云南普洱可食用棠梨花的民族植物学初步研究

云南拥有独特的食花文化,蕴藏着丰富的食花资源与传统知识。棠梨花是云南分布最广、最为常见的食用花资源之一,是民间对可食用蔷薇科梨属(Pyrus)植物花的统称,其具体涉及的物种以及民间利用知识与现状尚待研究阐明。该研究在文献研究基础上,初步选择云南省普洱市的思茅区和墨江县,在棠梨花采集旺季,开展了民族植物学调查,包括标本采集与鉴定、集市调查与半结构式访谈。结果表明:(1)该地区食用棠梨花来自三种野生梨属植物,即川梨(P. pashia)、杜梨(P. betulifolia)和无毛川梨(P. pashia var. kumaoni),其中川梨利用频率最高。(2)棠梨花在集市上早春野生蔬菜中比重高,在当地和外地同时显示了很大的市场潜力。(3)当地民族在棠梨花的采后处理与加工方式上,具有高度的一致性。(4)食用理由主要包括清热、应季和无污染。该研究阐明了可食用棠梨花的物种、相关传统知识与利用现状,为棠梨花的资源价值与影响力评估提供了参考,为进一步探讨食花的文化因素与生理学意义提供了基础。     

椭圆叶花锚的引种栽培

椭圆叶花锚 (HaleniaellipiticaD .Don)是藏族民间用于治疗黄疸型肝胆疾病和病毒性肝炎的一种名贵草药。引种栽培试验研究表明 ,在青海高原自然环境条件下 ,椭圆叶花锚为二年生草本植物 ,完成植物生长发育需要的时间为 10～ 12个月。自然状态下的植物种子萌发率很低 ,种子经过低温条件处理后可显著提高其萌发率。栽培的椭圆叶花锚植株在植株高度、分枝数量、单株生物量等生长状况指标明显高于野生植株 ,其有效化学成分接近野生状态的水平 ,野生椭圆叶花锚的人工栽培是可行的     

大理地区白族传统食用酸味植物的民族植物学研究

采用文献研究法、村社访谈法、参与式观察法及民族植物学定量评价法,对大理地区白族传统食用酸味植物进行了调查和研究。调查结果显示:大理地区白族传统食用酸味植物共22种(变种),隶属于9科18属,其中蔷薇科(Rosaceae)种类最多,为12种。以果实(含幼果)为食用部位的酸味植物种类最多(16种),以茎叶(含嫩茎、嫩叶和茎)为食用部位的酸味植物种类也较多(4种)。以生食(16种)和腌制(11种)为食用方法的酸味植物种类较多。食用类别包括调料、零食、食疗、水果、饮料和蔬菜,其中,作为调料、零食、食疗和水果食用的酸味植物种类较多,分别有11、10、9和9种。该地区酸味植物共具有16种功能,其中,具开胃、消食、解暑、治痢疾和祛风湿等功能的酸味植物种类较多。定量评价结果显示:毛叶木瓜(Chaenomeles cathayensis Schneid.)、皱皮木瓜[Chaenomeles speciosa(Sweet)Nakai]、长梗梅[Armeniaca mume var.cernua(Franch.)Yüet Lu]、梅(Armeniaca mume var.mume Sieb.)、高河菜(Megacarpaea delavayi var.delavayi Franch.)、余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica Linn.)和云南杨梅(Myrica nana Cheval.)的食用植物文化重要性指数(CFSI)较高,说明其在当地的利用价值较高。综合分析结果显示:大理地区白族传统食用酸味植物的种类、食用部位、食用类别、食用方法和功能方面具有多样性,传统利用知识丰富。此外,从自然环境、人文环境和食疗功能方面分析了大理地区白族喜食酸味植物及其制品的原因,并提出了促进大理地区白族特色植物资源的发掘和利用的建议。     

旌节花科植物上的二个小煤炱科新种

本文报道了寄生在旌节花科植物上的二个小煤炱科新种。它们是(1)旌节花附丝壳(Appendiculella stachyuri Y.X.Hu et B.Song sp.nov.);(2)旌节花小光壳炱(Asteridie-lla stachyuri Y.S.Ouyang et B.Song sp.nov.)。旌节花科分布于东亚,是小煤炱菌寄主的世界新记录。新种有拉丁文和汉文描述。模式标本存放在广东省微生物研究所(GDIM)。     

