八角目（Illiciales）植物花被片表皮比较形态

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了八角科（Illiciaceae）八角属（Illicium Linn．）2组11种20个材料、五味子科（Schisandraceae）南五味子属（Kadsura Ksempf．ex Juss．）2亚属2组8种15个材料和五味子属（Schisandra Michx．）2亚属4组6种17个材料的花被片表皮形态特征。首次报道了八角目2个科（八角科和五味子科）3个属（八角属、南五味子属和五味子属）植物花被片表皮细胞的形状、分泌细胞的形状及分布、气孔器的形状及分布、花被片表面的纹饰。通过与八角目2个科3个属植物的叶表皮形态比较,发现花被片表皮气孔器外拱盖均为单层,与叶表皮气孔器外拱盖层数（常绿种类为双层和落叶种类为单层）之间没有相关性,还在五味子科中发现2个新的性状（气孔对和环列型气孔）。通过对两性花、雌花和雄花花被片表皮观察,发现花被片表皮形态与花的性别之间没有相关性。通过对八角属、南五味子属和五味子属花被片表皮比较,发现五味子属与南五味子属相比,其花被片表皮表现出更多的衍生性状;南五味子属与八角属相比,前者花被片表皮具有更多的衍生性状;而南五味子属花被片表皮形态与五味子属的相似性程度较大,支持五味子科包含南五味子属和五味子属、八角科包含八角属的观点。     

八角目(Illiciales)植物花被片表皮比较形态

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了八角科(Illiciaceae)八角属(Illicium Linn.)2组11种20个材料、五味子科(Schisandraceae)南五味子属(Kadsura Ksempf. ex Juss.)2亚属2组8种15个材料和五味子属(Schisandra Michx.)2亚属4组6种17个材料的花被片表皮形态特征。首次报道了八角目2个科（八角科和五味子科）3个属（八角属、南五味子属和五味子属）植物花被片表皮细胞的形状、分泌细胞的形状及分布、气孔器的形状及分布、花被片表面的纹饰。通过与八角目2个科3个属植物的叶表皮形态比较,发现花被片表皮气孔器外拱盖均为单层,与叶表皮气孔器外拱盖层数（常绿种类为双层和落叶种类为单层）之间没有相关性,还在五味子科中发现2个新的性状（气孔对和环列型气孔）。通过对两性花、雌花和雄花花被片表皮观察,发现花被片表皮形态与花的性别之间没有相关性。通过对八角属、南五味子属和五味子属花被片表皮比较,发现五味子属与南五味子属相比,其花被片表皮表现出更多的衍生性状;南五味子属与八角属相比,前者花被片表皮具有更多的衍生性状;而南五味子属花被片表皮形态与五味子属的相似性程度较大,支持五味子科包含南五味子属和五味子属、八角科包含八角属的观点。     

五味子科比较木材解剖及其系统学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察了南五味子属Kadsura 7种21个样品和五昧子属Schisandra 8种14个样品的木材解剖特征,结果表明次生木质部的导管分子类型、导管一射线间纹孔的排列方式、射线类型、射线细胞形状等性状在科的水平上很稳定,这些共同特征都支持五味子科Schisandraceae是比较自然的类群。在五昧子科中发现木材导管单生、具梯状穿孔板、导管壁具梯形排列的纹孔以及木射线异型等原始性状,支持五味子科在被子植物中的原始地位。此外,该科木材还具有单穿孔板导管、导管次生壁具螺纹加厚、具分隔纤维等较为特化的性状状态,这种性状进化水平的异等级现象,使五味子科表现出不同进化水平性状的镶嵌组合。根据木材解剖性状对五味子科进行UPGMA聚类分析,所得结果显示南五昧子属和五味子属在木材解剖特征方面有一定的交叉和重叠,这与分子系统学的结论一致,表明这两个属关系密切,可能起源于共同的祖先。通过比较五昧子科与八角科Illiciaceae的木材解剖特征,进一步证明两个科的亲缘关系很近,不支持将五味子科从八角目Illiciales中独立出来成立五味子目Schisandrales的观点。     

