跳虫分类简介

简要介绍了目前逐步被国际跳虫分类学界所接受、由Deharveng（2004）提出、Bellinger、Christiansen及Janssens（2009）等共同修改的一个最新跳虫分类系统——“弹尾纲”4目分类系统．供我国相关同行讨论和参考,、     

有关六足动物(昆虫)系统分类中的争论热点

六足动物即昆虫的泛称,自寒武纪以来就是地球上物种最多的一个类型,近来分类学家们,从形态分类研究和分子分类研究两方面,对六足动物的系统渊源展开了热烈的争论,本文仅简单介绍其中几个争论要点。     

雪地生活跳虫研究进展

雪地生活跳虫主要是指能在雪地环境中(雪面上,雪层下和雪层中)活动的跳虫,它们的共性是能够在寒冷的环境中进行跳跃、取食等活动,对低温和干旱具有很强的耐受性。对雪地生活跳虫的研究有助于人们了解积雪和冰雪覆盖地区跳虫类群的野外生存行为和生理特征,以及跳虫在恶劣气候环境的生活方式。世界上对雪地生活跳虫的研究大致可分为分类学,生理学,生物气候学三个部分。雪地跳虫主要分布在三个地区:环北极地区,高山地区和南极地区。部分跳虫种类在冬季低温的环境下活动能力很强,目前已报道的能在雪地中生活的跳虫达70余种(不包括南极地区)。与在其他季节活跃的跳虫相比,有些冬季活跃的跳虫具备特殊的形态结构,而且有些冬季活动的跳虫具有夏眠特性。冬季活跃跳虫通常具有适应冬季低温生存环境的能力,其耐寒和耐干旱的生理机制已被阐明,但其分子生物学机理尚未完全揭示清楚。雪面上活动的跳虫能够利用太阳光做向导进行连续的定向迁徙,以此穿越大的地理障碍,选择更加合适的生活栖息地以及进行基因交流。冬季活动的跳虫受环境因素的影响很大,其在雪面上的个体数量与风、温度和气压相关,而且受季节影响较大,多出现在冬末气候温和的时候。总结了雪地生活跳虫的研究历史,研究方法,列出了已报道种类和分布,介绍了迁徙和取食等行为以及耐寒冷和耐干旱等生理研究等,以增加对跳虫类群生物生态特性的认识。     

小议跳虫

跳虫是世界上种类最丰富的类群之一,因个体微小,常被忽视。简要介绍了该类群的形态特征结构和功能、分布、食性与危害及卷见种类的鉴别特征。     

长春净月潭不同林型土壤跳虫组成的研究

<正> 跳虫是土壤动物主要类群之一,与螨类一起约占土壤动物的80％,在1m~2土壤内跳虫多达上百万。跳虫具有分解生物残体,促进土壤形成,传播细菌的作用。在卫生昆虫上占有一     

低等六足动物系统学研究进展

低等六足动物包括原尾纲、弹尾纲和双尾纲三个类群,是探讨六足动物起源和进化问题的关键类群,近十年来成为节肢动物系统进化研究中的焦点之一。低等六足动物的系统发育地位以及它们之间的关系一直是备受争论的问题。通过介绍三类低等六足动物最新的分类系统,从经典分类学和系统发育两个方面对低等六足动物近十年来的研究进展进行了综述。迄今,对于三类低等六足动物都建立了比较完备的分类体系,原尾纲划分为3目10科,弹尾纲划分为4目30科,双尾纲划分为2亚目3总科10科。系统发育研究中,大多数的系统发育分析结果不支持传统的缺尾类假说,缺尾纲应摒弃不用。分子数据分析的结果普遍支持原尾纲与双尾纲近缘,但仍需要进一步探讨。线粒体基因组、比较胚胎学和比较精子学的研究结果表明,原尾纲可能经历了长期的趋异进化历史。最近的比较精子学研究支持了双尾纲的单系性。总之,三类低等六足动物系统学研究均取得了长足的发展,但仍然存在诸如研究人员匮乏和研究水平不均衡等问题。系统发育研究中,分子系统学研究成为关注的焦点,而基于核基因和线粒体基因的数据分别建立的系统发育假说存在分歧,亟需开发更优的数据分析方法。此外,需加强低等六足动物比较形态学、比较胚胎学、发育生物学等方面的研究,以便将来进行全证据的系统发育研究。     

九华山土壤跳虫的生态分布

在九华山4种生境中共获土壤跳虫5904个,分隶10科52属,等跳科有14属,数量占各科总数72.09%,其中以符跳属个体数占绝对优势,不同群落组成成分及各项指标差异显著,混交林土层中种、数量丰富,若以土层和Aoo层总和计算,则有高海拔生境各落比低海拔多的趋势,灌丛草甸土壤跳虫群落的H和E值高而且季节变化不大,秋冬季节各群落种、数都有增加,而以山上两个群落Aoo层增加更多,表聚现象十分突出。     

