LFA-1/ICAM-1在ConA诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞活化中的作用

用抗LFA-1/ICAM-1粘附分子单克隆抗体和ConA联合刺激小鼠胸腺细胞,初步研究了该膜分子在经TCR/CD3介导的胸腺细胞活化信号传导以及胸腺细胞亚群选择中的作用。在ConA刺激系统中,抗ALFA-1/ICAM-1单抗均能抑制胸腺细胞的增殖应答,且以抗LFA-1单抗的作用更为显著;而在PMA加钙离子载体A23187刺激体系中,抗LFA-1单抗却表现出明显的促活化效应。当加入IL-2 时,抗LFA——1/ICAM-1单抗便不能抑制ConA刺激的胸腺细胞活化。此外,抗体对已活化的胸腺母细胞增殖也无影响。FACS分析的结果还显示,抗LFA-1单抗可明显降低CD4~-CD8~ 胸腺细胞亚群的比例,而抗ICAM-1单抗对此无影响。表明胸腺细胞表面粘附分子LFA-1具有直接参与TCR/CD3途径介导的跨膜信号传导的功能,并对CD4~-CD8~ 胸腺细胞亚群的功能分化与成熟可能起重要作用。     

LFA—1在胸腺细胞活化信号传导中的功能研究

在Ｃｏｎ Ａ和固相抗ＣＤ３单抗刺激系统中,应用抗ＬＦＡ－１／ＩＣＡＭ－１单抗,研究其在胸腺细胞活化中的功能作用,结果证明,培养初期加入可溶性抗ＬＦＡ－１可完全阻断Ｃｏｎ Ａ活化腺细胞增殖,对固相抗ＣＤ３单抗诱导的胸腺细胞活化也表现也相同的抑制效应,但对Ｃｏｎ Ａ刺激２４ｈ后的胸腺细胞应答以及ＩＬ－１＋ＩＬ－２诱导的胸腺细胞直殖无影响,在可溶性抗ＬＦＡ－１单抗的存在下,Ｃｏｎ Ａ诱导胸腺细胞合成ＩＬ     

胸腺肽对小鼠胸腺细胞亚群增殖能力的作用

小牛胸腺肽部分纯化制品TP对胸腺各亚群细胞无激素样作用,不能直接刺激细胞进行活化增殖。TP不能诱导胸腺皮质细胞对ConA刺激发生增殖应答。但对受ConA刺激而活化的胸腺髓质细胞,有边缘性促增殖作用;对受ConA刺激而活化的可的松耐受胸腺细胞,有显著的促增殖作用,表明TP的作用效应正相关于胸腺细胞亚群的成熟程度。无IL2存在,TP不显示作用,故TP可能与IL2协同促进胸腺细胞的增殖。     

LFA—1／ICAM—1在ConA诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞活化中的作用

用抗ＬＦＡ－１／ＩＣＡＭ－１粘附分子单克隆抗体和ＣｏｎＡ联合刺激小鼠胸腺细胞,初步研究了该膜分子在经ＴＣＲ／ＣＤ３介导的胸腺细胞活化信号传导以及胸腺细胞亚群选择中的作用。在ＣｏｎＡ刺激系统中,抗ＡＬＦＡ－１／ＩＣＡＭ－１单抗均能抑制胸腺细胞的增殖应答,且以抗ＬＦＡ－１单抗均能抑制胸腺细胞的增殖应答,且以抗ＬＦＡ－１单抗的作用更为显著,而在ＰＡＭ加钙离子载体Ａ２３１８７刺激体系中,抗ＬＦＡ－１单抗却     

IL-7和胸腺基质细胞系(MTEC5)诱导胸腺CD3- CD4- CD8- 细胞分化

胸腺细胞发育是细胞因子及胸腺细胞与胸腺基质细胞相互作用的结果.观察了IL-7及小鼠胸腺基质上皮细胞系MTEC5对成年小鼠CD3^- CD4^- CD8^- 胸腺细胞发育的影响.IL-7能促进TN细胞增殖.TN细胞经在IL-7条件下培养后表达CD3-TCR分子,其中20％～40％为TCRγδ⁺,60％～80％为TCRαβ⁺,但保持CD4^- CD8^- .该细胞获得对 Con A、抗CD3mAb及抗TCRmAb进行增殖应答的能力,抗CD28mAb能促进这种增殖应答,证明表达的CD3-TCR分子功能成熟.当在该系统中加入MTEC5,部分TN细胞转变为CD3⁺TCRβ⁺CD4⁺CD8^- 和CD3⁺TCRβ⁺CD4^- CD8⁺SP细胞,表明MTEC5可诱导TN细胞分化为表现型成熟的胸腺细胞.     