五味子科几个分类学问题探讨

基于近年来的研究成果,对五味子科的分类地位和系统关系、五味子属和南五味子属之间的关系及其分类系统等问题进行了讨论。五味子科和八角科不仅亲缘关系较近,而且是现存被子植物中最早分化出来的类群,把它们同置于八角目是合理的。五味子科的两个属——五味子属和南五味子属,可能源于同一祖先并沿两条不同演化路线平行演化。目前,关于南五味子属的分类系统的意见比较一致,但对五味子属分类系统的分歧却很大。     

南五味子属（五味子科）植物叶表皮形态特征

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了南五味子属（Kadsura Kaempf. ex. Juss.）全属11种,八角属（Illicium Linn.）2种,共108个样品的叶表皮特征。在南五味子属中,叶表皮细胞的形状、叶表皮表面的纹饰、气孔器的形状、气孔极区的形状、表皮毛的有无等性状能用于研究南五味子属种间关系,以及与五味子属（Schisandra Michaux）和八角属之间的关系。在八角目（Illiciales）中发现的一个新分类学性状（叶表皮表面具角质网纹）,支持将南五味子属分为离蕊南五味子亚属（Subg. Cosbaea）和南五味子亚属（Subg. Kadsura）。根据叶表皮形态特征,支持将南五味子亚属分为南五味子组（Sect. Kadsura）和肉蕊组（Sect. Sarcocarpon）,支持R. M. K. Saunders和林祁对某些种的归并处理。根据与五味子属和八角属叶表皮形态特征的比较,认为这3个属的叶表皮形态特征相似,但南五味子属叶表皮形态比五味子属和八角属的叶表皮形态复杂,不支持将五味子科（Schisandraceae）从八角目（Illiciales）中分出而成立五味子目（Schisandrales）的观点。     

中国无患子科植物的叶脉形态及其系统学意义

对国产狭义无患子科25属27种植物的叶脉形态特征进行了研究报道。结果表明：叶脉均属于羽状脉类型,其中多数为曲行羽状脉,部分为直行羽状脉;叶缘有全缘、具齿和深裂3种类型;二级叶脉具有分支和不分支两种类型;大部分种类具二级间脉,少数不具间脉或间脉不明显;多数种类的三级脉为结网型和贯串型并存;网眼的发育有完善和不完善2种类型;盲脉有简单、具分支和无盲脉3种类型。叶脉形态研究结果支持文冠果亚科以及广义鳞花木属概念,观察发现龙眼属、荔枝属与韶子属从脉序特征方面表现出较近的亲缘关系。编写了国产无患子科叶片脉序特征检索表。     

南五味子属花的形态及其系统学意义

借助扫描电镜观察了南五味子属(Kadsura)中黑老虎(K.coccinea)、南五味子(K.japonica)和狭叶南五味子(K.angustifolia)雄花和雌花的形态发生过程, 三种植物花发育早期相似而发育后期出现分异。根据花形态发生早期的相似性, 支持南五味子属为单系起源;根据花形态发生后期的分异状态, 支持将南五味子属分为离蕊南五味子亚属(Subgenus Cosbaea)和南五味子亚属(Subgenus Kadsura)。借助扫描电镜观察了短梗南五味子(K.borneensis)和披针叶南五味子(K.lanceolata)花的形态, 将南五味子和狭叶南五味子的花与短梗南五味子和披针叶南五味子的花比较, 赞成在南五味子亚属下设南五味子组(Section Kadsura)和南洋南五味子组(Section Sarcocarpon)。根据在狭叶南五味子中观察到的两性花痕迹和在五味子属(Schisandra)东亚五味子(S.elongata)花中观察到的两性花, 本文认为现存五味子科(Schisandraceae )植物的单性花可能由具两性花结构的祖先演化而来。根据五味子科植物柱头与八角科(Illiciaceae)植物柱头的相似性, 不支持将五味子科从八角目(Illiciales)中分出而成立五味子目(Schisandrales)的观点。     

