不同种源白花泡桐种子的休眠生理生态研究

为了探讨亚热带树木休眠理论以及休眠与树木分布的相互关系,研究了不同种源白花泡桐种子的休眠生理生态学特性。结果表明：白花泡桐种子适宜发芽温度范围在20～30℃,经过低温处理后,适宜发芽温度范围扩大到15～30℃,具有浅低温休眠特性;5℃的低温处理不仅提高了不同种源白花泡桐种子的发芽率和发芽势,而且加快了发芽速度,尤其在15℃发芽温度条件下的促进效果更加明显;40d的5℃低温处理效果最好．20d、60d的低温处理效果相对较差;没有用低温处理的不同种源白花泡桐种子,除了在25℃发芽温度下的发芽势差异不显著外,在不同发芽温度条件下的发芽率与发芽势都存在着显著差异,但在20℃、25℃发芽温度下的平均发芽时间差异不显著。在15℃发芽温度条件下,除了桂林种源以外,没有用低温处理的白花泡桐种子的发芽率与发芽势都随着种源纬度的增加而增加,而在20～30℃的适宜发芽温度范围内随种源纬度的变化趋势不明显;不同种源白花泡桐种子对低温处理反应差异明显。低温处理后的中亚热带以南的低纬度种源白花泡桐种子发芽率、发芽势都较北亚热带的高纬度种源高。低温处理后的中亚热带株州种源和北亚热带南部的宜昌种源白花泡桐种子的平均发芽时间最长,而随着纬度的降低或增加平均发芽时间都变短。不同种源白花泡桐种子的浅休眠特性不同,是对不同种源地气候的一种生理生态适应。     

孕穗期低温对黑龙江省主栽水稻品种空壳率的影响

障碍型冷害对黑龙江省水稻生产影响巨大,明确主栽水稻品种耐冷性及障碍型冷害的量化指标,可为当地水稻安全生产提供科学依据。本文对黑龙江省4个主栽水稻品种(垦稻12、龙稻3号、龙稻7号和空育131)在孕穗期进行不同低温处理,分析了各处理对水稻空壳率的影响。结果表明:在平均温度为15℃时,孕穗期低温的持续天数是水稻形成障碍型冷害的关键因素;在低温持续时间相同的条件下,昼夜恒温15℃使各品种水稻受低温影响最严重;在不同低温处理条件下,不同品种水稻发生一般障碍型冷害的临界时长为1～4d或5～8d,发生严重障碍型冷害的临界时长为5～8d或8d以上,品种间临界时长有所差异;供试品种中,垦稻12和龙稻3号耐冷性较弱,空育131耐冷性较强,龙稻7号耐冷性居中。     

黑龙江省水稻空壳率与孕穗期低温的关系

对黑龙江省6个主要水稻品种(龙稻3号、垦稻12号、空育131、龙稻7号、龙粳16号和松粳6号)进行孕穗期低温(处理温度分别为15℃、17℃、19℃,低温持续时间分别为2、4、6和8d)处理,采用线性内插和统计回归方法,分析了水稻单穗空壳率与孕穗期低温的关系.结果表明:研究区敏感性水稻品种和耐冷性较强水稻品种的障碍型冷害临界温度分别为17℃和16℃;孕穗期水稻对低温最敏感的时期为抽穗前14～18d.15℃低温处理8d时,松粳6号、垦稻12号的空壳率明显增加,空育131空壳率小幅升高,表明松粳6号和垦稻12号对低温反应较敏感、耐冷性较弱,而空育131对低温反应迟钝,耐冷性较强;垦稻12号、龙粳16号、空育131的冷积温与空壳率存在显著的相关关系(P0.01),随着冷积温的增加,水稻空壳率明显升高,但品种间的增幅不同.     

