医务人员工作倦怠与特质情绪智力相关关系的研究

目的 通过考察医务人员工作倦怠与特质情绪智力的相关关系,为探索改善医务人员工作倦怠状况的方法提供依据。方法 采用随机抽样的方式对552名医务人员进行工作倦怠和特质情绪智力问卷的调查。结果 (1)工作倦怠与特质情绪智力负性相关关系显著;(2)总体上,特质情绪智力对工作倦怠具有一定的负向预测作用。结论 可以通过对医务人员特质情绪智力的培养改善其工作倦怠感,培训方案的设计要注意整体性和全面性。

     

总额预付背景下医院医保管理策略的调整与思考

目的 探寻总额预付制度对于三级综合医院医保管理工作的影响,并有针对性的提出改进措施。方法 采用访谈法、比较法等收集信息资料,并对相关数据进行统计处理和实施效果分析。结果 医院对管理策略的合理调整,有助于多种角度控制医疗费用增长,临床医务人员在诊疗行为方面趋于规范化,不合理用药现象减少。结论 总额预付制度的实施有助于医院医疗费用的控制,医保的管理意识得到强化。     

基于区域信息平台的公立医疗机构政府监管机制研究

目的 剖析闵行区政府监管机制的特点与变化,为公立医疗机构监管机制改革提供参考。方法 政策分析和现场观察法相结合。结果 闵行区成立了“闵行区卫生监管中心”,运用区域信息平台工具,以绩效考核和专题监管活动为主要形式,开展了医疗机构运行监管、医疗质量监管等七个方面的监管工作。结论 绩效考核监管形式有助于引导医疗机构实现公益性目标。区域信息平台在很大程度上提高了政府的监管能力。未来工作中需进一步完善监管制度和监管指标体系,强化专业监管能力,并建立信息公开制度和奖惩制度。     

基于博弈论的我国分级诊疗制度分析与政策建议

目的 研究我国建立分级诊疗制度的困境以及相关解决政策建议。方法 利用博弈论和帕累托改进理论分析促进分级诊疗制度的实施方法。结果 分级诊疗的难点在于未能实现拍累托改进,即患者和政府可以在分级诊疗制度中节约成本,但医生并未得到相应的激励,因此,缺乏下沉积极性。结论 若能够让政府和患者节省的一部分费用补贴给大医院医生,则这些医生就会下沉到基层医疗机构,即可以实现帕累托改进、建立分级诊疗就医秩序。

     

医务人员对艾滋病职业暴露相关知识和态度的分析

目的 分析和总结医疗机构医务人员对艾滋病职业暴露相关的知识与态度。方法 对经济水平和艾滋病疫情不同地区的两所综合医院的医务人员进行问卷调查。结果 77.5%的医务人员发生过职业暴露,49.1%的不知道职业暴露后如何处理,50.3%的不知道艾滋病职业暴露后预防服药时间,70.4%的没有参加过标准防护培训,27.5%的认为对艾滋病病人进行常规检查有风险;如果知道病人是艾滋病感染者,43.8%的会避免与其接触;如果在手术前知道病人感染艾滋病,41.0%的医务人员认为会放弃手术。结论 医务人员发生职业暴露的比例较高,暴露后处理的知识和技能欠缺;艾滋病预防知识存在缺陷;标准防护培训不到位;面对艾滋病病人时,医务人员会通过不接触或拒绝为其手术等方式过度保护自己。     

医务人员执行补偿机制改革行为的影响机制研究

目的 探索医务人员执行补偿机制改革行为的影响因素,为在县级公立医院更好地执行补偿机制改革提供政策建议。方法 采用结构式访谈,对山东省2所县级公立医院12名医务人员进行个人访谈。结果 医务人员对改革的态度分为积极和消极两类,上级领导和患者的期望影响了医务人员执行改革的行为,患者的不合理认知和医院收入的下降阻碍了医务人员执行改革。结论 补偿机制改革后,由于县级公立医院资金缺口巨大、医务人员薪酬福利降低和患者对诊疗的不合理认知,阻碍了医务人员执行改革;与此同时,政府和医院要求执行改革的压力和患者对药价降低的期望,使得医务人员非常愿意支持改革。     

医务人员工作满意度测评量表的研制及验证研究

目的 针对当前学术界及实践工作者聚焦关注的医务人员工作满意度测评,以及文献综述发现其测评量表忽视和缺失考察了患方及社会舆论因素对其满意度的影响以及医患满意协同的作用,修正研制完善其测评量表并进行信效度评价。方法 运用文献资料及专题小组讨论法编制医务人员工作满意度量表,并对浙江省8家综合医院573名医务人员进行问卷调查,采用内部一致性检验、Spearman相关分析和因子分析等方法对量表信度、效度进行评价。结果 量表的内部一致性系数为0.917,分半信度为0.953,各条目得分与总体得分相关系数在0.403～0.759之间(P＜0.01);因子分析发现量表6个维度结构较为合理,可累积解释总体方差变异的72.89%。结论 量表在条目设计上弥补了患者对医务人员的尊重、认可、信任及社会舆论环境等因素对其满意度影响的考察,总体及各维度信效度较好,可作为医务人员工作满意度测评及治理的参考工具。     

天津市三级医院医务人员手卫生现状调查

目的 调查天津市三级医院医务人员手卫生知识掌握情况,分析其影响因素。方法 采用问卷调查法,对目标人群开展调查研究。结果 医务人员手卫生知识水平较高,整体情况良好;不同性别、职称的医务人员手卫生知识得分差别有统计学意义（P<0.05）;手卫生设施是影响医务人员手卫生执行的主要因素。结论 手卫生水平的提高是一项长期任务,有关部门和医院管理者应加强管理,加大宣传教育,采取多种措施提高医务人员手卫生水平。     

医务人员心理资本对工作满意度与离职倾向的影响研究

目的 分析医务人员的工作状况,心理资本、工作满意度与离职倾向的关系。方法 采用问卷调查法进行数据收集,运用SPSS、AMOS软件进行数据分析。结果 心理资本总体处于较高水平（M＝4.44）;心理资本及其希望、乐观两维度对工作满意度有显著正向影响（β＝0.308～0.516,P＜0.01）,对离职倾向有显著负向影响（β＝-0.227～-0.271,P＜0.01）;工作满意度在心理资本对离职倾向的负向影响中具有完全中介作用。结论 医务人员心理资本的提升对提高工作满意度、降低离职倾向具有重要作用,提出优化医院内部管理等相关对策建议。     

欧盟罕用药政策的分析及其对我国的启示

目的 通过分析欧盟及其成员国的罕用药相关政策,为我国罕用药及罕见病相关制度政策的制定提供参考。方法 采用文献研究法对欧盟及其成员国法国、意大利、荷兰、英国的罕用药相关政策进行检索,并比较分析四国相关政策与制度的异同点。结果 除欧盟统一的罕用药政策外,法国、意大利、荷兰以及英国均制定了相应的罕用药制度,设立罕见病治疗指导中心,有针对罕用药研发与价格制定的政策与措施,对于罕见病的治疗有相应的医疗保障制度,相应的政策制度较为完善。 结论 我国可借鉴其经验尽快制定罕见病的相关定义,建立罕见病中心,出台相应的研发激励与价格制定政策,并完善罕用药的报销与罕见病的医疗保障。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.