防毒巧识八角科

人们都知道八角茵香的果实为调味香料，莽草的果实有毒，二者非常相似，常有人误食莽草而中毒。它们是哪个科的植物？该科主要特征是什么？怎样区分八角菌香与莽草？该科还有哪些值得注意或有趣的植物？八角茵香与莽草都是八角科植物。该科仅含1属——八角属（lllicium），全世界有35种．呈东亚-北美间断分布，主产我国西南部至东南部，多生长在海拔600-1600米的山地沟谷、溪边湿润常绿阔叶林中。如果在林中见有常绿乔木或灌木，单叶互生或聚生，全线，无托叶，两性花，花各部多数，离生，心皮呈单轮排列，聚合劳美果，呈单轮幅射状排列的植…     

五味子科植种子表面微形态及其系统学意义

首次报道用扫描电镜观察的五味子科24种7变种1变型的92个居群117份种子样品的表面微形态特征。将该科种子表面微形态归纳为4大类型,其中第Ⅰ型又分为3个亚型。将种子表面微形态与该科的花粉微形态,以及花、果、茎和叶的宏观形态结合起来进行对比分析。结果表明,五味子科种子表面微形态特征几乎不受其植株生长地环境条件的影响,相当稳定,因而作为分类的鉴别特征完全可靠,已观察到的种子表面微形态特征不支持林祁和Saunders对五味子科所做的大部分分类学修订结果。种子表面微形态特征所揭示的Schisandra属与Kadsura属之间的关系,与花粉形态所揭示的两属关系极其相似,即两属可能起源于共同的祖先,分别沿两条不同路线演化,但亦不能排除两属间有更复杂的关系的可能性。Kadsura属的总体演化水平高于Schisandra属,因而不支持认为Kadsura属比Schisan-dra属原始的观点。     

中国花椒属(广义)叶结构研究

对国产花椒属32种4变种叶结构特征进行了研究。结果发现,花椒属叶脉均属于羽状脉弓形脉序类型;叶齿具全缘、具齿或钝齿3种类型;二级叶脉有分支或不分支;三级叶脉有分支、网状和及顶3种类型;多数种类叶齿无腺点,仅4种叶齿有腺点。叶结构研究结果支持花椒亚属和崖椒亚属的亚属等级,它们共同组成广义的花椒属,并支持花椒属为芸香科中比较原始类群的观点;但不支持Engler将花椒亚属和崖椒亚属独立成属的分类处理。基于重要外部形态学特征和叶结构特征,重新对花椒属下两个亚属的检索表进行了修订。     

五味子科植物的木脂素类成分及生物活性与国内资源

五味子料(Schisandraceae)是一类重要的药用植物.本文简述从国产的12种五味子植物中分离出近70个木脂素成分,并着重介绍木脂素成分降低谷丙转氨酶的研究结果以及其他主要活性。并对国内五味子科植物的分布和资源利用作了介绍.     

Phylogeny of the Schisandraceae based on cpDNA mat-K and rpL16 intron data

The chloroplast mat-K region and rpL16 intron region were sequenced for 14 species of Schisandraceae, representing both genera Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. and Schisandra Michx, to discuss the phylogeny of this family. Analyses were performed both in separate and combined sequence data sets (including the rbc-L sequence), with Illicium angustispealum A. C. Smith as the out-group. The results showed that the Schisandraceae are monophyletic. In all the analyses, Schisandra propinqua var. chinensis Oliva and Schisandra plena A. C. Smith were nested within Kadsura, which implies that the genera Kadsura and Schisandra are closely related. They might have originated from a common ancestor, but then evolved via different routes. The result inferred from the combined data showed a greater resolution within Schisandra than those from the two separate data sets. High bootstrap values supported the monophyly of most subgenera according to Law's system (1996). A combination of morphological, anatomical, and chemical analyses indicates that S. chinensis and S. rubriflora may be the primitive taxa in Schisandra.     

