从核糖体RNA基因序列探讨双尾虫的系统进化

双尾虫是否单系, 以及双尾虫与其他六足动物系统关系是多年来动物分类学家争议的一个关键问题. 测定了双尾虫的两大类群: 康虫八类和铗虫八类, 以及原尾虫、跳虫和蝗虫等核糖体RNA基因18SrDNA全序列和28SrDNA部分序列(D3~D5区), 并选用甲壳动物卤虫为外群, 采用最大简约(MP)法构建分子系统树. 结果表明: (ⅰ) 18SrDNA和28SrDNA数据整合分析含有较强的系统发育信息, 支持双尾虫单系性观点; (ⅱ) 双尾虫与原尾虫在系统树中构成姊妹群, 且支持率很高.     

低等六足动物系统学研究进展

低等六足动物包括原尾纲、弹尾纲和双尾纲三个类群,是探讨六足动物起源和进化问题的关键类群,近十年来成为节肢动物系统进化研究中的焦点之一。低等六足动物的系统发育地位以及它们之间的关系一直是备受争论的问题。通过介绍三类低等六足动物最新的分类系统,从经典分类学和系统发育两个方面对低等六足动物近十年来的研究进展进行了综述。迄今,对于三类低等六足动物都建立了比较完备的分类体系,原尾纲划分为3目10科,弹尾纲划分为4目30科,双尾纲划分为2亚目3总科10科。系统发育研究中,大多数的系统发育分析结果不支持传统的缺尾类假说,缺尾纲应摒弃不用。分子数据分析的结果普遍支持原尾纲与双尾纲近缘,但仍需要进一步探讨。线粒体基因组、比较胚胎学和比较精子学的研究结果表明,原尾纲可能经历了长期的趋异进化历史。最近的比较精子学研究支持了双尾纲的单系性。总之,三类低等六足动物系统学研究均取得了长足的发展,但仍然存在诸如研究人员匮乏和研究水平不均衡等问题。系统发育研究中,分子系统学研究成为关注的焦点,而基于核基因和线粒体基因的数据分别建立的系统发育假说存在分歧,亟需开发更优的数据分析方法。此外,需加强低等六足动物比较形态学、比较胚胎学、发育生物学等方面的研究,以便将来进行全证据的系统发育研究。     

麦双尾蚜发生数量与小麦播种期的关系

新疆伊犁和塔城冬、春麦田的麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 有虫株率和百株蚜量,与小麦播种时间密切相关。在小麦正常播种期内,冬小麦晚播可以显著减少麦双尾蚜数量,每晚播种10天,第二年麦双尾蚜有虫株率可以下降40%～70%;春小麦每晚播种10天,麦双尾蚜有虫株率增加30%～88%。     

六足总纲系统发育研究进展与新分类系统

简要综述了昆虫分纲、分目的历史变化,包括昆虫分目多少的变化,昆虫是纲级还是总纲级阶元的变化,昆虫各目分类地位系统排列的变化以及六足总纲系统发育研究进展。根据近10年来形态特征与分子测序数据相结合的系统发育研究,整理出六足总纲与系统发育支序分析相一致的分类系统,对昆虫35目的分类运用了10个分类阶元。在此基础上,删减次要分类阶元,提出简明分类系统,既反映每个高级分类单元的单系性,明晰各目的共祖近度,又减少了分类阶元层次,方便各分类单元的识别与鉴定。六足总纲Hexapoda分为4纲:原尾纲Protura(包括蚖目Acerentomata、华蚖目Sinentomata、古蚖目Eosentomata),弹尾纲Collembola(包括弹尾目Collembola),双尾纲Diplura(包括双尾目Diplura),昆虫纲Insecta。昆虫纲分为单髁亚纲SubclassMonocondylia(包括石蛃目Archaeognatha)与双髁亚纲SubclassDicondylia。双髁亚纲分为衣鱼部DivisionZygentoma(包括衣鱼目Zygentoma)与有翅部DivisionPterygota。有翅部分为10个总目、27目。     

节肢动物的分类和演化

节肢动物门是动物界中最大的1个门。按新的分类系统,本门分三叶虫亚门(已灭绝)、螯肢亚门、甲壳亚门、六足亚门和多足亚门等5亚门。六足亚门相当于以前分类系统中的昆虫纲(广义的), 是最重要的一类节肢动物;此亚门分原尾纲、弹尾纲、双尾纲和昆虫纲(狭义的)等4纲;昆虫纲分3亚纲30目,包括了前昆虫纲“有翅亚纲”中的各目。为便于读者了解新、旧系统的异同,文中列举前人的代表性系统加以对照。同时,对学术界关于节肢动物的起源和演化的一些新观点予以必要的说明,对现时流行的“泛节肢动物”、“泛甲壳动物”等概念作了简要的介绍。     