中国水稻微核心种质不同生育时期耐冷性鉴定及其相关分析

以204份中国水稻微核心种质为试验材料,进行了水稻发芽期、芽期、幼苗期、孕穗期等耐冷性鉴定及其相关性分析。结果表明,水稻各生育时期耐冷性在籼粳亚种间、各种质之间存在明显的差异。粳稻种质的耐冷性明显强于籼稻种质,但籼稻种质中也存在耐冷性较强的种质。高阳淀稻大红芒、肥东塘稻、木樨球、卫国、兴国、山酒谷、中花8号等粳稻种质和包选21号、红米三担白、寸谷糯、红谷等籼稻种质在水稻各生育时期均表现较强的耐冷性,在水稻耐冷性育种及耐冷基因发掘研究中应加以利用。自然低温和冷水胁迫下水稻结实率与低温下发芽率呈显著或极显著正相关,而与死苗率呈显著负相关,即低温下发芽期耐冷性和芽期耐冷性强的水稻种质一般表现为较强的孕穗期耐冷性。认为低温下发芽率和芽期低温处理后的死苗率可以作为孕穗期耐冷性早期鉴定的间接指标。     

中国水稻微核心种质不同生育时期耐冷性鉴定及其相关分析

以204份中国水稻微核心种质为试验材料,进行了水稻发芽期、芽期、幼苗期、孕穗期等耐冷性鉴定及其相关性分析。结果表明,水稻各生育时期耐冷性在籼粳亚种间、各种质之间存在明显的差异。粳稻种质的耐冷性明显强于籼稻种质,但籼稻种质中也存在耐冷性较强的种质。高阳淀稻大红芒、肥东塘稻、木樨球、卫国、兴国、山酒谷、中花8号等粳稻种质和包选21号、红米三担白、寸谷糯、红谷等籼稻种质在水稻各生育时期均表现较强的耐冷性,在水稻耐冷性育种及耐冷基因发掘研究中应加以利用。自然低温和冷水胁迫下水稻结实率与低温下发芽率呈显著或极显著正相关,而与死苗率呈显著负相关,即低温下发芽期耐冷性和芽期耐冷性强的水稻种质一般表现为较强的孕穗期耐冷性。认为低温下发芽率和芽期低温处理后的死苗率可以作为孕穗期耐冷性早期鉴定的间接指标。     

草玉梅种子休眠原因及解除休眠方法

为明晰草玉梅(Anemone rivularis)种子的休眠类型和破除休眠的方法、为草地改良和草玉梅的栽培提供基础,以未去除果皮的草玉梅瘦果为对照,研究了不同处理对草玉梅种子休眠的影响。结果表明:40~50 g·L-1的NaOH溶液浸泡3~5 h未能破除其休眠;经过2个月的贮藏,剪去草玉梅果皮上端、除去果皮的草玉梅种子在黑暗条件下的发芽率分别为3.3%和6.2%,与对照(2.0%)差异不显著(P0.05),而光照条件下的上述种子发芽率分别为38.7%和76.0%,显著高于对照(P0.05);剪去果皮基部的草玉梅种子在光照和黑暗条件下的发芽率与对照差异不显著(P0.05)。除去部分(1/5~1/4)果皮能使草玉梅种子发芽率提高到62.7%,显著高于对照(P0.05);果皮穿刺处理显著提高了草玉梅种子发芽率(19.3%)(P0.05),但显著低于除去果皮和部分去皮处理(P0.05);草玉梅果皮水提液对草玉梅种子萌发无抑制作用;10~30 mg·L-1GA3浸泡处理10 h未能提高草玉梅瘦果的发芽率;草玉梅种子在25/15℃变温条件下发芽率最高,15/5℃和10/5℃变温条件下不能发芽。综合分析认为,果皮的遮光引起了草玉梅种子的休眠,除去果皮能有效破除草玉梅种子的休眠。除去果皮后尚有部分种子仍然处于休眠状态,因此草玉梅种子(瘦果)的休眠为综合休眠类型。     