白细胞介素-2加强小鼠T淋巴细胞产生白细胞介素-3

本文报道了白细胞介素-2(IL-2)刺激ConA(5μg/ml)活化的小鼠T细胞产生的条件培养液(TCM)中含有CFU-GEMM诱导活性。这种CFU-GEMM诱导活性的生成在IL-2作用后48h达到高峰。特异性抗IL-3单克降抗体可以完全中和该条件培养液中的CFU-GEMM诱导活性。进一步证明,TCM可以刺激IL-3依赖细胞系FDC-P_1细胞的增殖;在IL-2作用于ConA活化的T细胞后可促进其细胞表达高水平的IL-3mRNA。这些结果表明IL-2可以加强小鼠T细胞产生IL-3。     

CD3单抗诱导幼龄小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡研究

用抗小鼠ＣＤ３单抗刺激幼龄小鼠胸腺细胞,培养不同时间后,检测小鼠胸腺细胞的凋亡情况。结果表明,胸腺细胞呈现了凋亡的典型形态学改变。流式细胞仪检测可见凋亡细胞特有的ＡＰ峰,ＣＤ３单抗刺激未成熟胸腺细胞可以通过内源性的凋亡途径引起细胞死亡。     

CD3单抗诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的流式细胞仪检测

采用不同浓度抗小鼠ＣＤ３ 复合物单抗刺激幼龄小鼠胸腺细胞,培养后分别在不同时间用流式细胞仪检测胸腺细胞的凋亡情况。结果表明,在ＣＤ３ 单抗诱导幼龄小鼠胸腺细胞４ 小时后,流式细胞仪即可测出凋亡细胞特有的ＡＰ峰。本项研究提示,用ＣＤ３ 单抗刺激未成熟胸腺细胞可以通过内源性的凋亡途径引起细胞死亡。未成熟Ｔ 细胞通过ＴＣＲ－ＣＤ３ 复合物与自身抗原接合激活上述过程可能与克隆清除的形成机制及自我耐受有关。     

TCRαβ+3G11-6C10-CD4+CD8-胸腺髓质细胞亚群的特性分析

CD4+CD8-及CD4-CD8+单阳性(SP)胸腺细胞是不均一的细胞群体,存在功能成熟的分化过程并同时伴随有表型的变化.为深入研究CD4+SP中的不同表型和不同功能状态的细胞群体,利用多种抗体加补体杀伤和细胞panning方法,分离得到小鼠3G11-6C10-CD4+CD8-胸腺髓质细胞亚群.该群细胞为TCRαβ+CD69loHSAmed/lo,有15%的Qa-2分子表达.可接受Con A的刺激进行增殖应答并分泌IL-6,IL-4和IL-10等Th2型细胞因子及低水平的IFNγ,但不分泌IL-2.根据3G11-6C10-CD4+CD8-胸腺细胞的表型和功能特点,推测该群细胞是正常的胸腺细胞亚群之一,处于CD4+SP成熟过程的中后期,是Th0向Th2转化的过渡型细胞.     

可溶性Jagged-1/Fc嵌合蛋白诱导淋巴结细胞向CD4+CD25+ T细胞分化

直接用可溶性Jagged-1/Fc嵌合蛋白(Jagged-1/Fc)在体外诱导小鼠淋巴结细胞向CD4 CD25 T细胞分化.通过荧光标记单克隆抗体染色结合流式细胞术,观察不同剂量Jagged-1/Fc在不同时间对淋巴结细胞向CD4 CD25 T细胞分化的影响,观察Jagged-1/Fc诱导T细胞内细胞因子的变化;藉ELISA法检测Jagged-1/Fc诱导分化的T细胞分泌TGF-β1、IL-4和IL-10的水平.结果显示,超过500.0μg/L剂量的Jagged-1/Fc使CD4 CD25 T细胞百分比明显增高,诱导时间需要4～6天,抗Jagged-1单抗能抵消Jagged-1/Fc的诱导作用,用DAPT阻断Notch信号通路的活化也能抑制Jagged-1/Fc的诱导作用,Jagged-1/Fc诱导分化的T细胞培养上清中IL-4和IL-10的水平明显增高,TGF-β1无明显变化,胞内IL-4,IL-10,IL-2和TNF-α的水平也呈增高趋势.上述结果表明,可溶性Jagged-1/Fc嵌合蛋白在体外可诱导小鼠淋巴结细胞向CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞分化.     