土壤跳虫对氮磷养分响应的研究进展

土壤跳虫是土壤分解者中最重要的类群之一,它们通过营养联系将基础食物资源中的物质和能量传递到更高营养级,在地下食物网中具有不可替代的作用。在全球氮磷沉降日趋严重的背景下,土壤跳虫群落如何响应氮(N)、磷(P)沉降的研究还十分有限,严重阻碍了我们对跳虫群落的生态功能、在地下食物网的物质循环和能量流动以及陆地碳(C)循环中作用的科学认识。跳虫功能群的分类标准不一导致相关研究结果可比性差。本文整理了跳虫功能群的3种分类方法,归纳了4种研究跳虫营养关系的方法,总结了N、P养分添加下土壤跳虫的响应机制。总体上,跳虫对N添加的响应多表现为负效应即种群密度降低,而对P添加的响应则多表现为正效应,N、P混施下,跳虫群落的变化更为复杂。未来土壤跳虫对N、P添加响应的研究应聚焦在跳虫功能群的科学划分、跳虫营养结构研究方法的完善和N、P交互对跳虫群落的作用机制上。     

长春净月潭地区土壤跳虫的生态分布

土壤动物直接参与土壤形成,它与土壤微生物的相互配合,对植物凋落物的分解起着十分重要的作用。土壤跳虫是土壤动物中最重要的类群之一。关于它的生态分布,目前国内报道不多。东北师范大学和日本九州大学合作,对长春净月潭地区的土壤跳虫进行了初步调查。     

小兴安岭白桦林土壤跳虫的动态特征

对小兴安岭白桦林土壤跳虫的动态特征进行了研究,共获土壤跳虫3631只,隶属10科.其中,优势科3科(节跳虫科、棘跳虫科、球角跳虫科),占总个体数的90.22%.1997年所获的土壤跳虫个体数和科数最多.土壤跳虫个体数的月份动态为6月＜8月＜10月,而科数却以8月份最多(10科).土壤跳虫数量随着土壤深度的增加,呈递减的变化趋势.各层次随着月份的推移,个体数量占总数的百分比在增加,特别是个体数占总个体数比例最大的节跳虫的垂直分布及其时间动态非常符合此规律.土壤跳虫的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数的变化规律一致,而与Simpson优势度指数的变化规律相反.多样性指数的月份动态为8月＞6月＞10月;年际动态为1997年＞1996年.1997年8月的丰富度指数和多样性指数最高.     

Molecular biological study on speciation and phylogeny of the order Entomobryomorpha (Collembola: Hexapoda)

In order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship among groups of the order Entomobryomorpha (Collembola), the sequences on the ITS 1 to ITS 2 fragments of the rRNA gene were analyzed in 11 species of three families. In order to avoid the potential risks and inconsistencies of a single method or data set, the phylogenetic reconstructions were based on three different approaches: methods of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and neighbor joining. The inferred phylogenies supported monophyly of the order Entomobryomorpha. The relationships between families were different, but the orders of branching within each family were the same. Entomobryidae and Isotomidae were paraphyletic, whereas Tomoceridae was monophyletic. Tomoceridae was subdivided into two branches; the molecular analysis provided results distinctive enough to separate the two genera by the high bootstrap value. On the other hand, two different populations of putative Homidia koreana appeared to be different species, although their chaetotaxy is identical. A wide coverage of characters, including not only morphological characters but also genetic data such as allozymes and DNA sequences, will give a more accurate picture of the classification and phylogeny of the studied group.     

Molecular phylogeny of Collembola inferred from ribosomal RNA genes

The classification of taxa within Collembola (Springtails, Hexapoda) has been controversial. In this study, we combined complete 18S rRNA gene with partial 28S rRNA gene (D7-D10) sequences to investigate the phylogeny of Collembola. About 2500 aligned sites of thirty species representing 29 genera from14 families of Collembola were analyzed, including one species of Neelipleona from which no sequence has been reported previously.The phylogenetic trees were obtained by different methods (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis). Our results supported the monophyly of two of the four taxonomic groups of Collembola summarized by Deharveng [Deharveng, L., 2004. Recent advances in Collembola systematics. Pedobiologia 48, 415–433.], namely of Poduromorpha and of Symphypleona. Within Poduromorpha, Neanuridae was monophyletic with high support, but Hypogastruridae was not. Entomobryomorpha was paraphyletic, as the Tomoceroidea (Tomoceridae and Oncopoduridae) was found to be apart from the other entomobryomorphs. In the latter Isotomoidea and Entomobryoidea joined into a group with moderate support. Within Symphypleona, the phylogenetic relationship [(Sminthuridae + Bourletiellidae) + Sminthurididae] was consistent with traditional morphological studies. Neelipleona grouped with Symphypleona in all trees, with moderate support in the ML and Bayesian analyses.     