重庆金佛山地区野生药食两用植物的民族植物学研究

运用民族植物学的研究方法,通过关键信息报告人访谈法以及与自然教育相结合的问卷调查法,对重庆金佛山地区居民利用野生药食两用植物的种类及传统知识进行了调查和研究。结果显示:金佛山地区居民常用的野生药食两用植物共55科100属117种(含变种和变型),其中以蔷薇科(Rosaceae)(15种)、菊科(Asteraceae)(13种)和百合科(Liliaceae)(11种)种类较多。根据食用价值,该地区药食两用植物可以分为茶饮类(代茶类54种和药酒类18种)、野菜类(46种)、野果类(水果类24种和坚果类2种)、调味品类(5种)和淀粉类(3种)。根据药食两用植物的食用部位,食用部位为嫩茎叶(32种)、根(31种)和果(29种)的种类较多,食用部位为叶(嫩叶)(14种)和全株(10种)的种类也较多,其他食用部位的种类较少。该地区药食两用植物共具有45种药效,其中具清热、解毒、祛风湿、止痛、滋补、止血、止咳、活血、利尿、化痰、促消化和消肿等药效的种类较多。综合分析结果显示:金佛山地区居民拥有丰富的药食两用植物传统知识与该地区丰富的植物资源和自然气候条件以及当地居民保健治病的需求有关。该地区药食两用植物的传统知识主要通过家庭中长辈向晚辈口授手传的方式传承。民族植物学知识的应用对金佛山地区居民在家乡生产创业、改善当地居民经济条件、减少留守儿童问题和促进地区经济发展有重要意义。     

八角金盘传粉昆虫及其访花行为

八角金盘(Fatsia japonica(Thunb.)Dccne.et Planch.)为冬季开花植物,探讨其访花昆虫种类及访花行为对研究冬季开花植物的传粉生物学规律具有重要意义。对八角金盘访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花时间、访花行为进行了初步研究。结果发现:八角金盘的传粉昆虫有2目、3科、3种,主要为膜翅目胡蜂科金环胡蜂Vespa mandarinia Smith、双翅目食蚜蝇科斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇Scaeva pyrastri(L.)及丽蝇科大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala(Fabricius);八角金盘提供的酬物主要为花粉与花蜜,食蚜蝇舔食其花粉与花蜜,而金环胡蜂与大头金蝇主要吮吸花蜜;金环胡蜂、大头金蝇及斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇的访花高峰均在10:30—14:30;斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇访花时间较长,5～10min,金环胡蜂访花时间较短,8～30s,大头金蝇访花时间最短只有3～5s。八角金盘具有较低的自花授粉能力,但主要为异花授粉植物。     

中国囊萼花属一新记录种——茎花囊萼花

首次报道了囊萼花属(Cyrtandromoea Zoll.)的1个中国新记录种——茎花囊萼花(Cyrtandromoea grandis Ridl.),该种原记载产于泰国、马来半岛和苏门答腊岛,2019年在中国云南省勐海县布朗山地区发现有分布。茎花囊萼花与囊萼花(Cyrtandromoea grandiflora C.B.Clarke)最为相似,但前者聚伞花序生于老茎上,每一花序3～18朵花,二者容易区别。     

宁夏野生食用植物资源的调查与信息数据库的建立

通过野外调查与室内工作相结合,对宁夏野生食用植物资源进行调查与统计,建立宁夏野生食用植物资源数据库,并提出了宁夏野生食用植物资源开发和利用存在的问题。结果初步调查到宁夏野生食用资源植物共计74科186属348种10类,其中饮料及野果类植物与野菜植物具有一定的开发潜力,应该在这些野生食用资源植物中进行进一步的筛选,最终主要集中于人工驯化与栽培上。此外针对宁夏野生食用植物资源开发和利用面临的问题,需加强对宁夏野生食用植物资源状况的调查,并进行深入的研究,在前面所做的基础研究上,筛选特色的野生食用资源植物进行合理的开发和利用,之后对筛选出的野生食用资源植物进行人工栽培等工作,在土地可持续利用的前提下,研究野生食用资源植物与其他栽培作物间作的模式,同时在发展过程中通过收集珍贵濒危野生植物资源植物的种质资源,而对其加以保护。     

