7种川产淫羊藿属植物遗传多样性及亲缘关系的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记对7种12居群的川产淫羊藿属植物进行遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析。结果发现23个ISSR随机引物共扩增194条清晰条带,其中169条具多态性,平均多态性位点比率为87.11%,有效等位基因数Ne=1.534 2,Nei基因多样性指数H=0.314 4,Shannon多样性指数I=0.469 7,表明物种间遗传多样性丰富。7种川产淫羊藿属植物间的遗传相似系数为0.653 2～0.748 9,聚类分析和主成分分析直观的显示出12份供试材料间的亲缘关系,并将其分为两类。表明ISSR分子标记技术可以用于川产淫羊藿属植物的遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。     

白花泡桐种源的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用ISSR技术对白花泡桐38个种源的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行分析。结果显示：（1）从100个ISSR引物中筛选出9个能扩增出清晰带型并具多态性的引物,共扩增出95个条带,其中88条具多态性,多态位点比率为92.63%。（2）在物种水平上,有效等位基因数（N_e）、Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）、Shannon’s信息指数（I）的平均值分别为1.391 0、0.242 4、0.376 5;种源的多态位点比率在32.63%（江西抚州）~56.84%（广西梧州和江西九江）之间,平均为47.16%;基因流（N_m）为0.912 7,种源间遗传分化系数（G_st）为0.353 9,反映出种源间遗传变异占总遗传变异的35.39%,且遗传变异主要来源于种源内的个体间。（3）遗传一致度在0.39~0.82之间,反映出白花泡桐的遗传基础较宽。UPGMA法聚类分析将38个种源分为3组,主坐标分析(PCoA)将其大致分为4组,两种聚类方法的结果有一定的差异,本文做了相关讨论。研究还表明种源间的遗传距离与地理距离相关不显著。     

二色胡枝子遗传多样性AFLP分析

利用AFLP对二色胡枝子14个居群的161个个体的遗传多样性进行分析,5对引物共扩增出253条带,多态带百分率（P）为96.8%,二色胡枝子种群的平均位点等位基因数（Ao）为1.968,平均有效等位基因数（Ae）为1.643,Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）为0.369,Shannon信息指数（I）为0.544。14个种源的平均多态性条带数为159条,平均多态带百分率为62.9%,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.257,I＝0.373。二色胡枝子遗传多样性的76.68%分布于种源内（Φst＝0.233 2）,各种源间的差异显著。聚类结果表明,二色胡枝14个种源可划分为三个大类,居群的遗传多样性参数与其地理、生态因子均不显著相关,遗传多样性无明显地域分布格局。     

小苍兰种质遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR(Inter Simple Sequence Repeat)分子标记对12份小苍兰(Freesia refracta)种质进行了遗传多样性分析研究。从34条ISSR引物中筛选出了12条适宜的引物。这12条引物中每条引物可扩增出5~11条DNA片段,共扩增了96个条带,其中多态性片段62条,平均每条引物可产生5.2条多态性片段,多态性条带比率(PPB)为64.6%。经NTSYS-pc分析,12份小苍兰种质间的遗传距离(GD)的变化范围为0.123~0.907,平均为0.442。根据Nei’s相似系数建立了UPGMA聚类图,在相似系数为0.56时,可将紫色花系的小苍兰种质与其它种质分开,形成两个组。结果表明,ISSR分子标记可有效地分析小苍兰种质资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,为小苍兰的杂交育种和新品种保护提供理论基础。     

利用RAPD和ISSR分子标记分析怀地黄种质遗传多样性

用RAPD与ISSR技术对怀地黄的8个品种和2个脱毒品系进行了种质遗传多样性分析。分别从80条RAPD引物和44条ISSR引物中筛选出适合怀地黄种质分析的17条RAPD引物和10条ISSR引物,用于RAPD和ISSR分析。17条RAPD引物共扩增出177条带, 多态性位点数为109; 多态性位点比率为61.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3135;每个位点的有效等位基因数（Ne）是1.3641; 10条ISSR引物共扩增出110条带. 多态性位点数为79; 多态性位点比率为71.58%;平均多样性指数(I)为0.3577;每个位点的有效等位基因数（Ne）是1.4037。 基于扩增条带数据库建立了各自的Jaccard遗传相关系数矩阵,构建了相似的分子树状图,将10个供试材料分为2类:一类群含组培85.5、大田85.5、组培9302、大田9302、金状元和金白6个材料;另一类群含北京1号、大红袍、地黄9104和野生地黄4个材料。两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关(r＝0.649)。结果表明,RAPD与ISSR标记适合于怀地黄种质遗传多样性分析,ISSR标记技术是一种多态性和重复性优于RAPD技术的实用技术。     