六足动物分子系统学研究进展

对近期国内外六足总纲动物的原尾纲、弹尾纲、双尾纲和昆虫纲在种群遗传变异及进化、种及种下阶元的分类鉴定、种上阶元的系统发育分析等分子系统学方面的研究进展进行了综述。多基因的联合分子数据研究日益增加。随着分子技术的日益推广,不同类型的基因序列甚至全基因组的联合使用将引导分子系统学走向辉煌的未来。     

跳虫系统进化的研究进展

跳虫是弹尾纲（Collembola）的俗称,在所有六足动物中化石年代最早,因此跳虫是六足动物起源及进化研究中非常重要的类群。跳虫的起源、分类地位和系统关系等问题,对于阐明六足动物甚至节肢动物各大类群的系统关系非常关键,日益成为相关学者关注和争论的焦点。本文就跳虫形态学和分子系统学方面的研究工作进行了综述。     

六足亚门内颚纲问题浅析

依据近年来在六足动物系统学研究中取得的最新成果,对一些动物学教材中有关六足动物中内颚纲的有效性、进化地位等问题进行浅析,提供原尾纲、弹尾纲和双尾纲的形态、习性和代表物种的相关更新资料,供生物学专业的师生参考.     

基于28S rDNA基因序列研究十种臂尾轮虫的系统关系和分类地位

通过对角突臂尾轮虫、尾突臂尾轮虫、裂足臂尾轮虫、剪形臂尾轮虫、方形臂尾轮虫、壶状臂尾轮虫、红臂尾轮虫、镰形臂尾轮虫、萼花臂尾轮虫和十指臂尾轮虫等10种臂尾轮虫以及透明囊足轮虫、大肚须足轮虫和晶囊轮虫等其他3种轮虫的28S rDNA序列分析,使用MAGE软件构建这13种轮虫系统发生树(NJ树、ME树、UPGMA树和MP树),探讨了臂尾轮属、须足轮属、晶囊轮属和囊足轮属之间以及10种臂尾轮虫之间的系统关系.结果表明,本研究所涉及的轮虫28S rDNA序列差异百分比均值为30.15%,可作为分子标记应用于轮虫属间和属内种间系统关系研究;系统树均支持将十指臂尾轮虫作为一个独立的支系从臂尾轮属中分离出来;裂足臂尾轮虫应隶属臂尾轮属;壶状臂尾轮虫和红臂尾轮虫是两个独立的种;透明囊足轮虫与臂尾轮属亲缘关系较近.     

基于形态和分子数据订正黄副铗(虫八)的一个异名(双尾纲,副铗(虫八)科)

从形态学和分子数据两方面对双尾纲Diplura、副铗(虫八)科Parajapygidae、副铗(虫八)属Parajapyx的少齿副铗(虫八)P.paucidentis Xie,Yang et Yin1988和黄副铗(虫八)P.isabellae(Grassi,1886)进行了比较分析,结果表明少齿副铗(虫八)是黄副铗(虫八)的一个异名.     

Brain organization in Collembola (springtails)

Arthropoda is comprised of four major taxa: Hexapoda, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Chelicerata. Although this classification is widely accepted, there is still some debate about the internal relationships of these groups. In particular, the phylogenetic position of Collembola remains enigmatic. Some molecular studies place Collembola into a close relationship to Protura and Diplura within the monophyletic Hexapoda, but this placement is not universally accepted, as Collembola is also regarded as either the sister group to Branchiopoda (a crustacean taxon) or to Pancrustacea (crustaceans + hexapods). To contribute to the current debate on the phylogenetic position of Collembola, we examined the brains in three collembolan species: Folsomia candida, Protaphorura armata and Tetrodontophora bielanensis, using antennal backfills, series of semi-thin sections, and immunostaining technique with several antisera, in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions. We identified several neuroanatomical structures in the collembolan brain, including a fan-shaped central body showing a columnar organization, a protocerebral bridge, one pair of antennal lobes with 20-30 spheroidal glomeruli each, and a structure, which we interpret as a simply organized mushroom body. The results of our neuroanatomical study are consistent with the phylogenetic position of Collembola within the Hexapoda and do not contradict the hypothesis of a close relationship of Collembola, Protura and Diplura.     

