鼎湖山植被演替过程优势种群动态研究Ⅲ．黄果厚壳桂和厚壳桂种群

森林群落的演替过程,是以各优势种群的动态为其表现特征．本项系列研究以系统地揭示鼎湖山森林植被演替过程各优势种群的动态为目的,本文研究了其中演替顶极种黄果厚壳桂和厚壳桂种群的动态．结果表明在演替过程中,其生态位宽度在针阔叶混交林阶段后期逐渐增大,这一趋势将至地带性中生性季风常绿阔叶林阶段．在这类中生性树种的发展过程中,种群的分布格局强度均有在高集群和随机分布之间、围绕低集群分布呈波动的趋势;其与早期先锋树种马尾松种群的生态位重叠值和种间联结值在针阔叶混交林阶段有较低值,至阳生性阔叶树种为优势常绿阔叶林阶段下降为零;而与阳生性树种的生态位重叠值和种间联结值由高向低转变,说明这类种群作为群落顶极种的特性．     

鼎湖山地带性植被种间联结变化研究

研究鼎湖山地带性植被厚壳桂属（Cryptocarya）群落种间联结15年的变化,以期揭示该群落随时间演替过程中种间关系的变化情况。结果表明,群落的优势种种类组成基本没变化,但与15年前比较,优势种群的种对正负联结比例基本一致,但种间关系趋向平缓,高的正或负联结系数值少见;阳生性的先锋种与中生性建群种的联结系数值增大;群落中的2个亚群丛分化更为明显。表明南亚热带地带性顶极群落稳定是相对的,而波动变化是明显的,尤其是当群落循环演替的进程加剧时。     

鼎湖山森林植物种群分布格局分析与联结分析

分布格局分析与联结分析是研究植物群落空间分布及结构的重要方法。本文以鼎湖山自然保护区马尾松群落,马尾松阔叶树混交林群落和厚壳桂森林群落为对象,选择22个主要的乔木、灌木、藤本种群,应用Greig-Smith分布格局分析、Kershaw强度分析。Hill二项局部方差分析和谱分析等四个分布格局分析方法及结合分析、协方差分析和相关分析等三个联结分析方法,描述和指示了植物种群水平分布的斑块性及种群之间在空间分布上的相互关系;并进一步从统计处理和实用范围等方面比较了各方法的合理性及有效性。研究表明,分布格局分析对于南亚热带森林植物种群分布格局强度与规模的分离是有效的。其中Greig-Smith方法有一定的适应性,并可通过与Hill方法的结合应用使其缺陷得以补偿;而谱分析方法更适用于大样本的分析。联结分析中,只有少数种间发生正或负的联结;三个方法各具特点,尤以结合分析在计算上和图示上为佳。     

鼎湖山森林群落数量分析——厚壳桂Cryptocarya群落的乔木优势种群分布格局的初步探讨

本文应用方差/均值比率法和频度数据 x~2检验,比较实测值对 Poisson 分布预期值的偏离来探测鼎湖山厚壳桂森林群落的乔木优势种群的分布格局,并分析了黄果厚壳桂Cryptocarya concinna 与厚壳桂 C.chinensis 这两个最优种群分布格局在不同区组规模的强度与相关性。本文应用的方法,完全适用于南亚热带常绿阔叶林的乔木种群分布格局的研究。     

金钱松群落优势种群种间联结及群落稳定性研究

种间联结反映了植物群落中的种间关系和群落稳定程度, 对群落恢复和目标物种的保护具有重要意义。为了解金钱松群落的种间关系及群落稳定性, 采用方差比率法(VR)、x2检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数以及M. Godron稳定性测定等数量分析方法, 对浙江长兴金钱松群落中的18个优势种群、153个种对的种间相关性及群落稳定性进行分析。结果表明: 金钱松群落内的18个优势种群总体联结性呈不显著的正联结, 植物种类累积倒数百分比与累积相对频度交点坐标为(40, 60), 远离稳定交点坐标(20, 80), 说明群落处于不稳定状态。卡方检验表明绝大多数种对之间的联结性均不显著, 只有2个种对存在显著关联。联结系数和共同出现百分率也表明, 群落各种对相关性较弱, 各物种间呈独立分布格局。Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验发现, 金钱松与水竹之间呈显著负相关。结论: 金钱松群落种间关联性弱, 群落处于不稳定阶段。为保护和促进金钱松种群的恢复, 应进行适当的人为干扰和限制竹类植物在群落中的生长。     