浙江省桐庐县长叶榧居群遗传结构的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对浙江省桐庐县白云源森林公园的6个长叶榧（Torreya jackii）亚居群进行分析,阐明长叶榧在小地理范围内的遗传结构。12个引物对6个长叶榧亚居群的120个个体进行扩增,共得到194个位点,其中多态位点87个,总多态位点百分率（P）为44.85%,平均为29.21%。长叶榧总Shannon信息指数（I）为0.166 3,平均为0.119 9;总Nei指数（h）为0.103 5,平均为0.075 5。P、I、h均表明长叶榧总体水平的遗传多样性较高,亚居群水平的遗传多样性较低。AMOVA分子变异分析显示,21.45%的变异存在于亚居群间,78.55%的变异存在于亚居群内。长叶榧亚居群间的遗传分化系数（G_st）为0.270 5,基因流为1.347 8。6个长叶榧亚居群的平均遗传距离为0.037 0,根据亚居群间的遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类,结果为生境相似的亚居群聚在一起。     

海南部分荔枝种质资源亲缘关系的SSR分析

利用SSR标记对22份荔枝材料进行了亲缘关系分析,从32对引物中筛选出22对多态性引物用于荔枝SSR扩增,共扩增到52条带,其中多态性条带49条,多态性百分率为94.23%。多态性条带经POPGENE32软件统计分析表明,22个位点的平均有效等位基因频率（Ne）、平均基因杂合度（H）、平均Shannon遗传多样性指数（H_i′）分别为1.364 3、0.296 0、0.417 0。通过NTSYS聚类结果显示,在相似系数为0.51处,供试材料被聚为两大类,第一类包括13份材料,又可分为两个亚类,第二类包括9份材料。     

日本岛屿山茶种群遗传结构的ISSR分析

为查明日本岛屿山茶种群的生存状况及了解岛屿隔离对山茶种群遗传结构的影响,采用ISSR分子标记,利用筛选的20条引物对日本5个山茶（Camellia japonica）种群的遗传结构进行分析。结果表明：山茶种群的多态位点百分比（PPB）为70.29％,Nei’s基因多样性指数（H_E）为0.281 9,Shannon信息多态性指数（H）为0.409 5,与其它岛屿种群相比遗传多样性水平较高,表明山茶种群的生存状况较好。基因分化系数G_st=0.205 7,种群间具有较高的遗传分化;地理距离与遗传距离具有显著相关性（r=0.821 7,p<0.05）,UPGMA也将同岛种群聚在一起,表明岛屿隔离对山茶种群的遗传分化具有重要影响。借鉴日本岛屿山茶种群的保护经验,建议加强我国岛屿山茶种群的就地保护力度,同时建立山茶种质资源库,促进基因交流。     

硬核资源遗传多样性的AFLP分析

为了解云南省硬核[Scleropyrum wallichianum（Wight et Arn.）Arn.]的遗传多样性,采用AFLP标记分析了7个居群84份种质材料的遗传变异。结果表明,从64对引物组合中挑选出多态性较好的引物8对,共扩增出1 728条带,其中多态性条带1 388条,多态性百分率为80.14%。硬核在物种水平的多样性指数分别为Na=1.416,Ne=1.179,H=0.137,I=0.225,在居群水平上分别为H=0.111,I=0.175;在遗传相似性系数为0.52时,这些种质材料可分为3组,其中易武居群具有丰富的遗传变异,大部分的遗传变异存在于居群内,而在0.05置信区间内居群间遗传变异仅为11.5%;居群间的遗传距离和地理距离无显著相关性（r=0.0323,P=0.5820）。因此,硬核资源可采用就地和迁地保护策略,以增加其遗传多样性。     