五味子科的系统发育:核糖体DNA ITS区序列证据

The Schisandraceae is one of the most important taxa for understanding the origin and evolution of primitive angiosperms due to its basal position in the recent cladograms of the angiosperm based both on several gene sequences and on morphological characters, but phylogenetic relationships within the family are still unresolved. The sequences of nrDNA ITS region of 15 species representing four sections of Schisandra Michx., two sections of Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. and one outgroup, Illicium fargesii Finet et Gagnep., were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Schisandraceae. Fourteen most parsimonious trees (Length=259, CI=0.934 and RI=0.889) were obtained from the analysis with I．fargesii as the outgroup. In the consensus tree, the genus Schisandra was found to be divided into three clades. Sect. Pleiostema formed a clade together with sect. Maximowiczia, sect. Sphaerostema was weakly supported to be the sister group of a clade comprising S. bicolor var. tuberculata and Kadsura species. In particular, S. bicolor var. tuberculata, a species of sect. Schisandra, was nested within Kadsura. It seems from this result and the morphological characters that Schisandra might not be a monophyletic group. According to the present molecular phylogeny, both elongated hypocarpium and deciduous habit originated independently at least twice in the Schisandraceae, and therefore, the value of the present morphological characters used in the classification of the family Schisandraceae should be reevaluated.     

Comparative morphology of the leaf epidermis in Schisandra (Schisandraceae)

The leaf epidermis of 127 samples representing ten species within Schisandra Michaux. and one species of the related genus, Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss., was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Many characters of the leaf epidermis in Schisandra , such as pattern of epidermal cells, type of stomata, shape of guard cell pairs and cuticular ornamentation, are usually constant within species and thus make good characters for studying the relationship between and within genera. A new character, rim number, of the outer stomatal rim in the genus is introduced. It is shown that double outer stomatal rims occur only in evergreen Schisandra species, whereas a single rim occurs in deciduous species. This character supports the classification of Schisandra into two subgenera based on habit and androecial organs. This classification is also supported by additional morphological and molecular taxonomic characters. Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) Smith A. C. is the most primitive taxon in the related genus Kadsura . The outer stomatal rim of this species also has double rims. Combined with morphological and molecular evidence, this suggests that Schisandra and Kadsura are closely related and may share a recent common ancestor.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 148 , 39–56.     

A phylogenetic analysis of the Schisandraceae based on morphology and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences

Cladistic analyses were conducted using morphological and ITS sequence data to examine phylogenetic relationships within the Schisandraceae. The most parsimonious trees obtained from the morphological data consistently show a dichotomy, with clades corresponding with the two currently accepted genera, Kadsura and Schisandra . In the ITS trees S. propinqua consistently groups with the Kadsura clade, and the position of S. glabra is uncertain. The trees resulting from the analysis of combined data are polytomous, due to the variable positions of K. scandens, K. coccinea and S. propinqua . The monophyletic status of Kadsura subgen. Kadsura sect. Kadsura and Schisandra subgen. Pleiostema are strongly supported, although the monophyly of other supraspecific taxa is unclear. Further studies are required before an unambiguous phylogeny is achieved for the family.     

Morphological characters of leaf epidermis in schisandraceae and their systematic significance

The leaf epidermis of 23 species belonging to 2 genera within Schisandraceae was investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Many characters of the leaf epidermis in Schisandraceae, such as shape of epidermal cells, type of stomata, and cuticular ornamentation, are usually constant within species and thus helpful for elucidating the relationship between and within genera. Leaf epidermal cells are usually irregular or polygonal in shape. The patterns of anticlinal walls are straight, sinuolate, sinuous or sinuate. The stomatal apparatus belong to paracytic or laterocytic type and the latter is subdivided into various subtypes based on the number and arrangement of subsidiary cells. Under scanning electron microscopy observation, the cuticular membrane is often striated, sometimes squamulate or granular; the inner margin of the outer stomatal rim is nearly smooth or denticulate. Evidences from shape of epidermal cells, patterns of cuticular intrusions between the ends of each guard cell of a pair and distribution of stomatal apparatuses support the viewpoint thatKadsura is more primitive thanSchisandra. Study on leaf epidermis also shows thatKadsura interior deserves the rank of a distinct species and the treatment of the evergreen groups, includingS. propinqua andS. plena, as distinct from the deciduous species of the genus is quite natural.     