Ribosomal DNA gene and phylogenetic relationships of Diplura and lower Hexapods

HennigdividedInsectas.lat.(=Hexapoda)intotwowelldefinedtaxonomicgroups:Entog-nathaandEctognatha[1].ThemostdistinctivecharacterofEntognatha(includingProtura,Col-lembolaandDiplura)liesintheenclosedmouthpartscondition,whereasthepresenceofexposedmouthpartsisthemainfeatureofEctognatha(includingMicrocoryphia,Zygentomaandtheptery-goteinsects).ControversiesaboutthephylogeneticrelationshipsofhightaxaEntognathahavekeptgrowinginrecentyears,withthemonophylyofDipluraandthephylogeneticpositionsofDiplur…     

MicroRNA evolution provides new evidence for a close relationship of Diplura to Insecta

The phylogenetic interrelationships among four hexapod lineages (Protura, Collembola, Diplura and Insecta) are pivotal to understanding the origin of insects and the early diversification of Hexapoda, but they have been difficult to clarify based on the available data. In this study, we identified 91 conserved microRNA (miRNA) families from 36 panarthropod taxa, including seven newly sequenced non-insect hexapods. We found major clade differentiation accompanied by the origin of novel miRNA families, and most miRNA clusters are conserved with a high degree of microsynteny. Importantly, we were able to identify two miRNA families unique to Hexapoda, and four miRNA families and a miRNA cluster that exist exclusively in Diplura and Insecta, suggesting a close relationship between Diplura and Insecta as well as the monophyly of Hexapoda. Combined with a phylogenetic analysis based on the presence/absence matrix of miRNA families, our study demonstrates the effectiveness of miRNA in resolving deep phylogenetic problems.     

Ribosomal DNA gene and phylogenetic relationships of Diplura and lower Hexapods

The monophyly of Diplura and its phylogenetic relationship with other hexapods are important for understanding the phylogeny of Hexapoda. The complete 18SrRNAgene and partial 28SrRNA gene (D3-D5 region) from 2 dipluran species (Campodeidae and Japygidae), 2 proturan species, 3 collembolan species, and 1 locust species were sequenced. Combining related sequences in GenBank, phylogenetic trees of Hexapoda were constructed by MP method using a crustaceanArtemia salina as an outgroup. The results indicated that: (i) the integrated data of 18SrDNA and 28SrDNA could provide better phylogenetic information, which well supported the monophyly of Diplura; (ii) Diplura had a close phylogenetic relationship to Protura with high bootstrap support.     

Testing for misleading effects in the phylogenetic reconstruction of ancient lineages of hexapods: influence of character dependence and character choice in analyses of 28S rRNA sequences

The present analyses employ the almost complete sequence of the 28S rRNA gene to investigate phylogenetic relationships among Pancrustacea, placing special emphasis on the position of basal hexapod lineages. This study utilizes a greater number of characters and taxa of Protura, Collembola and Diplura than previous analyses to focus on conflicts in the reconstruction of the early steps in hexapod evolution. Phylogenetic trees are mainly based on Bayesian approaches, but likewise include analyses with Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony. Different analyses, including the application of a mixed DNA/RNA substitution model, were performed to narrow possible misleading effects of non-stationarity of nucleotide frequencies, saturation and character independence down to a minimum. This is the first time that a mixed DNA/RNA model is applied to analyse 28S rRNA sequences of basal hexapods. All methods yielded strong support for the monophyly of Collembola, Diplura, Dicondylia and Insecta s.str. , as well as for a cluster composed of Diplura and Protura ('Nonoculata-hypothesis'). However, the last cluster may be an artifact caused by a shared GC bias of the 28S sequences between these orders, in combination with a long branch effect. The instability of the position of the 'Nonoculata' within Pancrustacea further bears out the misleading effect of non-stationarity of nucleotide frequencies. Protura and Diplura either form the sister-group to Collembola (Entognatha) or cluster with branchiopod crustaceans. Overall, the phylogenetic signal of the complete sequences of the 28S rRNA gene favours monophyly of Hexapoda over paraphyly. However, further corroboration from independent data is needed to rule out the competing hypothesis of mutually paraphyletic Crustacea and Hexapoda.     