Myzostomida: A review of the phylogeny and ultrastructure

Myzostomids are minute, soft-bodied, marine worms associated with echinoderms since the Carboniferous. Due to their long history as host-specific symbionts, they have acquired a highly derived body plan that obscures their phylogenetic affinities to other metazoans. Because certain organs are serially arranged a closer relationship between polychaetes and myzostomids has repeatedly been discussion. We presented here a review on the ultrastructure of myzostomids with the most recent analyses that concern their phylogenetic position. The ultrastructure of the integument, digestive system, excretory system and nervous system are summarized. Unpublished information on the gametogenesis and reproductive systems of myzostomids are also exposed with a view on their reproductive process.     

中国西部刺齿(虫兆)属Homidia一新种(弹尾纲:长角(虫兆)科)

本文记述中国西部剌齿(虫兆)属1新种:中带剌齿(虫兆)H.mediofascia,sp.nov..该种区别属内其他种的主要特征是本种胸部第2节到腹部第2节背部中间具色带,第1腹节具大刚毛a1,腹部第4节后缘大刚毛7+7,粘管后侧面具光滑刚毛4根.本文还对属内5个相近种进行了比较.正模:早,陕西省安康市,2006-Ⅵ-15;副模:8♀♀,1♂以及8头酒精标本,陕西省安康市,2006-Ⅵ-15.1♀和1头酒精标本保存于南京大学,其他标本保存于台州学院生命科学学院.     

白符(虫兆)胚胎发育的形态观察(弹尾纲:等节(虫兆)科)

对白符(Folsomiacandida)胚胎发育全过程进行显微观察,记述了白符从卵裂、囊胚期、原肠期、组织分化期、孵化前期等不同发育阶段的形态变化和发育过程。其结果表明,白符卵为聚产,形成大小不等的卵块,卵初产时为乳白色,卵壳表面覆盖有细密的颗粒状突起,直径为110—126μm。随着白符发育的进行,胚膜直径增大到180—185μm,其卵裂方式为完全均等卵裂,整个胚胎发育历期7—10d。     

Global diversity of springtails (Collembola; Hexapoda) in freshwater

Water-dependency appeared independently in several clades of the class Collembola, which is basically of terrestrial origin according to recent phylogenetic analyses. Though moderately diversified (less than 8,000 species), Collembola are among the most numerous terrestrial arthropods in wetland communities, with a small number of species living on the surface of water. Many species are dependent on water-saturated atmosphere of caves, and on snow or ice in high mountains. A total of 525 water-dependent species have been recognized, of which 103 are linked to free freshwaters and 109 to anchialine or marine waters. Many interstitial species are also dependent to an unknown extent on water saturation in the deep layers of the soil. The numbers provided here are underestimates, as Collembola are extremely poorly known outside the Holarctis, and the ecology of described species usually not documented. However, a general biogeographical pattern is emerging from available data. The most remarkable feature is that about 15% of the fauna is water-dependent in the holarctic region, compared to 4% in the tropics and southern hemisphere. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment     

Rafting in Antarctic Collembola

Darwin was an early exponent of the importance of 'occasional means of dispersal' in accounting for the present-day distribution of plants and animals. This study examined the implications of capture on the water surface of meltwater and seawater for the local and long-range dispersal of Antarctic springtails. Individuals of the maritime Antarctic collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus , were floated on tap water and seawater at 0, 5 and 10°C. LT₅₀s on seawater were 34 (10°C), 65 (5°C) and 75 (0°C) days. On tap water, LT₅₀s were 69 (10°C), 126 (5°C) and 239 (0°C) days. Less than 20% escaped from the water surface. A significantly greater proportion of springtails moulted on tap water and viable offspring were produced on both tap water and seawater. Comparison across treatments of survival of moulting and non-moulting individuals found significantly greater survival in moulting animals for three of the treatment combinations. It is suggested that moult exuviae facilitate survival on the water film through the simultaneous provision of a flotation aid and a source of nourishment – that is, an 'edible raft'. A separate experiment measuring changes in haemolymph osmolality over time on tap water and seawater at 2 and 5°C found significant differences in all treatments. Causes of mortality are discussed in relation to osmoregulatory failure and starvation.     

上海地区(虫兆)两新种(弹尾目:等节(虫兆)科)

本文描述了等节科的两新种,中华尾四刺Tetracanthura sinensis sp.nov.和缺眼二刺Uzelia anommatos sp.nov..其中Tetracanthura Martynova 1971为中国新记录属.     

A New Species of Halophilous Collembola (Insecta) from Korea

Three species of interstitial Collembola in Entomobryidae were identified from South Korean coast. One of them, Sinella (Coecobrya) maritima, is new to science. So far 21 halophilous species in 10 families of Collembola, including the new species in this paper, were reported from the Korean peninsula.     

First record of the littoral family Isotogastruridae (Collembola) in Asia

The new species Isotogastrura trichaetosasp. n. isdescribed from a sand beach of Hainan, South China. It differs from all its congeners by 3+3 axial setae on Abd. IV (vs. 2+2) and by the presence of a pair of tubercles on Abd.VI. The geography of this strictly littoral genus is discussed.