Monoclonal antibodies against LFA-1 or its ligand ICAM-1 accelerate CD2 (T11.1 + T11.2)-mediated T cell proliferation

Activation of human-purified T cells can be mediated by pairwise combinations of monoclonal antibodies directed against T11.1 and T11.2 epitopes on the CD2 molecule. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reactive with either the alpha and beta chains of the lymphocyte-function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) molecule or one of its ligands, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), were found to accelerate anti-CD2-induced proliferation. This effect was seen on thymocytes and resting or preactivated T cells (phytohemagglutinin blasts and alloproliferative T cell clones) and could be observed, following the introduction of anti-LFA-1 or -ICAM-1 mAbs, up to 50 hr after the CD2 stimulatory signal. This effect was equally abrogated by 55 kDa anti-interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor mAb, but neither the expression of IL-2 receptor nor the production of IL-2 was modified. The effects of anti-LFA-1 or anti-ICAM-1 on T cell activation through the CD2 pathway were therefore opposite to those observed in the CD3 pathway, where both mAbs strongly delayed T cell proliferation.     

The role of CD11a/CD18-CD54 interactions in human T cell-dependent B cell activation.

The role of leukocyte function-associated Ag-1 (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54) interactions in human T cell and B cell collaboration was examined by studying the effect of mAb to these determinants on B cell proliferation and differentiation stimulated by culturing resting B cells with CD4+ T cells activated with immobilized mAb to the CD3 molecular complex. In this model system, mAb to either the alpha (CD11a) or beta (CD18) chain of LFA-1 or ICAM-1 (CD54) inhibited B cell responses significantly. The mAb did not directly inhibit B cell function, inasmuch as T cell-independent activation induced by formalinized Staphylococcus aureus and IL-2 was not suppressed. Moreover, DNA synthesis and IL-2 production by immobilized anti-CD3-stimulated CD4+ T cells were not suppressed by the mAb to LFA-1 or ICAM-1. Although the mAb to LFA-1 inhibited enhancement of IL-2 production by co-culture of immobilized anti-CD3-stimulated CD4+ T cells with B cells, addition of exogenous IL-2 or supernatants of mitogen-activated T cells could not abrogate the inhibitory effects of the mAb to LFA-1 or ICAM-1 on B cell responses. Inhibition was most marked when the mAb were present during the initial 24 h in culture. Immobilized anti-CD3-stimulated LFA-1-negative CD4+ T cell clones from a child with leukocyte adhesion deficiency could induce B cell responses, which were inhibited by mAb to LFA-1 or ICAM-1. These results indicate that the interactions between LFA-1 and ICAM-1 play an important role in mediating the collaboration between activated CD4+ T cells and B cells necessary for the induction of B cell proliferation and differentiation, and for enhancement of IL-2 production by CD4+ T cells. Moreover, the data are consistent with a model of T cell-B cell collaboration in which interactions between LFA-1 on resting B cells and ICAM-1 on activated CD4+ T cells play a critical role in initial T cell-dependent B cell activation.     

Accessory function of human thymic dendritic cells in Con A-induced proliferation of autologous thymocyte subsets.

Human thymic dendritic cells (DC) have previously been shown to be intimately associated with thymocytes in situ and in culture. We report that thymic DC express LFA-3 and ICAM-1 adhesion molecules and may spontaneously associate with autologous thymocytes within mitogen-independent clusters. Moreover, the accessory activity of isolated human thymic DC was investigated in Con A-stimulation assays. By proliferation experiments, measured as [3H]TdR incorporation, we demonstrated that irradiated thymic DC strongly increase the mitogen-induced activation of autologous PBL as well as of unfractionated thymocytes. More interestingly, in coculture assays performed with purified thymocyte subsets, we have found that thymic DC greatly enhance the Con A proliferation of CD1- CD3bright thymocytes whereas the accessory activity toward the CD1+ CD3- thymocytes was very weak. Inhibition experiments demonstrated that the DC accessory activity is inhibited by anti-DR-related and anti-IL-2R mAb. However, blocking assays with anti-CD11b, anti-CD11c, anti-LFA-3, and anti-ICAM1 mAb showed that the accessory function obtained is similar to that with untreated cultures. We conclude that isolated human thymic DC may present potent DR- and IL-2-dependent accessory activity mainly directed toward the CD1- CD3bright thymocyte subpopulation, suggesting that thymic DC may be involved in the in vivo proliferation of mature thymocytes.     