鼎湖山厚壳桂群落演替过程的组成和结构动态

森林群落的演替是以群落结构的变化为表现特征的。本项研究系统地研究鼎湖山森林群落的不同演替阶段的代表性群落在群落演替过程中的群落结构动态。本文以永久样地１２年的前后调查为基础,并比较１９５５年的调查结果,研究了鼎湖山地带性植被季风常绿阔叶林厚壳桂群落在演替过程中的结构动态。结果表明该群落在演替过程中,其种类结构没有大的变化,但优势种群的个体数量有一定的变化。阳生性的类群更趋于衰亡,中生性类群更趋壮大。在群落的组成结构上,其物种多样性指数较为稳定,而生态优势度指数略微下降和群落均匀度指标略微增加,反映了该群落作为接近地带性气候顶极类型的相对稳定的特征。     

海南岛鸡毛松人工林群落种间联结性研究

对海南岛尖峰岭鸡毛松人工林群落主要树种的重要值、总体方差比率及x^2统计量等种间联结性指标进行测定。结果表明,鸡毛松人工群落树木种类丰富,种群间总体上正联结达显著水平,大部分种群种间联结性不显著,独立分布的为多。鸡毛松与极少种群的种间联结性显著,与大部分种群间联结性不显著,体现了鸡毛松较强的生态适应性。海南岛尖峰岭鸡毛松群落已逐渐向天然次生群落演替。     

乌兰布和沙漠沙冬青群落特征的研究

基于对乌兰布和沙漠地区植被调查数据,采用物种多样性和种群联结性相结合的分析方法,对珍稀植物沙冬青群落生存状况进行分析评价,以揭示群落稳定性及更新演替趋势。结果表明:(1)研究区沙冬青群落的种类组成比较丰富,与沙冬青伴生的植物共有25种,其中灌木12种,草本植物13种。(2)灌木层物种多样性水平较草本层高,但无论是灌木层还是草本层,固定沙丘生境的沙冬青群落物种多样性均较大,物种均较为丰富;物种均匀度减小是群落草本层多样性下降的主要原因。(3)种间总体联结性测定结果显示,沙冬青群落中灌木层种间有轻微正关联;总体竞争性较弱,表明沙冬青在群落中处于优势地位。(4)从种间联结来看,大多数种对为正联结,或联结性较小且均不显著,说明沙冬青作为该群落的建群种,它的分布和存在似乎不受其他物种的影响或所受影响很小,有独立分布特征;但即使联结性不强的物种也可能有较高的相伴出现机率。研究认为,可通过保护和选择与之正联结较强的物种来保护和建立沙冬青生存环境,以维持沙冬青分布群落的稳定性,最终达到实效保护目的。     

黄果厚壳桂种群生态学特征

通过对黄果厚壳桂的生态学特征研究表明,黄果厚壳桂是南亚热带季风绿阔叶林中地生性顶极群落中的优势种群,在南亚热带低山区域有广泛的分布,在森林群落演替的过程中,黄果厚壳桂是最早进入群落的中性性树种之一,其具有较高的光合速率和摄取营养物质的能力,一旦获得适应的生境,其生物量和第一生产力将在群落占较大比重．黄果厚壳桂种群为优势种组成的生态系统内小气候相对稳定,各生理,生态特性差异较小,黄果厚壳桂是地带性植     

珍稀植物对开蕨与其伴生物种的联结性及群落稳定性

基于2×2联列表,采用X2和W检验,联结系数(AC)、点相关系数(PPC)、Ochiai指数(OI)、共同出现百分率(PC)的种间联结性分析和M.Godron群落稳定性测定方法,以长白山极其狭小地区分布的国家Ⅱ级保护植物——对开蕨(Phyllitis scolopendrium)为研究对象,分析了其在海拔729、1008m群落内,对开蕨与其伴生种联结性及群落稳定性。调查显示:吉林省临江区域自然分布的对开蕨种群为小片状聚集分布,数量较少,局部大尺度上分布频度极低,为偶见种。与对开蕨伴生的植物共有70种,其中乔木16种,灌木16种,草本植物38种。联结性分析表明:群落总体联结性VR(方差比率)1,检验统计量WX20.05(N),显示群落种群间均表现出正关联,但没有达到显著水平。联结性测度指标显示对开蕨种群与乔木、灌木联结性低于与草本的联结性;其中对开蕨与乔木联结种对均不显著(X23.841);与灌木正联结种对以凤城卫矛(Euonymus maximowiczianus)达到显著正联结(X23.841),其它联结均不显著;对开蕨与草本植物三叉耳蕨(Polystichum tripteron)达到极显著正联结(X26.635),与粗茎鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris crassirhizoma)为显著正联结,与野芝麻(Lamium barbatum)为显著负联结(3.841X26.635),反映出对开蕨与大多数植物种群关联不显著或显著关联的种群极少,种间联结关系较为松散趋向于相互独立,有很大的随机性。群落稳定性测定得出:海拔1008m的01群落和海拔729m的02群落,其总体的累计种类倒数百分数与累积相对频度比值分别为35/65、34/66,均远离20/80;各群落内乔木层、灌木层、草本层的比值也远离稳定点坐标,显示出群落总体均不稳定;两个群落内部各层次的稳定性排序均为草本层灌木层乔木层。结论提示:现存对开蕨群落极不稳定,亟待加强保护。在物种保护和回归实践中可通过保护和选择与之正联结较强的物种来保护和建立对开蕨生存环境以求对开蕨分布群落的稳定,最终达到实效保护目的。     

