鸡[土从]菌属与华鸡[土从]属分类研究现状

鸡[土从]菌是一类世界著名珍贵食用菌。依据收集的标本和国内外大量的文献资料,归纳总结了世界鸡[土从]菌资源的概况,比较2个属及40个种的形态、分类特征及分布范围,提出了世界鸡[土从]菌的分类检索表。     

鸡油菌属研究概述

鸡油菌属(Cantharellus)真菌种类众多、分布广泛,是一类重要的食药用菌资源,具有较高的经济、药用和科研价值。本文回顾了鸡油菌属真菌资源与分类学、系统发育研究的主要历程,概述了其化学成分与药理药化、生态习性和人工栽培等方面的研究现状,指出了研究过程中出现的分类混乱、重名异名等问题,展望了亚洲和非洲地区资源挖掘的潜能与重要性,以期为后续研究提供依据。     

鸡油菌属的研究概况与展望

鸡油菌属Cantharellus Adans. ex Fr. 在担子菌中是一个具有独立演化路线的类群, 隶属于担子菌门,同担子菌纲, 鸡油菌目, 鸡油菌科。该属全球分布广泛, 目前有65种, 中国曾记载9种。本文回顾了该属的研究历史, 结合自己的研究成果,着重对本属各分类单元的划分和命名, 相近种的区分, 鸡油菌C. cibarius Fr. 和管形鸡油菌C. tubaeformis Fr.: Fr. 复合群以及生态保护和仿生栽培等方面研究中存在的疑问和纷争进行了论述。最后,作者对我国鸡油菌属的生物多样性     

鸡凝集素的分离纯化与性质研究

鸡菌丝体浸取液依次经硫酸铵分级沉淀,DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B离子交换层析和Sephadex G-100分子筛层析3个主要步骤纯化得到一种凝集素(Termitomyces albu-minosus lectin,简称TAL)。纯化的TAL在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上显示一条蛋白质着色带。TAL的分子量为89.4kD,亚基分子量为38kD和51kD,提示TAL分子由两个不同亚基组成。TAL具有供血动物种属专一性,使Wistar大鼠红细胞凝集所需TAL最低的浓度为0.49μg/ml。糖抑制试验表明,鸡卵粘蛋白明显抑制TAL的凝血活性。TAL对热不稳定,60℃保温15min活力完全丧失。钙、镁或锰离子对TAL无激活作用。TAL不含不性糖,Glu和Asp含量较高,His和Met含量较低。     

贵州鸡(土从)菌的分类研究

本文根据Singer的分类系统,对在贵州采集的鸡(土从)菌属Termitomyces种类进行分类研究。现报道6个种,其中3个种云南已报道,2个新种,1个新分布种。新种是柱状鸡(土从)菌Termitomyces cylindricus He sp.nov.和白柄鸡(土从)菌Termitomyces albiceps He sp.nov.,新分布种是盾形鸡纵菌Termitomyces clypeatus Heim。     

鸡枞的驯化栽培现状

本文论述了当前鸡枞菌驯化栽培的两种模式即:以培养鸡枞菌为重心的腐生菌模式、以扩繁鸡枞菌共生白蚁为重心的原生态模式,并对其驯化栽培过程中所面临的问题及其可能的解决方案进行了阐述。     

藏马鸡分类地位和马鸡属系统进化问题的探讨

藏马鸡的分类地位问题以及马鸡属内各物种的系统进化关系,一直存在着较大的争议。本文以线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因的部分序列作为遗传标记,对藏马鸡的分类地位和马鸡属的系统进化问题做了进一步探讨。结果表明：藏马鸡更适合作为白马鸡的一个亚种;蓝马鸡与褐马鸡亲缘关系相对较近,而与白马鸡较远;白马鸡是马鸡属内较为原始的类型。     

鸡枞菌的液体培养及其多糖物质研究

采用不同的液体培养基,探索了鸡(土从)菌(Termitomyces albuminosus)人工培养的最适条件,多糖形成的动态变化,并对鸡(土从)多糖进行了分离、纯化,及其免疫活性测定。结果表明：鸡(土从)菌从碳源玉米淀粉,氮源花生蛋白,生长因子麸皮浸汁,pH4.7,25℃为最适生长条件;Sephadex—G100分离多糖出现两个峰;鸡(土从)多糖作为刺激原对人淋巴细胞转化有促进作用。     

培菌白蚁与鸡枞菌研究进展

培菌白蚁起源于非洲,蚁巢内具有复杂的社会分工.培菌白蚁依靠独特的蚁巢结构维持内部稳态和气体循环.菌圃是白蚁培育鸡枞菌的场所.鸡枞菌隶属于担子菌亚门,但其传播方式和生活史具有区别于其它担子菌的特点.鸡枞菌协助白蚁进行植物纤维的消化,白蚁则为鸡枞菌提供合适的生长环境,并控制鸡枞菌的遗传结构.培菌白蚁和鸡枞菌形成紧密的共生关系,二者缺少任何一方都不能独立生存.本文综述了培菌白蚁的分类、品级、蚁巢结构,鸡枞菌的传播方式和生活史,白蚁与鸡枞菌的共生关系等,以期望为培菌白蚁生物学及鸡枞菌的研究提供有益参考.     