Ligand binding to the LFA-3 cell adhesion molecule induces IL-1 production by human thymic epithelial cells.

We have shown that human thymic epithelial (TE) cells produce IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and TE cells bind to thymocytes by CD2 and LFA-1 molecules on thymocytes and LFA-3, ICAM-1 on TE cells. We investigated whether ligand binding to LFA-3 on human TE cells can modulate TE cell IL-1 production. First, we investigated the ability of human thymocytes to regulate IL-1 release by TE cells. Both autologous and allogenic emetine-treated thymocytes when cultured with TE cells augmented IL-1 release by TE cells. The augmentation of IL-1 release was cell density dependent. Inasmuch as the interaction between thymocytes and TE cells is mediated in part by CD2 molecules on thymocytes and LFA-3 molecules on TE cells we next determined the effect on IL-1 release of ligand binding (anti-LFA-3 mAb TS2/9) to TE cell surface LFA-3. Purified anti-LFA-3 mAb augmented IL-1 release in a concentration-dependent fashion. The anti-LFA-3-mediated augmentation of IL-1 release required both new protein and RNA synthesis as shown by the ability of cycloheximide and actinomycin-D to inhibit augmentation of IL-1 production by TE cells, and by direct quantitation of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA by Northern blot analysis. Both F(ab)'2 and Fab' fragments of anti-LFA-3 mAb augmented IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA production, indicating that monovalent binding to cell surface LFA-3 was sufficient to provide the inducing signal. The identification of LFA-3, the cell surface ligand for thymocyte CD2 molecules, as a molecule via which TE cell-derived cytokine production may be regulated suggests a mechanism at the cell surface by which direct TE cell-thymocyte interaction might result in the triggering of local IL-1 release within the human thymic microenvironment.     

Triggering of co-mitogenic signals in T cell proliferation by anti-LFA-1 (CD18, CD11a), LFA-3, and CD7 monoclonal antibodies

Proliferative T cell responses were elicited in a comitogenic assay when purified mAb against CD 18, CD11a, LFA-3, and CD7 were immobilized onto solid plastic surfaces together with submitogenic doses of mAb against the CD3 complex. The proliferative response was associated to the production of IL-2 and to the expression of IL-2R. We explored the possibility that a second signal provided by either PMA or a Ca2+ ionofore could replace the anti-CD3 mAb in the comitogenic assay. Interestingly, our data clearly indicate that PMA but not the ionofore was capable of mediating the co-mitogenic effect in conjunction with solid-bound mAb (CDw18, CD11a, LFA-3, and CD7). We also demonstrate that the mAb (anti-CD4 and anti-CD2) which have been previously described as co-mitogenic in combination with anti-CD3 are capable of eliciting this activating signal in the presence of PMA. These data indicate that mAb to certain cell surface differentiation Ag that in soluble form inhibit T cell function such as LFA-1, LFA-3, and CD2 can under appropriate conditions induce co-mitogenic signals on T cells. Our results support the hypothesis that several cell surface differentiation Ag may participate in conjunction with the T3-Ti complex in the transmembrane signal transduction leading to T cell activation.     

A novel LFA-1 activation epitope maps to the I domain

A panel of 21 alpha-subunit (CD11a) and 10 beta-subunit (CD18) anti-LFA- 1 mAbs was screened for ability to activate LFA-1. A single anti-CD11a mAb, MEM-83, was identified which was able to directly induce the binding of T cells to purified ICAM-1 immobilized on plastic. This ICAM- 1 binding could be achieved by monovalent Fab fragments of mAb MEM-83 at concentrations equivalent to whole antibody, was associated with appearance of the "activation reporter" epitope detected by mAb 24, and was completely inhibited by anti-ICAM-1 and LFA-1 blocking mAbs. The epitope recognized by mAb MEM-83 was distinct from that recognized by mAb NKI-L16, an anti-CD11a mAb previously reported to induce LFA-1 activation, in that it was constitutively present on freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and was not divalent cation dependent for expression. The ICAM-1 binding activity induced by mAb MEM-83 was, however, dependent on the presence of Mg2+ divalent cations. Using an in vitro-translated CD11a cDNA deletion series, we have mapped the MEM-83 activation epitope to the "I" domain of the LFA- 1 alpha subunit. These studies have therefore identified a novel LFA-1 activation epitope mapping to the I domain of LFA-1, thereby implicating this domain in the regulation of LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1.     

Signaling from LFA-1 contributes signal transduction through CD2 alternative pathway in T cell activation.