Micromorphological features of the seed surface of Schisandraceae and their systematic significance

Micromorphological features of the seed surface of the Schisandraceae are reported for the first time. One hundred and seventeen seed samples from 92 populations, representing 24 species, seven varieties and one form of the Schisandraceae, were examined and photographed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Micromorphological features of seed surfaces of the Schisandraceae are little affected by the habitats in which plants grow, and are quite constant within species, therefore they can be used as reliable diagnostic characters to distinguish species. The following taxonomic treatments are not supported by micromorphological features observed: ( 1 ) To reduce Schisandra wilsoniana A. C. Smith to S. henryi Clarke; (2) To reduce S. neglecta A. C. Smith, S. arisanensis Hayata, S. viridis A. C. Smith, S. sphenanthena Rehd. & Wils., S. gracilis A. C. Smith, S. micrantha A. C. Smith and S. lancifolia var. polycarpa Z. He to S. elongata ( Bl. ) Baill.; (3) To reduce S. henryi var. longipes (Merr. & Chun) A. C. Smith, S. tomentella A. C. Smith and S. pubescens var. pubinervis (Rehd. & Wils.)A. C. Smith to S. pubescens Hemsl. & Wils.; (4) To reduce S. rubriflora(Franch.)Rehd. & Wils., S. flaccidiramosa C. R. Sun, S. incarnata Stapf, S. sphaerandra Stapf, S. sphaerandra f. pallida A. C. Smith and S. glaucescens Diels to S. grandiflora ( Wall. ) Hook. f. & Thoms.; (5) To reduce Schisandra wilsoniana to S. bicolor Cheng; (6) To reduce S. lancifolia var. polycarpa to S. neglecta; (7) To raise S. henryi var. longipes to S. longipes(Merr. & Chun)R. M. K. Saunders; (8) To reduce Kadsura polysperma Yang to K. heteroclita(Roxb. )Craib. The relationship between Schisan-dra Michx. and Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. revealed by the micromorphological features of seed surface is very similar to that revealed by pollen morphology, namely these two genera might have originated from a common ancestor and then evolved along two different routes. However the probability of a more complicated relationship between the two genera than we have known hitherto can not be excluded. The general evolutionary level of Kadsura seems to be higher than that of Schisandra. Therefore, the viewpoint that Kadsura is more primitive than Schisandra is not supported.     

Phylogeny of Schisandraceae based on morphological data: evidence from modern plants and the fossil record

Schisandraceae are traditionally subdivided in two genera, Schisandra and Kadsura, based on differences in the organisation of the floral receptacle, the carpels, and the presence or absence of a ``pseudostigma'. Recently, phylogenetic analyses utilizing ITS sequence data and morphological data resulted in incongruent tree topologies, with the morphological trees suggesting monophyly of the two genera, whereas ITS trees did not resolve Schisandra and Kadsura as monophyletic clades. In the present paper we study seed morphology and leaf epidermal features of 22 species of Schisandraceae in order to provide additional data for a morphological data matrix. Seed morphological characters are highly homoplastic and do not yield further evidence for monophyly of the two genera. Instead, a number of characters appear to support sister group relationships between taxa within the genera, such as, for instance, for K. coccinea and K. scandens, both of which have large seeds along with a multi-layered mesotesta. Considering leaf epidermal characteristics, species of Kadsura were found to be consistently amphistomatic, whereas species of Schisandra are always hypostomatic. Phylogenetic analysis using the extended data matrix resulted in weakly supported Kadsura and Schisandra clades with five and four synapomorphies indicating monophyly of Kadsura and Schisandra, respectively. Fossils ascribed to Schisandraceae date back to the Late Cretaceous. These are tri-and hexacolpate pollen types displaying a combination of features found in modern Schisandraceae and partly also in Illiciaceae. Leaf remains from this period are poorly preserved and difficult to ascribe to Schisandraceae because of the lack of synapomorphies for the family. In the Early Cainozoic, leaf and seed remains from North America and Europe unambiguously belong to the family. Seeds from the Eocene of North America show some similarities to the modern Schisandra glabra from North America, while fossils from Europe show more similarities to modern Asian species.