世界鸡形目鸟类

介绍了世界上鸡形目鸟类的分布、分类、形态特点、栖地类型及生活习性。世界鸡形目鸟类分为７个科,共计２８１种。中国鸡形目鸟类包括松鸡科８种和雉科５２种。介绍了中国鸡形目鸟类种的分类等方面的一些最新进展。     

Phylogenetic relationships in Termitomyces (Family Agaricaceae) based on the nucleotide sequence of ITS: a first approach to elucidate the evolutionary history of the symbiosis between fungus-growing termites and their fungi

Termitomyces constitutes a very poorly known genus of fungi whose essential characteristic is that all representatives of the genus are cultivated by termites (Macrotermitinae) in their nest and that all the fungi cultivated by termites belong to this genus. For the first time, the phylogenetic relationships of several African Termitomyces species was studied by the sequencing of their internal transcriber spacer region (ITS1--5.8S--ITS2). It appeared that this group is clearly monophyletic and belongs to the Tricholomataceae family. The total homology of the ITS zone of several Termitomyces symbionts of different termite genera indicated that the specific diversity of this group is in fact less important than previously supposed. Finally, the comparison between the Termitomyces phylogenetic tree and the taxonomic tree of Macrotermitinae showed that if for certain genera the hypothesis of termite/fungus coevolution is acceptable, it should not be applied for all symbiosis.     

Farming termites determine the genetic population structure of Termitomyces fungal symbionts

Symbiotic interactions between macrotermitine termites and their fungal symbionts have a moderate degree of specificity. Consistent with horizontal symbiont transmission, host switching has been frequent over evolutionary time so that single termite species can often be associated with several fungal symbionts. However, even in the few termite lineages that secondarily adopted vertical symbiont transmission, the fungal symbionts are not monophyletic. We addressed this paradox by studying differential transmission of fungal symbionts by alate male and female reproductives, and the genetic population structure of Termitomyces fungus gardens across 74 colonies of Macrotermes bellicosus in four west and central African countries. We confirm earlier, more limited, studies showing that the Termitomyces symbionts of M. bellicosus are normally transmitted vertically and clonally by dispersing males. We also document that the symbionts associated with this termite species belong to three main lineages that do not constitute a monophyletic group. The most common lineage occurs over the entire geographical region that we studied, including west, central and southern Africa, where it is also associated with the alternative termite hosts Macrotermes subhyalinus and Macrotermes natalensis. While Termitomyces associated with these alternative hosts are horizontally transmitted and recombine freely, the genetic population structure of the same Termitomyces associated with M. bellicosus is consistent with predominantly clonal reproduction and only occasional recombination. This implies that the genetic population structure of Termitomyces is controlled by the termite host and not by the Termitomyces symbiont.     

比较研究白蚁巢上生长的担子菌——鸡(土从)菌及其分生孢子阶段小白球菌的生长与其基质的生态关系

鸡(土从)菌Termitomyces albuminosus(Berk.)Heim..及其分生孢子阶段小白球菌在基础培养基上生长缓慢,而在基础培养基上分别添加乌头酸、延胡索酸、柠檬酸或者添加生物素、VB_1、VB_2等都能促进鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体及其分生孢子的生长。实验还表明维生素混合使用效果比单一添加为好。鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌生长的合适的碳源是麦芽糖、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖,而淀粉、甘露醇效果不良;合适的氮源是蛋白胨、花生粉、黄豆粉、甘氨酸和铵盐,但是小白球菌生长的培养基中含氮量不宜过高,一般为0.2％左右,而鸡(土从)菌要求含氮量较高,最佳的氮源浓度范围为0.4—0.6％。鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体生长的pH值范围为4.0—5.5之间,鸡(土从)菌最适的pH值在4.0—4.5之间,而小白球菌最适pH值随着培养基组成和CO_2浓度的不同会有所变化。小白球菌具有忍耐高浓度CO_2(15％)的特性,静置培养比摇瓶培养生长更好。鸡(土从)菌菌丝体却需要较低的CO_2浓度方能生长良好,它更适宜于摇瓶培养。目前鸡(土从)菌和小白球菌菌丝体在实验室条件下生长都非常良好,液体培养已获得成功,为人工栽培和利用鸡(土从)菌提供了一条可能的途径。     