LFA-1, a member of the integrin family of molecules, is involved in mediating cellular adhesion in all phases of the immune response, playing a role in the interaction of helper T cells as well as in killing of target cells by both cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. We have developed a monoclonal antibody, anti-HVS6B6, which recognizes a functionally unique epitope of the LFA-1 molecule. Although this mAb itself was not mitogenic against T cells, it induced a strong proliferative response when added to T cells with submitogenic concentrations of anti-CD2 (anti-T11(2) and anti-T11(3)) mAbs. In contrast, other anti-LFA-1 mAbs (CD11a and CD18) suppressed this anti-CD2 mAb-induced T cell proliferation. Kinetic studies showed that anti-HVS6B6 acts on an early event in CD2-mediated T cell activation. Although T11(3)-epitope expression induced by anti-T11(2) mAb was not affected by treatment of cells with anti-HVS6B6, both Ca2+ influx and phosphatidylinositol turnover induced by anti-CD2 mAbs were markedly enhanced by the pretreatment of T cells with anti-HVS6B6 mAb. These results indicate that the LFA-1 mediating signal contributes to a very early phase of signal transduction during CD2-mediated T cell activation.     

Generation of signals activating neutrophil functions by leukocyte integrins: LFA-1 and gp150/95, but not CR3, are able to stimulate the respiratory burst of human neutrophils

To address the question whether leukocyte integrins are able to generate signals activating neutrophil functions, we investigated the capability of mAbs against the common beta chain (CD18), or the distinct alpha chains of CR3, LFA-1, or gp150/95, to activate neutrophil respiratory burst. These investigations were performed with mAbs bound to protein A immobilized to tissue culture polystyrene. Neutrophils plated in wells coated with the anti-CD18 mAbs IB4 and 60.3 released H2O2; H2O2 release did not occur when neutrophils were plated in wells coated with an irrelevant, isotype-matched mAb (OKDR), or with mAbs against other molecules (CD16, beta 2-microglobulin) expressed on the neutrophil surface at the same density of CD18. Four different mAbs, OKM1, OKM9, OKM10, 60.1, which recognize distinct epitopes of CR3 were unable to trigger H2O2 or O2- release from neutrophils. However, mAbs against LFA-1 or gp150/95 triggered both H2O2 and O2- release from neutrophils. Stimulation of neutrophils respiratory burst by both anti-CD18, and anti-LFA-1 or gp150/95 mAbs was totally inhibited by the microfilaments disrupting agent, cytochalasin B, and by a permeable cAMP analogue. While the capability to activate neutrophil respiratory burst was restricted to anti-LFA-1 and gp150/95 mAbs, we observed that mAbs against all members of leukocyte integrins, including CR3, were able to trigger neutrophil spreading. These findings indicate that, in neutrophils, all three leukocyte integrins can generate signals activating spreading, but only LFA-1 and gp150/95 can generate signals involved in activation of the respiratory burst. This observation can be relevant to understand the mechanisms responsible for the activation of neutrophil respiratory burst by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which has been shown to be strictly dependent on expression of leukocyte integrins (Nathan, C., S. Srimal, C. Farber, E. Sanchez, L. Kabbash, A. Asch, J. Gailit, and S. Wright. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 109:13411349.     

CD3Ti+ human thymocyte-derived clones displaying a differential response to activation via CD3Ti and CD2

Previous studies indicated that, unlike peripheral T-cells, freshly isolated thymocytes show little or no proliferation to activation signals via either the antigen/MHC receptor complex (CD3Ti) or the CD2 structure, unless exogenous IL-2 or phorbol esters are added. To investigate these differences in more detail, we have studied the response of clonal populations of mature thymocyte subsets as well as peripheral T-cell clones to activation via either CD3Ti or CD2. Here we report the characterization of three clones belonging to different subsets of mature thymocytes: CD3+ CD4+ (Ti alpha/beta), CD3+ CD8+ (Ti alpha/beta), and CD3+ CD4- CD8- (Ti gamma/delta). All three clones could be induced to proliferate to insolubilized anti-CD3 mAb. In contrast, activating anti-CD2 mAbs, which induced proliferation in all peripheral T-cell clones tested, did not induce an appreciable proliferation of the thymocyte clones. The latter required additional signals provided by the phorbol ester PMA. However, anti-CD2 mAbs were able to induce early activation events such as phosphoinositide turnover and [Ca2+]i increase to an extent similar to the ones elicited by anti-CD3 mAb. These results further support previous findings suggesting that mature thymocytes are not functionally identical to peripheral T-cells.