番茄砧木种子萌芽期与幼苗期耐冷性关系

为了探讨番茄砧木耐冷性鉴定的便捷指标,筛选耐冷砧木材料,研究了不同温度(28、20、15℃)对40份番茄砧木种子萌芽相关指标的影响及低温胁迫(10℃/3℃)下幼苗冷害指数的变化,并分析了幼苗冷害指数与种子萌芽指标的相关性。结果表明:不同砧木材料种子在28℃条件下的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数等差异不大,但15、20℃条件下的相关指标及其与28℃的相对值差异显著;不同砧木材料幼苗在昼夜温度10℃/3℃低温胁迫下的冷害指数也存在显著差异,且与低温条件下种子萌芽相关指标呈极显著相关关系,但相关系数以20℃处理大于15℃处理;通过多元逐步回归分析建立的幼苗冷害指数回归模型中仅20℃下的相对发芽率及相对发芽指数入选,模型决定系数达0.984(P0.001);通过对幼苗冷害指数进行聚类分析,可将砧木材料分为耐冷、冷敏感和中间型3类,其中耐冷材料6份、冷敏感材料5份;而采用冷害指数回归模型入选的2个因子进行聚类分析的结果,除1个材料由中间型归为冷敏感型之外,其余39份材料的分类地位完全相同,表明可通过测定20℃条件下种子的相对发芽率和相对发芽指数,对番茄砧木的耐冷性进行早期便捷鉴定。     

窄叶野碗豆种子的休眠与发芽特性

以青藏高原野豌豆属窄叶野碗豆(Vicia angustifolia)种子为材料,就其休眠类型、发芽对温度与水分的响应以及休眠破除方法进行了研究。结果显示:(1)窄叶野碗豆新鲜种子具有复合休眠特性,而贮藏种子仅具有物理休眠特性。(2)与贮藏种子相比,新鲜种子的发芽温度范围变窄,高温显著抑制其种子的发芽,在25℃条件下新鲜种子的发芽率仅为4%,而贮藏种子可达90%以上。(3)新鲜种子发芽对水分的要求较高,在-0.4 MPa以及10℃、15℃、20℃条件下,新鲜种子的发芽率分别为85%、55%、8%,而贮藏种子的发芽率分别为95%、91%、89%。(4)氟啶酮(FL)和赤霉素(GA3)对贮藏种子的发芽与发芽速率均无明显作用,但可显著提高新鲜种子的发芽速率;与贮藏种子相比,新鲜种子的发芽对脱落酸(ABA)的抑制作用更为敏感;除高浓度多效唑(PA)显著抑制新鲜种子的发芽外,其他浓度的PA对新鲜种子与贮藏种子均无显著影响。研究表明,脱落酸可能是引致窄叶野豌豆种子生理休眠的主要原因;硫酸及切破种皮处理均可破除贮藏种的物理休眠,其中硫酸处理20min效果最好。     

粳稻芽期耐冷性鉴定方法研究

利用22个粳稻品种,在不同低温胁迫、不同处理天数下进行水稻芽期耐冷性鉴定,并提出了适合于粳稻芽期耐冷性的鉴定方法.研究结果表明,在低温胁迫和不同天数的处理中,以2℃/6d低温胁迫下的22个粳稻品种死苗率的方差和变异范围表现为最大,并且死苗率的分布比较合理,据此认为该低温胁迫对于粳稻芽期耐冷性鉴定是比较合适的胁迫条件.在2℃/6d低温胁迫下,靖粳7号、辐优1号、合系15、沈农15、东农422、滇系1号等品种芽期耐冷性属3级,为强耐冷性品种;云南省粳稻品种的芽期耐冷性普遍好于东北三省的粳稻品种.     

温水浸种对蒙古黄芪种子萌发特性的影响

研究温水浸种破除蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus Bge.var.mongholicus（Bge.） Hsiao）种子休眠的适宜条件,采用恒温和变温2种浸种方式,测定蒙古黄芪种子在不同时间、不同温度梯度条件下的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数。结果表明,温水浸种破除蒙古黄芪种子休眠的效果显著,变温浸种效果略优于恒温浸种。不同温度破除休眠效果排序依次为60℃> 70℃> 80℃,其中60℃变温浸种2 min和5 min的发芽率分别为对照的2.87倍和2.31倍。浸种时间、浸种温度均可显著影响蒙古黄芪种子萌发,与对照相比,随着浸种时间增加,发芽率总体呈现出先急速升高后逐渐降低的趋势;发芽指数与浸种温度极显著正相关;浸种温度与发芽势和发芽指数均显著正相关。本研究结果表明温水浸种可以提高种子发芽率,保持种子活力。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV