β-甘露聚糖酶发酵液絮凝条件的统计学筛选与响应面优化

采用Plackett-Burman(PB)和中心复合设计(Central Composite Design)对影响地衣芽孢杆菌TJ-101发酵生产β-甘露聚糖酶粗发酵液絮凝操作的8个条件进行筛选优化。PB实验设计与统计学分析表明:加水量、阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(C-PAM)和阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(A-PAM)的体积分数是影响酶活收率的3个关键因素。以酶活收率为响应目标,对3因素进行中心复合设计,并经响应面法优化分析得到影响酶活收率的二阶模型,确定了β-甘露聚糖酶发酵液絮凝实验的最优操作条件为:加水量体积分数240.55%,C-PAM体积分数14.13%,A-PAM体积分数16.97%,絮凝后发酵液的酶活收率达70.42%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B53产聚γ-谷氨酸的絮凝特性

枯草芽孢杆菌B53产聚γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)对高岭土、Ca(OH)2、Mg(OH)2表现出较强的絮凝活性,采用0.6 g/L的γ-PGA溶液对高岭土的絮凝活性可达到90%以上。K 、Fe2 、Mg2 及Ca2 具有明显的促絮凝作用,而Al3 、Fe3 则起削弱作用。CaCl2浓度超过2 g/L及介质溶液维持pH值中性都有利于γ-PGA提高絮凝活性。     

改良剂对苏打盐碱土玉米幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为了研究盐碱胁迫下改良剂——石膏、粉煤灰和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对玉米生长的保护机制及适宜配比,对盆栽玉米"郑单958"幼苗的离子含量、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量等生理指标进行了分析。结果表明:添加改良剂后,玉米幼苗体内Na+含量显著降低,Ca~(2+)和K~+含量则显著增加(P0.01);SOD、POD、CAT活性均有所增加(P0.05);MDA、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量下降(P0.05);叶绿素a明显增加,荧光参数F0和Fm也明显增加;总根长、根总表面积、根体积、根尖数、生物量和株高(P0.05)也显著增加。相关分析表明,Na+含量与CAT活性(-0.60)、MDA含量(0.79)和叶绿素含量(-0.59)显著相关,Na~+含量、MDA含量和CAT活性与玉米幼苗茎叶及根系生长相关显著。石膏与PAM配合(12 g石膏+0.75 g PAM·kg~(-1)土)的效果最好。     

七株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌对PAM的降解性能评价

研究了从油田产聚合物污水和污泥中分离到的7株聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）降解菌对纯PAM的降解效果。结果表明,PAM微生物降解的过程中,会伴随有pH的降低。由于7株菌组成的微生物群落对PAM的生物降解作用,使得培养基中的PAM的运动粘害怂650．mm^2．／s降低至100mm^2／s左右。添加液蜡或酵母膏等导致微生物菌群的共代谢作用,可加快PAM的生物降解。     

油田含聚合物污水微生物处理初步研究

对油田日益增多的并且对环境造成潜在危害的而现有污水处理工艺难于处理的含聚合物污水进行微生物处理初步研究。结果表明,从油田污水污泥中分离得到的七株聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)降解菌在合适的营养条件下协同作用,对大港油田的含PAM的污水具有较好的处理效果。经过3d的处理,微生物菌群将补充了磷和氮的污水的COD降低了87.7%;经过18d的处理,微生物菌群将补充了磷的污水的COD由13499mg.L-1降低为283 mg.L-1,降低幅度达到了97.9%。因而这7株PAM降解菌对含PAM污水处理具有很好的应用前景。     