福建省多花黄精生态适宜性区划研究

通过研究多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema)的生态适宜性,为其野生资源保护及人工规范化栽培提供依据。收集237份多花黄精分布位置和55个生态因子,导入最大熵(MaxEnt)模型运算,结合地理信息系统(GIS)分析其适合生长区域。结果表明,影响多花黄精生态适宜性的主要生态因子是3月降水量、年均降水量、6月降水量、5月降水量、4月降水量、2月降水量和最冷季降水量,在福建省具有广泛适宜生长区域。模型预测结果可靠,可为多花黄精野生资源保护提供参考,并为其科学种植提供指导。     

伊犁河流域红果小檗资源分布与形态调查

红果小檗(Berberis nummularia Bge.)系小檗科(Berberidaceae)小檗属(Berberis L.)植物,是新疆及中亚地区特有的植物物种之一.对伊犁河流域的药食兼用植物红果小檗(Berberis nummularia Bge.)的资源分布、形态特征、生态条件、繁殖特征及人工栽培等进行了综合调查、对植物各部位标本采集及采样分析研究,并对其药用价值、经济价值、生态价值、观赏价值、资源开发及保护管理等方面进行了系统地探讨,为民族药的发掘和整理、丰富中华民族中药宝库以及野生植物资源的保护和合理开发可持续性利用提供了科学依据.     

桂西壮族饮食文化中野生食用植物的民族植物学研究

运用民族植物学方法,以广西西部的1市1区10县为研究区域,对桂西壮族饮食文化中利用野生食用植物的传统知识进行了调查和研究.结果显示:桂西壮族饮食文化中常用的野生食用植物有46科102种,其中菊科(Asteraceae)种类最多(13种),其次为苋科(Amaranthaceae)、伞形科(Umbelliferae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)和豆科(Leguminosae)(各6种).食用部位常为嫩枝叶、果实、全株、花、根和茎等,其中,食用部位为嫩枝叶的种类最多(48种),食用部位为根和茎的种类最少(8种),食用部位为果实、全株和花的种类分别有18、17和11种.食用方法有炒、煮汤、生食、凉拌、水煮、茶饮、上汤和配菜等,常见的食用方法为炒和煮汤.采摘时间主要为春季和夏季,部分种类可全年采食.不同区域的壮族民众对野生食用植物的选择具有随机性,主要依据方便、易得、适用、无污染等标准进行选择,且生活在不同区域、不同环境的壮族民众对野生食用植物的选择具有较明显差异.综合分析结果表明:桂西壮族民众拥有丰富的利用野生食用植物的传统知识,具有食用植物种类丰富、食用部位多样、食用方法多样等特点,形成了富有民族特色的饮食文化.此外,根据研究结果,对桂西壮族特色饮食文化的保护和传承进行了探讨,并对当地野生食用植物资源的可持续利用提出了一些建议.     

Dietary use of wild plant resources in the Sikkim Himalaya, India

The edible wild plants are greatly valued throughout the Himalayan region and serve as an important source of food for indigenous communities. This paper describes the botanical richness, elevational distribution and dietary use of the edible wild plant resources from the Sikkim Himalaya (Eastern Himalaya), many with promising potential. A total of 190 wild plant species have been screened from the Sikkim Himalaya, this derived from 143 genera and 78 families and accounting for nearly 15% of total edible wild plants resources of India. Of the total, 65% were edible for their fruits, 22% for leaves/shoots, 7% for flowers and 3% for roots/ rhizomes. Nearly 91 wild edible species were recorded from low-hills, 70 from mid-hills and 28 species from high-hill areas. Within Sikkim state, the North and East districts represent maximum diversity of edible wild plants due to the wilderness and inaccessibility to most of the habitats. An average rural family annually consumes nearly 8 types of edible wild plants, and a few species provide over five meals in a season. Selected plants also form a source of earning to a few families that sell them in local markets. It is suggested that the high diversity of edible plants needs to be conserved for future use. Some species may be grown in traditional agroforestry systems and on marginal lands of otherwise low agricultural value. Such measures may help protect wild plant resources in their natural habitats.     