中国板栗自然居群微卫星（SSR）遗传多样性

采用8对微卫星分子标记对中国板栗(Castanea mollissima)的28个自然居群进行了遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。在849个个体上扩增得到128个等位基因, 每位点平均等位基因数(A)为16。中国板栗居群的平均预期杂合度(H_E)为0.678, 平均观察杂合度(H_O)为0.590。华中地区的中国板栗居群遗传多样性最高(A = 8.112, H_E = 0.705, H_O = 0.618), 其次为西北地区和华东地区, 而西南地区遗传多样性最低(A = 6.611, H_E = 0.640, H_O = 0.559)。基于无限等位基因模型(IAM)和基于逐步突变模型(SMM)的遗传分化系数分别为F_ST = 0.120和R_ST = 0.208。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明中国板栗野生居群的遗传变异主要存在于居群内(87.16%)。Mantel检测揭示遗传距离与地理距离之间无显著相关性, 表明基因流不是主导中国板栗居群遗传结构的关键因素。华中地区(尤其是神农架及其周边地区)是中国板栗遗传多样性的现代分布中心, 因而应该得到优先保护, 同时该区域的野生板栗居群可优先作为栽培板栗遗传育种的材料和基因库。     

利用ISSR分子标记构建濒危植物水青树核心种质

基于全国26个居群的174份水青树Tetracentron sinense种质,利用14条ISSR引物,采用UPGMA聚类法进行多次逐步聚类,利用三种取样策略(随机取样策略、位点优先取样策略和偏离度取样策略)构建初始核心种质,并将各遗传多样性指标进行比较分析,从而确定构建水青树核心种质的最佳方法。利用14条ISSR引物扩增出180个条带,其观测等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)与Shannon信息指数(I)分别为1.6944、1.3912、0.2321和0.3509,说明水青树具有较低的遗传多样性。采用位点优先取样策略构建的核心种质各遗传多样性指数均大于随机取样策略和偏离度取样策略。利用位点优先取样策略构建了78 份核心种质资源,保留了44.83%原种质样品,遗传多样性指数Na、Ne、H和I的保留率分别为98.69%、100.01%、99.27%和98.67%,比较完好地保留了原种质的遗传多样性和遗传变异。因此,位点优先取样策略是构建水青树核心种质的最佳取样策略。     

Population structure and genetic diversity in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.] germplasm from India assessed by ISSR markers

Genetic diversity analysis was undertaken in 42 geographically distant genotypes accessions of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) from India northeastern (14) and northern region (28) using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 209 amplified bands were obtained from 20 ISSR primers used in this study, of which 186 were polymorphic with 89.00 % band polymorphism. Various parameters namely, observed number of alleles, effective number of alleles, Nei’s gene diversity/heterozygosity, resolving power, Shannon’s information index and gene flow were estimated under experiment. Jaccard’s similarity coefficient matrix was generated for pairwise comparisons between individual ISSR profiles and UPGMA cluster analysis based on this matrix showed clustering into six groups. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity values ranged from 0.409 to 0.847, with a mean of 0.628 revealing a moderate level of genetic diversity. The Bayesian model-based approach to infer hidden genetic population structures using the multilocus ISSR markers revealed two populations among the 42 genotypes. This is the first report on the assessment of genetic variation using ISSR markers in this medicinal vegetable plant, and this study of diversity analysis will be helpful in analyzing future hybrid breeding strategy and devising effective germplasm exploration and conservation strategy.     

Genetic diversity analysis of Cynodon dactylon (bermudagrass) accessions and cultivars from different countries based on ISSR and SSR markers

ISSR and SSR markers were used to evaluate genetic diversity among 33 Cynodon dactylon accessions and 22 cultivars from four different countries in order to provide information on how to improve the utilization of bermudagrass germplasms. Eighty eight bands were amplified by nine SSR primer combinations and 236 bands were observed from 23 ISSR primers. The results showed that 97.7% of the SSR primers and 86.9% of the ISSR primers were polymorphic. The genetic similarity coefficients (GSC), gene diversity (He) and Shannon index (I) were 0.58–0.97, 0.27 and 0.41, respectively, for ISSR and 0.52–0.97, 0.29, and 0.43 for SSR. The UPGMA analysis clustered the 55 accessions (cultivars) into three groups. The cluster results produced by the ISSR data were close to the SSR data results. Analysis based on the combined ISSR and SSR data was more closely related to the geographical distribution of the tested germplasm.     

