75 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、281.25 kg/hm2(N3),每个施氮量水平下设置2个追氮时期处理:拔节期(S1)、拔节期+开花期(S2),研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施氮肥(S1)条件下,在225 kg/hm2(N2)基础上增施25%氮肥(N3)对开花期氮素积累总量和营养器官氮素转运量无显著影响;拔节期+开花期追施氮肥(S2)条件下,随施氮量增加,开花期氮素积累总量和花后营养器官氮素转运量升高;S2较S1显著提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量、花后籽粒氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了成熟期的干物质积累量、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累强度和花后籽粒干物质积累量。同一追氮时期条件下,籽粒产量N2与N3无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了晚播冬小麦的籽粒产量和氮肥吸收利用率。拔节期+开花期追施氮肥,总施氮量225kg/hm2为有利于实现晚播冬小麦高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

施氮对桉树人工林生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响

施肥是维持短期轮伐人工林生产量的重要手段,为了提高肥料利用效率,缓释氮肥逐渐成为广泛采用的氮肥种类。评估缓释肥施用对人工林生长季土壤温室气体通量的影响对于全面评估人工林施肥的环境效应具有重要意义。以我国南方广泛种植的桉树林为对象,采用野外控制实验研究了4种施氮处理(对照CK:0 kg/hm2;低氮L:84.2 kg/hm2;中氮M:166.8 kg/hm2;高氮H:333.7 kg/hm2)对土壤-大气界面3种温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)通量的影响,结果表明:(1)4种施氮水平下CO2排放通量、N2O排放通量和CH4吸收通量分别为276.84—342.84 mg m-2h-1、17.64—375.34μg m-2h-1和29.65—39.70μg m-2h-1;施氮显著促进了N2O的排放(P0.01),高氮处理显著增加CO2排放和显著减少CH4吸收(P0.05),且CO2排放通量与CH4吸收通量随着施氮量的增加分别呈现增加和减少的趋势;(2)生长季CO2和N2O排放呈现显著正相关(P0.01),CO2排放和CH4吸收呈现显著负相关(P0.05),N2O排放和CH4吸收呈现显著负相关(P0.01);(3)土壤温度和土壤水分是影响CO2、N2O排放通量和CH4吸收通量的主要环境因素。结果表明:施用缓释肥显著增加了桉树林生长季土壤N2O排放量,且高氮处理还显著促进CO2排放和显著抑制CH4吸收,上述研究结果可为人工林缓释肥对土壤温室气体通量评估提供参数。     

增施磷、钾肥对大花蕙兰炭疽病防治效果的影响

通过施用3种不同氮、磷、钾比例的肥料并结合常规药剂防治,对大花蕙兰黄金小神童炭疽病防治效果进行比较试验。结果表明,增施钾肥的[N：P(P2O5)：K(K2O)=15：15：30]和增施磷肥的[N：P(P2O5)：K(K2O)=15：30：15]防治效果显著,防治效果分别达到76．54％、73．71％,显著高于未增施磷、钾肥的(N：P(P2O5)：K(K2O)=15：15：15]防治效果(47．79％),说明增施磷、钾肥有助于提高对兰花炭疽病的防治效果。     

施氮水平对两种水稻产量影响的动态模拟及施肥优化分析

借助水稻生长模型ORYZA-0和氮肥管理模块,通过田间和水槽的水稻氮肥试验,对水稻模型和N素动态模块进行了验证。结果表明,模型模拟的不同N素水平水稻生物量、产量同实际测定值明显呈正相关。其中,氮肥用量160kg·hm^-2为最佳经济施氮量,通过获得的水稻参数和氮肥应用曲线模拟的氮肥运筹结果表明：1)在低N(N<100kg·hm^-2)水平下,氮肥应在移栽后35d内全部施入;2)当施氮量为100～200kg·hm^-2时,N应在移栽后45d内全部施入;3)当施氮量N>200kg·hm^-2时,氮肥应在移栽后60d内全部施入;4)随着施氮量的增加,后期施肥比重可略为增加。总体来看,模型不仅能较准确地模拟水稻生长动态,而且可以模拟水稻N吸收和积累的行为动态,从大田晚稻的氮肥运筹模拟结果可看出,氮肥应用次数越多,越接近施氮应用积累曲线的连续施氮产量模拟值(6199kg·hm^-2),但是在实际生产中这会增加农民的用工量和生产成本,难以让农民接受。因而在生产实际中既能让生产者接受,又不致较多地影响产量和收入,在160kg·hm^-2(纯N)施用量下的最佳施肥方案为N素化肥分4次按0．2：0．3：0．3：0．2的比例,分别于移栽后5、20、30和40d施入,可获得5916kg·hm^-2的产量。     

氮素对不同品种烤烟叶片衰老、光合特性及产量和品质的影响

以豫烟5号、豫烟7号和NC89为材料,研究氮素对不同品种烤烟叶片衰老、光合特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明：增施氮素可显著增强烤烟叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高叶绿素含量,增强光合性能,从而延缓烤烟叶片衰老.与豫烟5号和NC89相比,豫烟7号叶片叶绿素含量较低,光合性能较弱,SOD活性低,MDA含量高,叶片衰老较快.与60和75 kg·hm^-2施N处理相比,45 kg·hm^-2 施N处理的烟叶均价、产值、上等烟比例均最高,且化学品质指标较好,符合优质烟叶要求.表明不同品种烤烟衰老生理特性有明显差异;氮素营养对烤烟叶片衰老、产量和品质有明显的调节作用;适量施氮可提高烟叶品质,获得较高的经济效益.     

不同前作对烤烟氮肥效应的影响

为了合理选择烤烟轮作周期中的前作,采用田间微区试验和田间小区试验相结合的方法,应用稳定性同位素15N示踪技术,研究了玉溪市通海县四街镇不同前作对烤烟氮肥效应的影响.结果表明:增施氮肥可以降低中部叶和下部叶的总糖含量,提高烟叶中的烟碱浓度,有协调糖碱比的作用;前作种类不同对烤烟的生长有影响,在不施氮时,烤烟总的生物量由低到高顺序依次为大麦(Hordeum vulgar)、洋葱(AUium cepa)、油菜(Pisum sativum)、甜脆豌豆(Brassica rtapus);前作种类、氮水平以及前作与氮水平的交互作用极显著地影响烤烟氮肥利用率,也显著影响烤烟经济性状(上等烟比例、产量、产值);烤烟较好的前作为大麦和油菜.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.