角蛋白/海藻酸钠/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶皮肤敷料的制备及创口修复研究

为了获得更为理想的皮肤创口修复敷料,在海藻酸钠(SA)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)水凝胶的基础上复合人发角蛋白(KTN),制得KTN/SA/PAM水凝胶皮肤敷料。用电子万能测试机、扫描电子显微镜等对其进行表征,结果显示,KTN/SA/PAM水凝胶皮肤敷料拉伸强度为42.41 kPa,弹性模量11.19 kPa,接近人体皮肤组织;与带血猪皮的黏附性可高达为5.1 kPa,2 h吸水率为144.3%,较好地满足了皮肤创口修复敷料的基本要求。进一步的大鼠皮肤创面修复实验显示,KTN/SA/PAM水凝胶皮肤敷料相对于市售创口贴和SA/PAM水凝胶具有更好的修复能力,创口皮肤组织切片组织学分析表明,经KTN/SA/PAM皮肤敷料处理后的创口处未成熟组织区域最小,胶原纤维排列最为整齐,14 d后,伤口愈合程度与正常皮肤几乎接近。预示KTN/SA/PAM皮肤敷料可能是一种较有前景的皮肤伤口修复敷料。     

微生物对油田污水-聚丙烯酰胺体系粘度的影响

比较了厌氧和曝气处理后的油田采出水配制聚丙烯酰胺溶液(采出水-聚丙烯酰胺体系)粘度及该体系中腐生菌,铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的数量变化。结果表明,曝气有利于聚合物溶液粘度的保持,粘度损失率明显低于厌氧采出水-聚合物体系。总体上,腐生菌或其代谢产物对聚合物粘度的影响很小;铁细菌可以利用聚合物生长,是破坏聚合物粘度的主要微生物类群;硫酸盐还原菌不能直接利用大分子量聚合物,可以利用小分子或分子链断裂的聚合物生长。     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)防治土壤风蚀的研究进展

在我国西北地区,风蚀是造成土地退化的主要影响因素之一.聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种高效的土壤结构改良剂.因其具有特殊的物理化学性质,可以与土壤作用而改善土壤表层结构,近年来一直受到人们的广泛关注.本文介绍了PAM的物理化学性质,详细论述了PAM对土壤风蚀量、起动风速的影响,及PAM在风蚀防治中的不同使用量、使用方法和效果,及其与其他材料的对比,并通过PAM对土壤物理性质的改善进一步分析PAM防治风蚀的机理.综合分析得出,虽然PAM在风蚀防治中存在一些问题,但作为一种固沙剂,它不仅能提高土壤抗风蚀的能力,而且也能改善土壤的物理性状,可为植物生长创造良好的水土条件;提出若在风蚀治理和改良城市环境中将PAM与植物种植相结合,将能大大提高植物的成活率、改善风蚀区的风蚀状况和生态环境工程建设的质量.因此,PAM在防治风蚀方面具有重要的现实意义和广阔的应用前景.     

生物絮凝剂γ-聚谷氨酸絮凝性能研究

研究了枯草芽孢杆菌NX-2制备的生物絮凝剂γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的絮凝活性。γ-PGA对高岭土、活性炭等悬浮液具有较高的絮凝活性,絮凝活性稳定,热稳定性好,用量高于10mg／L时适用pH范围宽,最适投加浓度为20mg/L,加入Ca^2 、Mg^2 、Fe^3 、Al^3 、Fe^2 、Na^ 等金属离子能不同程度增强γ-PGA的絮凝活性,其中Ca^2 助凝效果最高。使用Ca^2 作助凝离子可降低γ-PGA用量,但Ca^2 浓度过高会明显降低γ-PGA的絮凝活性。还研究了γ-PGA对电镀废水的处理效果,实验证明γ-PGA能有效降低电镀废水中Cr^ 3、Ni^ 2等离子的浓度。     

施用生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺对海涂围垦区盐碱土水力性质的影响

通过圆盘入渗试验,探讨不同改良剂施用量下土壤入渗特性的变化,揭示添加生物炭和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对海涂围垦区盐碱土水力学参数、孔隙特征及不同级别孔隙水流贡献率的影响.结果表明: 单施2%生物炭,土壤饱和导水率比对照增加46.4%;盐碱土饱和导水率随PAM施用量增加而减小.单施2%生物炭使土壤总有效孔隙度和半径>100 μm的有效孔隙度分别增加8.3%和10.2%.单施PAM时,土壤总有效孔隙度和不同半径孔隙有效孔隙度均有减小趋势,其中,PAM梯度为1‰时最明显,减幅高达88%以上.施用生物炭和PAM后,半径<100 μm的孔隙的水流贡献率呈下滑趋势,半径>500 μm的孔隙对土壤水流运动起主导作用.     