野生鸡枞菌种长期保存方法比较

野生鸡枞菌种质资源的有效保存是对野生鸡枞加以保护和利用的前提。以自行分离的5个野生鸡枞菌株作为研究对象,采用蒸馏水保藏法和-80°C冻结保藏法对野生鸡枞菌种长期保存的方法进行了实验研究,蒸馏水法分别保存于室温和4°C,-80°C冻结保藏同时采用程控降温法和泡沫盒降温法,保存20个月后对4种不同方法保存的5个菌株的保存效果进行比较。实验结果表明:蒸馏水室温保存法菌种存活率为100%,萌发期较短,为4-10 d,是一种简便、实用、有效而成本低廉的长期保存方法;-80°C冻结保藏法的存活率为56%-76%,萌发期7-16 d,泡沫盒降温法可以很好地控制降温速度,是一种简便有效的控温方法。     

Presumptive horizontal symbiont transmission in the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes natalensis

All colonies of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes natalensis studied so far are associated with a single genetically variable lineage of Termitomyces symbionts. Such limited genetic variation of symbionts and the absence of sexual fruiting bodies (mushrooms) on M. natalensis mounds would be compatible with clonal vertical transmission, as is known to occur in Macrotermes bellicosus. We investigated this hypothesis by analysing DNA sequence polymorphisms as codominant SNP markers of four single-copy gene fragments of Termitomyces isolates from 31 colonies of M. natalensis. A signature of free recombination was found, indicative of frequent sexual horizontal transmission. First, all 31 strains had unique multilocus genotypes. Second, SNP markers (n = 55) were largely in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (90.9%) and almost all possible pairs of SNPs between genetically unlinked loci were in linkage equilibrium (96.7%). Finally, extensive intragenic recombination was found, especially in the EF1alpha fragment. Substantial genetic variation and a freely recombining population structure can only be explained by frequent horizontal and sexual transmission of Termitomyces. The apparent variation in symbiont transmission mode among Macrotermes species implies that vertical symbiont transmission can evolve rapidly. The unexpected finding of horizontal transmission makes the apparent absence of Termitomyces mushrooms on M. natalensis mounds puzzling. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of the genetic population structure of a single lineage of Termitomyces.     

Termite-regulated fungal monoculture in fungus combs of a macrotermitine termite Odontotermes formosanus

The mechanism of the exclusive growth of Termitomyces in fungus combs with fungi-growing termites, O. formosanus was examined using laboratory scale fungus combs. In the combs without the termites, vigorous growth of unidentified fungi was observed although no significant change was found in the case of the combs with termites. In addition, these results were reproducible even when incubated in a separated dish, suggesting that the physicochemical conditions were not the reason for the growth. With the molecular based analysis for the microbial communities in the combs, monoculture of the Termitomyces in the combs with termites was confirmed while the bacterial communities were independent either with or without termites. Possible mechanism of the exclusive growth of Termitomyces, such as the selective grazing of pathogenic fungi or contribution of antifungal activity giving actinomycetes were also discussed.     

Fungal partnerships stimulate growth of Termitomyces clypeatus stalk mycelium in vitro

The symbiotic relationship between termites and Termitomyces fungi, which allows the termite to digest cellulose-rich food sources, is poorly understood. In this study, in vitro mixed symbiotic relationships between Termitomyces clypeatus and fungi isolated from individual fungus-comb communities using a culture-dependent method were analyzed. Twenty-day-old stalk cultures of three T. clypeatus isolates were co-cultured with cellulase-producing fungi on potato dextrose agar. The high cellulase-producing fungal isolate no. 18, which showed 99 % ITS sequence identity to Sordariomycetes endophyte isolate 2171 (EU687039), increased growth of T. clypeatus 18/50 by 85.7 %. The high xylanase-producing isolate no. 13, which showed 88 % ITS sequence identity to Arthrinium sacchari isolate L06 (HQ115662), stimulated T. clypeatus 18/50 growth by 58.6 %. The high cellulase- and xylanase-producing isolate no. 50, which showed 90 % ITS sequence identity to the fungal endophyte isolate 2196 (EU687056), improved T. clypeatus 18/50 growth by 45.7 %. A Gigantropanus sp. promoted the growth of T. clypeatus 18/50 and 20/50 by 45.7 and 44.1 %, respectively, and that of T. clypeatus 19/50 by 10.6 %. These results indicated the most beneficial potential partnership of T. clypeatus might involve cellulase-producing fungi isolated from the same ecological niche. The Gigantropanus sp. is a potential partner of T. clypeatus but is likely to be less common than cellulase-producing fungi isolated from fungus combs owing to the lower host specificity of the Gigantropanus sp. This study provides an interesting method to culture Termitomyces using an in vitro mixed culture method for production of Termitomyces fruiting bodies in the future.     

通光藤甙元甲、乙和丙的结构——悼念蔡希陶教授

通光藤〔Marsdenia tenacissima（Roxb.）Wight et Arn.〕系云南民间治疗气管炎和抗癌药用植物。前报我们报告了通光藤甙元甲的结构的部分研究工作。自分离甙元甲的母液中我们又分得了两个少量新甙元——通光藤甙元乙和丙（tenacigenin B and C）。本文报告它们的结构研究,并在此基础上对前报所推定的通光藤甙元甲的六元氧环的立体构型提出修正。