Pollen,ovules, and pollination in pea: Success,failure, and resilience in heat

Field pea (Pisum sativum), a major grain legume crop, is autogamous and adapted to temperate climates. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of high temperature stress on stamen chemical composition, anther dehiscence, pollen viability, pollen interactions with pistil and ovules, and ovule growth and viability. Two cultivars (“CDC Golden” and “CDC Sage”) were exposed to 24/18°C (day/night) continually or to 35/18°C for 4 or 7 days. Heat stress altered stamen chemical composition, with lipid composition of “CDC Sage” being more stable compared with “CDC Golden.” Heat stress reduced pollen viability and the proportion of ovules that received a pollen tube. After 4 days at 35°C, pollen viability in flower buds decreased in “CDC Golden,” but not in “CDC Sage.” After 7 days, partial to full failure of anthers to dehisce resulted in subnormal pollen loads on stigmas. Although growth (ovule size) of fertilized ovules was stimulated by 35°C, heat stress tended to decrease ovule viability. Pollen appears susceptible to stress, but not many grains are needed for successful fertilization. Ovule fertilization and embryos are less susceptible to heat, but further research is warranted to link the exact degree of resilience to stress intensity.     

Love, careers, and heights in France, 2001

Short men are less likely to be married or live in a permanent relationship than their taller counterparts. This pattern is not due to their social status. While blue-collar workers are shorter on average than managers, the effects of height on finding a mate are similar in the two social groups. Being tall is also economically advantageous for men. With identical educational attainment levels, tall men have better careers than short men as they are given greater supervisory responsibilities. In making a commitment, some women might take height into account as an anticipated indicator of future resources of the household. Choice of partner is also influenced by social norms--i.e., partners should be physically well-matched--which is more difficult for shorter men.     

Magnesium,calcium, copper,and zinc in meals

Meals of 12 diets were prepared from conventional foods with precautions against contamination by metallic elements because of epidemiologic associations between ischemic heart disease and the metabolism of magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc. Magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The mean daily amount of copper in the diets was less than the apparent adult requirement. Mean amounts of magnesium and zinc were close to apparent requirements; however, adults consuming amounts less than one standard deviation below these means may be depleting body stores and be at risk of pathology. Magnesium and copper were highly correlated (r=0.849,P=0.0001) in meals. This and other significant correlations probably will prevent the relationships of these elements to ischemic heart disease from being elucidated by epidemiology. Metabolic experiments will be necessary to differentiate among several hypotheses.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Diet,intestinal morphology,and nitrogen assimilation efficiency in the damselfish,Stegastes lividus,in Guam

Synopsis Analysis of stomach contents of Stegastes lividus revealed a shift from omnivory in juveniles to herbivory in adults. Red algae, primarily Polysiphonia spp., Gelidiopsis intricata and Ceramium spp., formed the bulk of the diet in all size classes. Foraminifera and small crustaceans were of particular importance in the diet of juveniles. Net nitrogen assimilation efficiency of field-fed S. lividus was approximately 61%, and did not vary with fish size. The net assimilation efficiencies of fish fed on Enteromorpha in the laboratory ranged from size-class means of 36–79% for nitrogen and from 29–72% for total organic material, and increased from juveniles to adults. Apparently, juveniles compensate for a lower efficiency in assimilating plant food by including a higher percentage of animal material in their natural diets. The ratios of intestine length to standard length (IL/SL) and to intestine diameter (IL/ID) increased rapidly in juveniles and leveled off in adults. The retention time for ingested food items may only be about one-half as long in juveniles as in adults. The combination of observed IL/ID ratios and estimated retention times proved most valuable in the interpretation of ontogenetic changes in feeding habits and assimilation efficiency.     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.     

Seroepidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Yamagata,Japan, in 2014

To clarify the seroepidemiology of human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1), 3 and 6, neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were measured in 214 serum specimens collected in 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The seroprevalence against HPeV1 was 100% in all age groups, while that against HPeV3 and HPeV6 was 79.4% and 66.8%, respectively, overall. The geometric mean titers of NT Abs against HPeV1, 3 and 6 were 755.2, 255.0 and 55.9, respectively, overall. Our findings indicate that HPeV1 is the most prevalent HPeV circulating in Yamagata, followed by HPeV3 and HPeV6.