Association of folate molecules as determined by proton NMR: implications on enzyme binding

The self-association in aqueous solution of folic acid (FA), 7,8-dihydrofolic acid (DHFA) and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) has been studied by the use of proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. At concentrations below 10 mM, all three folates exist in (monomer)2 in equilibrium dimer equilibria with association constants (Ka) equal to 400, 66 and 14 M-1 for FA, DHFA and THFA respectively. These values decreased markedly to 157, 18 and 3 M-1, for FA, DHFA and THFA respectively, in the presence of 0.8 M KCl. The high extent of dimerization of FA is believed to impede the interaction with the active site of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) rendering it a poor substrate. In contrast, the DHFA with a much lower Ka is a better substrate. Conditions that lower the Ka of both FA and DHFA, (i.e., 0.8M KCl) turn them into better substrates. Based on the findings of the present study, it is also predicted that dihydro MTX may be a better inhibitor of DHFR than MTX.     

Why is the biological hydrophobicity scale more accurate than earlier experimental hydrophobicity scales?

The recognition of transmembrane helices by the translocon is primarily guided by the average hydrophobicity of the potential transmembrane helix. However, the exact hydrophobicity of each amino acid can be identified in several different ways. The free energy of transfer for amino acid analogues between a hydrophobic media, for example, octanol and water can be measured or obtained from simulations, the hydrophobicity can also be estimated by statistical properties from known transmembrane segments and finally the contribution of each amino acid type for the probability of translocon recognition has recently been measured directly. Although these scales correlate quite well, there are clear differences between them and it is not well understood which scale represents neither the biology best nor what the differences are. Here, we try to provide some answers to this by studying the ability of different scales to recognize transmembrane helices and predict the topology of transmembrane proteins. From this analysis it is clear that the biological hydrophobicity scale as well scales created from statistical analysis of membrane helices perform better than earlier experimental scales that are mainly based on measurements of amino acid analogs and not directly on transmembrane helix recognition. Using these results we identified the properties of the scales that perform better than other scales. We find, for instance, that the better performing scales consider proline more hydrophilic. This shows that transmembrane recognition is not only governed by pure hydrophobicity but also by the helix preferences for amino acids, as proline is a strong helix breaker. Proteins 2014; 82:2190–2198. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

氨基酸肥效作用的研究

本研究证明氨基酸分子可以直接被作物吸收,并有促进作物增产的肥效作用,如与等氮量的无机氮肥相比(如NH_4Cl),混合氨基酸的肥效更高,我们用胱氨酸废液中的游离氨基酸为主要成分制成氨基酸肥料,盆栽和田间试验证明,该肥料具有明显增产作用,这就为毛发水解行业治理环境污染与开辟新的肥料来源结合起来,一举两得。     

Use of Mpc-amino acids in solid phase peptide synthesis leads to improved coupling efficiencies

The Mpc-group has a somewhat better stability than the Fmoc-group, resists catalytic hydrogenolysis, is highly stable in acidic media and its elimination product does not polymerize spontaneously. In a direct comparison of coupling efficiencies obtained in solid phase peptide syntheses using Mpc- or Fmoc-amino acids it is shown that the use of Mpc-amino acids leads to better coupling efficiencies and, consequently, a more homogeneous peptide. An improved synthesis of Mpc-ONSu and of Mpc-amino acid derivatives is presented.     

Evolutionary implications of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus （AIBV） analysis

For developing efficient vaccines, it is essential to identify which amino acid changes are most important to the survival of the virus. We investigate the amino acid substitution features in the Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus （AIBV） antigenic domain of a vaccine serotype （DE072） and a virulent viral strain （GA98） to better understand adaptive evolution of AIBV. In addition, the SARS Coronavirus （SARS-CoV） was also analyzed in the same way. It is interesting to find that extreme comparability exists between AIBV and SARS in amino acid substitution pattern. It suggests that amino acid changes that result in overall shift of residue charge and polarity should be paid special attention to during the development of vaccines.     