Study on Traditional Knowledge of Wild Edible Plants Used by the Mongolians in Xilingol Typical Steppe Area*

The local herdsmen were served as informants, methods of interviews and voucher specimen collection and identification have been used to conduct ethnobotanical field investigations on wild edible plants in the Xilingol typical steppe area, Inner Mongolia. The results show that 29 species and two varieties of wild plants used for food and drinks by the Mongolians in Xilingol typical steppe area. The edible parts of the plants are whole plant, aerial parts, roots, stems, bulbs, leaves, flowers, fruits or/and seeds respectively. Among them, the leaf is the most widely used part. Six categories of food uses based on the mode of folk edible use were established to classify wild food plants, including wild grain, vegetables, fruit, substitute for tea, seasoning, and snacks. Among them, vegetables were the largest group, followed by plants used as substitute for tea, and plants used for seasoning. Wild plants are usually eaten raw or cooked by the local people. Raw materials and prepared food from wild plants are preserved through the method of pickling and drying. A distinguishing feature of region and ethnic group is that mutton, beef, fresh milk and yoghourt are necessarily used in cooking dish and making milk tea from wild plants by local Mongolians.     

云南各民族食用花卉的初步研究

应用民族植物学的方法,对云南各民族食用的花卉作了较为全面的调查和研究,发现云南各民族对植物花的食用均有不同程度的喜爱,食用过程中的加工方法和烹调技巧都各不相同,食花的部位也有所选择,本文首次全面报道了云南的303种食用花卉,它们分别属于74个科,178个属。其中广泛分布或栽培的70种,热带地区118种,亚热带地区93种,温带及寒冷地区22种,本文还对食花的地理分布和生态环境,不同民族之间食用花卉的异同等方面进行了讨论,分析了食用花卉的开发利用前景,文末附云南少数民族食用花卉名录,包括拉丁名、当地名（含民族语名和汉语名）,中文名、科名、分布地区、食用部位及食用方法,其它用途等。     

拉祜族食用花卉的民族植物学研究

应用民族植物学的方法,对拉祜族的食用花卉进行了调查和研究,发现有相当多的花卉种类在一个狭窄的范围被一个单一的民族食用,实属罕见;首次全面报道了拉祜族食用花卉92种,分别属于37个科。其食用过程中的加工方法和烹调技巧都有讲究,食花的部位也有所选择。探讨了地域差别与食用花卉的异同,发现同一民族在不同地域环境或具有一定地理距离时,其选择的食用花种类有很大的不同,这与他们的生活习惯、居住环境及海拔高度有着极为密切的关系。有些植物分布区域很广,但不是分布区域内的同一民族都会选择食用它们;有些植物在不同的区域内虽然都被食用,但食用的目的和意义并不如一。还探讨了拉祜族食用花卉的重要性,以及其文化意义及开发利用前景。     

广东8种野菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及Vc的含量

测定了广东菊科8种野菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和维生素C的含量,结果表明：革命菜、一点红、苣荬菜的硝酸盐含量低于轻度污染水平,属于一级野菜;山莴苣、地胆草、加拿大蓬和艾的硝酸盐含量低于785mg/kg,达中度污染水平,属二级蔬菜范围,不宜生食,煮熟或盐渍可安全食用;甜菜籽属于三级蔬菜,不可生食和盐渍,可熟食.这些野菜维生素C的含量均低于50mg/100g（鲜重）,属于中、低维生素C含量的野菜.     

Wild foods from Southern Ecuador

This study documents 354 species of wild edible plants consumed in southern Ecuador, an area with a very high species diversity. Southern Ecuador is inhabited by Mestizo farmers and by small communities of indigenous Shuar and Saraguros. The majority (85%) of the 354 species have edible fruits. Various regional food and drink preparations in which wild plants are used are described. Most (86%), however, are consumed raw. Thirtyeight percent have additional uses, primarily as fuelwood and timber. The fruits or other edible parts of 21 species are sold at local and regional markets. Three new species were discovered during this study.     