Sequence of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase II inCryptopygus nanjiensis and Phylogeny of Apterygota

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (Co II) from four different apterygotens Cryptopygus nanjiensis (Collembola), Neanura latior (Collembola), Gracilentulus maijiawensis (Protura) and Lepidocampa weberi (Diplura) were sequenced. Their A T content, number of nucleotide substitutions, TV/TV ratio, and Tamura-Nei's distance were calculated. A series of phylogenetic trees were constructed by parsimony and distance methods using a crustacean Artemia franciscana as outgroup. Finally the evolutionary trend A T content of CO II genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationship of apterygotan groups were discussed.     

Is Ellipura monophyletic? A combined analysis of basal hexapod relationships with emphasis on the origin of insects

Hexapoda includes 33 commonly recognized orders, most of them insects. Ongoing controversy concerns the grouping of Protura and Collembola as a taxon Ellipura, the monophyly of Diplura, a single or multiple origins of entognathy, and the monophyly or paraphyly of the silverfish (Lepidotrichidae and Zygentoma s.s.) with respect to other dicondylous insects. Here we analyze relationships among basal hexapod orders via a cladistic analysis of sequence data for five molecular markers and 189 morphological characters in a simultaneous analysis framework using myriapod and crustacean outgroups. Using a sensitivity analysis approach and testing for stability, the most congruent parameters resolve Tricholepidion as sister group to the remaining Dicondylia, whereas most suboptimal parameter sets group Tricholepidion with Zygentoma. Stable hypotheses include the monophyly of Diplura, and a sister group relationship between Diplura and Protura, contradicting the Ellipura hypothesis. Hexapod monophyly is contradicted by an alliance between Collembola, Crustacea and Ectognatha (i.e., exclusive of Diplura and Protura) in molecular and combined analyses.     

Evolution on oceanic islands: molecular phylogenetic approaches to understanding pattern and process

By their very nature oceanic island ecosystems offer great opportunities for the study of evolution and have for a long time been recognized as natural laboratories for studying evolution owing to their discrete geographical nature and diversity of species and habitats. The development of molecular genetic methods for phylogenetic reconstruction has been a significant advance for evolutionary biologists, providing a tool for answering questions about the diversity among the flora and fauna on such islands. These questions relate to both the origin and causes of species diversity both within an archipelago and on individual islands. Within a phylogenetic framework one can answer fundamental questions such as whether ecologically and/or morphologically similar species on different islands are the result of island colonization or convergent evolution. Testing hypotheses about ages of the individual species groups or entire community assemblages is also possible within a phylogenetic framework. Evolutionary biologists and ecologists are increasingly turning to molecular phylogenetics for studying oceanic island plant and animal communities and it is important to review what has been attempted and achieved so far, with some cautionary notes about interpreting phylogeographical pattern on oceanic islands.     

The phylogenetic positions of three Basal-hexapod groups (protura, diplura, and collembola) based on ribosomal RNA gene sequences

This study combined complete 18S with partial 28S ribosomal RNA gene sequences ( approximately 2,000 nt in total) to investigate the relations of basal hexapods. Ten species of Protura, 12 of Diplura, and 10 of Collembola (representing all subgroups of these three clades) were sequenced, along with 5 true insects and 8 other arthropods, which served as out-groups. Trees were constructed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian analysis, and minimum-evolution analysis of LogDet-transformed distances. All methods yielded strong support for a clade of Protura plus Diplura, here named Nonoculata, and for monophyly of the Diplura. Parametric-bootstrapping analysis showed our data to be inconsistent with previous hypotheses (P < 0.01) that joined Protura with Collembola (Ellipura), that said Diplura are sister to true insects or are diphyletic, and that said Collembola are not hexapods. That is, our data are consistent with hexapod monophyly and Collembola grouped weakly with "Protura + Diplura" under most analytical conditions. As a caveat to the above conclusions, the sequences showed nonstationarity of nucleotide frequencies across taxa, so the CG-rich sequences of the diplurans and proturans may have grouped together artifactually; however, the fact that the LogDet method supported this group lessens this possibility. Within the basal hexapod groups, where nucleotide frequencies were stationary, traditional taxonomic subgroups generally were recovered: i.e., within Protura, the Eosentomata and Acerentomata (but Sinentomata was not monophyletic); within Collembola, the Arthropleona, Poduromorpha, and Entomobryomorpha (but Symphypleona was polyphyletic); and in Diplura, the most complete data set (> 2,100 nt) showed monophyly of Campodeoidea and of Japygoidea, and most methods united Projapygoidea with Japygoidea.