复合透明质酸微针制剂的制备及优化

目的:考察透明质酸复合微针的制备方法,并选择形态粘度适宜的高分子溶液制备透明质酸微针。方法:测定不同浓度透明质酸溶液的粘度,确定适宜制备微针的溶液浓度。利用聚乙烯醇反复冷冻-解冻的物理交联方法制备透明质酸复合微针,并加入其他辅料考察微针针形的优劣。利用高效液相色谱法考察优化后透明质酸微针的体外释放行为。结果:10%透明质酸溶液适宜用抽真空法制备微针,聚乙烯醇优化后的透明质酸微针柔韧性更佳,刚性减小,易于揭膜。微针针形良好,不易断裂。体外释放实验中显示有缓释效果,8小时内可释放40%的理论载药量。结论:通过加入聚乙烯醇等生物相容性良好的辅料制备透明质酸微针,既具有良好的物理性能,又有较好的释放行为,优于目前文献报道的纯透明质酸微针的性能,可继续优化处方,具有更进一步研究的价值。     

An unique specificity of a sialic acid binding lectin AchatininH, from the hemolymph of Achatina fulica snail

A sialic acid-binding lectin, AchatininH, from the hemolymph of Achatina fulica snail is found to be highly specific for 9-0-acetyl sialic acid. The binding specificity of AchatininH distinguishes it from other known sialic-acid specific lectins which usually show a broader range of specificity for sialic acid. It is even better than crab lectin which shows specificity for both 4- and 9-0-acetylated derivatives of sialic acid. This limited specificity of AchatininH appear to account for the fact that it agglutinates only rabbit, rat and guinea pig erythrocytes which contain 9-0-acetylated sialic acid but not horse (mainly contain 4-0-acetylated sialic acid), human, monkey, sheep, goat and chicken erythrocytes which contain either N-acetyl or N-glycolyl neuraminic acid but no 0-acetylated derivatives. This finding was further supported by the potent inhibition of hemagglutination by free 9-0-acetylated neuraminic acid and by several glyco shingolipids of human origin having 0-acetylated sialic acid.     

An Improved Stain for Bacteria in Soil

A stain for bacteria in soil is proposed different from that originally employed in the introduction of pre-treatment of the soil smears with dilute acid. The procedure found best is: A suspension of soil in a 0.015% solution of gelatin is dried on a slide, treated 1-3 minutes in 40% acetic acid, washed and dried on a boiling water bath; while still on the water bath it is stained about one minute with 1% aqueous rose bengal. It is suggested however that under certain conditions better results may possibly be obtained by substituting hydrochloric for acetic acid and one of the phloxines or one of the erythrosins for rose bengal.     

An Improved Stain for Bacteria in Soil

A stain for bacteria in soil is proposed different from that originally employed in the introduction of pre-treatment of the soil smears with dilute acid. The procedure found best is: A suspension of soil in a 0.015% solution of gelatin is dried on a slide, treated 1-3 minutes in 40% acetic acid, washed and dried on a boiling water bath; while still on the water bath it is stained about one minute with 1% aqueous rose bengal. It is suggested however that under certain conditions better results may possibly be obtained by substituting hydrochloric for acetic acid and one of the phloxines or one of the erythrosins for rose bengal.     

Barriers to application of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria

To increase the acceptability of food products containing genetically modified microorganisms it is necessary to provide in an early stage to the consumers that the product is safe and that the product provide a clear benefit to the consumer. To comply with the first requirement a systematic approach to analyze the probability that genetically modified lactic acid bacteria will transform other inhabitants of the gastro-intestinal (G/I) tract or that these lactic acid bacteria will pick up genetic information of these inhabitants has been proposed and worked out to some degree. From this analysis it is clear that reliable data are still missing to carry out complete risk assessment. However, on the basis of present knowledge, lactic acid bacteria containing conjugative plasmids should be avoided. Various studies show that consumers in developed countries will accept these products when they offer to them health or taste benefits or a better keepability. For the developing countries the biggest challenge for scientists is most likely to make indigenous fermented food products with strongly improved microbiological stability due to broad spectra bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. Moreover, these lactic acid bacteria may contribute to health.