锡林郭勒典型草原地区蒙古族野生食用植物传统知识研究

选择当地牧民作为信息报告人,运用访谈和证据标本采集鉴定等民族植物学研究方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原地区蒙古族野生食用植物进行了调查。结果表明,锡林郭勒典型草原地区蒙古族民间野生食用植物共有29种和2变种;食用部位包括全株、地上部位、根、茎、鳞茎、叶、花、果和种子,其中叶是使用频率最高的部位。民间食用方式可分为野生粮食、蔬菜、水果、茶用、调料和零食6种类型。其中,蔬菜用野生植物最多,其次为茶用和调料用植物。当地民间对野生食用植物通常采取生食和熟食两种方法。采用腌制或干燥是当地民间对野生食用植物原料或加工品进行保存的主要方法。羊肉、牛肉、鲜奶和酸奶是当地蒙古族用野生植物烹饪各种食物和调制奶茶时的必用原料,具有地区和民族特色。     

Variations in Seed Size Within Populations of Silene dioica (L.) Clairv. in Relation to Habitat

The sizes of seeds in populations of Silene dioica were comparedincluding observations on variation within and between plantsin a population growing wild in south-east England. The meanseed weights of different populations from Europe displayedvariations, which contrasted with rather stable means foundin a population sampled in 4 different years, or compared whengrowing under natural conditions or in cultivation. Variationsfrom plant to plant within a population, between populationswithin a particular area, and between different capsules fromthe same plant were similar in range and distribution to thedifferences found between populations. Seed size did not appearto be correlated with season of maturity, level of dormancy,or position on the flower truss, but significant differenceswere found in mean seed weights from different individual plants. The results are discussed in relation to the natural distributionof the species, and its role as an opportunist species inhabitingthe edges of deciduous woodlands. Silene dioica (L.) Clairv., red campion, seed size     

Traditional knowledge of wild edible plants used in Palestine (Northern West Bank): A comparative study

Background

A comparative food ethnobotanical study was carried out in fifteen local communities distributed in five districts in the Palestinian Authority, PA (northern West Bank), six of which were located in Nablus, two in Jenin, two in Salfit, three in Qalqilia, and two in Tulkarm. These are among the areas in the PA whose rural inhabitants primarily subsisted on agriculture and therefore still preserve the traditional knowledge on wild edible plants.

Methods

Data on the use of wild edible plants were collected for one-year period, through informed consent semi-structured interviews with 190 local informants. A semi-quantitative approach was used to document use diversity, and relative importance of each species.

Results and discussion

The study recorded 100 wild edible plant species, seventy six of which were mentioned by three informants and above and were distributed across 70 genera and 26 families. The most significant species include Majorana syriaca, Foeniculum vulgare, Malvasylvestris, Salvia fruticosa, Cyclamen persicum, Micromeria fruticosa, Arum palaestinum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Gundelia tournefortii, and Matricaria aurea. All the ten species with the highest mean cultural importance values (mCI), were cited in all five areas. Moreover, most were important in every region. A common cultural background may explain these similarities. One taxon (Majoranasyriaca) in particular was found to be among the most quoted species in almost all areas surveyed. CI values, as a measure of traditional botanical knowledge, for edible species in relatively remote and isolated areas (Qalqilia, and Salfit) were generally higher than for the same species in other areas. This can be attributed to the fact that local knowledge of wild edible plants and plant gathering are more spread in remote or isolated areas.

Conclusion

Gathering, processing and consuming wild edible plants are still practiced in all the studied Palestinian areas. About 26 % (26/100) of the recorded wild botanicals including the most quoted and with highest mCI values, are currently gathered and utilized in all the areas, demonstrating that there are ethnobotanical contact points among the various Palestinian regions. The habit of using wild edible plants is still alive in the PA, but is disappearing. Therefore, the recording, preserving, and infusing of this knowledge to future generations is pressing and fundamental.