ISSR primer screening and preliminary evaluation of genetic diversity in wild populations of Gycyrrhiza uralensis

Fourteen efficient inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were screened and optimized for detecting the genetic diversity in wild populations of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. By using these primers, 249 polymorphic bands out of a total of 270 (92.2 %) were generated from 70 individuals of 4 wild G. uralensis populations sampled from Inner Mongolia Province of China. Nei’s gene diversity (h) and Shannon index (I) calculated from the data matrix of the ISSR phenotypes revealed a high level of genetic diversity with h = 0.268 and I = 0.415 within this plant. Analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) showed that most of the genetic variation (81 %) occurred within the populations, whereas the variance among populations was only 19 %. The UPGMA tree based on Nei’s unbiased genetic diversity illustrated that populations from Bulage and Bayanwusu were genetically close related, while the population from Shanghaimiao was found to be the most diverse from the other three. The high genetic diversity implies that the wild resources of this species could be restored soon if an appropriate and efficient protection strategy was employed. Our results also provided an optimized method for evaluating genetic diversity of G. uralensis using ISSR markers which was useful for further investigation.     

濒危植物蒙古扁桃不同地理种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用 ISSR 分子标记对蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)6个自然种群的遗传多样性进行了分析.12条ISSR引物共扩增出200条带,其中199条具多态性,多态位点比率为99.5％.在种群水平上多态位点百分率平均为55.3％.Nei's基因多样性、Shannon's信息指数在种群水平上分别为0.3241和0.4875,在物种水平上分别为0.3105和0.4722.根据基因分化系数,测得基因流值Nm为0.8266.UPGMA聚类分析结果表明:乌海千里沟种群和东升庙那仁乌拉种群遗传一致度最大,遗传关系最近.ISSR检测结果表明,包头萨拉齐种群的遗传多样性最丰富,在制定原位种质保护计划时,应优先保护包头萨拉齐周边地区的蒙古扁桃.     

基于ISSR标记的辽宁4个东北林蛙种群遗传多样性分析

辽宁是东北林蛙Rana dybowskii主要分布地之一,种群数量巨大,其群体遗传多样性有待评估.本研究应用ISSR标记技术对东北林蛙4个种群105个样本进行研究,5个引物共获得44条清晰谱带,4个种群的多态位点率均大于75%,Nei's基因多样性为0.2851,Shannon信息指数为0.4476,显示了较高的遗传多样性.对遗传分化系数、Nei's遗传距离、AMOVA分子变异巢式方差分析和F-统计量等遗传参数的统计结果表明,辽宁东北林蛙种群间已经出现一定程度的遗传分化,分析认为,自然屏障(高山和平原等)以及栖息地片段化是其遗传分化形成的主要因素.     

Genetic diversity and structure among natural populations of Sindora glabra in Hainan Island,China as revealed by ISSR markers

Sindora glabra, one of the second-class national protective plants in China, has important ecological and commercial values. To understand the genetic diversity and structure of S. glabra, eleven natural populations from four areas of Hainan Island in China were analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Thirteen primers were screened out and used to amplify 157 DNA samples. A total of 122 bands were obtained, among which 114 (93.4%) bands were polymorphic. Genetic parameters including average number of effective alleles (1.547), Nei's gene diversity (0.321), Shannon's information index (0.482), and gene differentiation coefficient (0.1944) revealed a high level of genetic diversity maintained in S. glabra populations. The variation within populations accounted for 85.6% of total variation based on analysis of molecular variance. Genetic distance analysis showed that 11 populations could be divided into three groups and populations from the same areas were classified as one group, suggesting that high genetic diversity of S. glabra was attributable to geographic isolation. Together, introduction of germplasm from distant natural distribution areas would be a sound strategy for germplasm resource conservation of S. glabra and selection of elite individuals from populations of far relationship for hybridization is of great importance for breeding improvement programs in future.