香鼬、艾虎和大kuang的食物资源分割——来自稳定性同位素的证据(英文)

通过对高寒草甸生态系统内香鼬、艾虎和大kuang 3种食肉类稳定性碳和氮同位素比值(δ[13]C和δ[15]N)的测定,依据同位素的质量平衡原理和IsoSource软件计算得到：小型哺乳类在香鼬、艾虎和大kuang食谱中的分配比例分别为26.8%、27.0%和29.2%;雀形目成鸟的分配比例为22.3%、47.7%和69.1%;雀形目幼鸟为50.9%、25.6%和1.70%。3种食肉类的稳定性碳和氮同位素分布模式在二维空间上存在明显分割,由此说明,香鼬、艾虎和大kuang之间存在明显的食物资源分割现象,同时也反映了三者在高寒草甸生态系统内共存的基础。     

香鼬、艾虎和大鵟的食物资源分割——来自稳定性同位素的证据

通过对高寒草甸生态系统内香鼬、艾虎和大鵟3种食肉类稳定性碳和氮同位素比值(δ^13C和δ^15N)的测定,依据同位素的质量平衡原理和IsoSource软件计算得到：小型哺乳类在香鼬、艾虎和大鵟食谱中的分配比例分别为26．8％、27．0％和29．2％;雀形目成鸟的分配比例为22．3％、47．7％和69．1％;雀形目幼鸟为50．9％、25．6％和1．70％。3种食肉类的稳定性碳和氮同位素分布模式在二维空间上存在明显分割,由此说明．香鼬、艾虎和大鵟之间存在明显的食物资源分割现象,同时也反映了三者在高寒草甸生态系统内共存的基础。     

碳氮稳定同位素技术在青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统研究中的应用:进展与展望

碳氮稳定同位素技术在草地生态系统研究中的应用日渐广泛,本文针对其在青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中的研究与应用进行了总结。首先,探讨了环境因子(海拔、水肥、草地退化、温度)对青藏高原高寒草甸碳氮同位素组成(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)的影响:高寒草甸植物δ~(13)C值与海拔呈正相关,与大气压强、草地退化和温度均呈负相关,与降水的关系尚有争议;土壤δ~(13)C值与海拔和草地退化呈正相关;植被的δ~(15)N值与水肥呈正相关,土壤的δ~(15)N值与草地退化呈负相关。其次,综述了近年来该技术在高寒草甸植物光合型鉴定、植物水分利用、食物链营养关系、碳氮循环等方面的研究进展。最后,对碳氮稳定同位素技术在研究高寒草甸土壤有机碳与土壤呼吸、重现植被类型更替和气候演化历史、土壤N_2O溯源、探究高寒草甸退化的原因、藏药与动物食品产地溯源等方面的应用前景进行了展望,以期进一步发挥其在青藏高原高寒草甸研究中的潜力。     

大鵟的食性改变:来自稳定性碳同位素的证据

通过对大规模灭鼠后的海北高寒草甸生态系统大鵟、小型哺乳类以及雀形目鸟类肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值的测定发现,大篱的肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值介于-22．60‰和-23．10‰之间;小型哺乳类和主要雀形目鸟类肌肉稳定性碳同位素比值分别介于-25．57‰和-25．78‰以及-24．81‰和-22．51‰之间,且它们之间差异性显著。基于碳同位素的分馏模式(即动物和它食物之间稳定性碳同位素分馏在1‰～2‰之间),我们推断经大规模灭鼠后,大篱的食性发生了较大变化,其食物主要来源于高寒草甸的雀形目鸟类,而非原来的小型哺乳类。通过稳定性同位素营养级模型的运算发现,大蔫处在4．23左右的营养级;雀形目鸟类处在2．4到3．39左右的营养级,而小型哺乳类则处在1．45到1．82左右的营养级。进而采用稳定性同位素质量平衡模型计算得出,大篱的食物由35．04％的小型哺乳类和64．96％的雀形目鸟类所组成,进一步说明小型哺乳类在大量灭鼠后仅占大篱食物的很小一部分。由此可见,采取大规模的化学灭鼠,不仅降低了小型啮齿类天敌——大鵟的数量,而日使得其食谱发毕了巨大改变而转向草甸主要雀形目鸟类[动物学报49(6)：764～768,2003]。     

高寒草甸消费者种群稳定碳、氮同位素组成的海拔分异

通过测定青藏高原东部高寒区不同海拔主要植物和消费者种群（雀形目鸟类和小型哺乳类）的稳定碳、氮同位素比值,研究了高寒草甸消费者种群同位素组成特征及其影响因素。结果表明：植物平均稳定碳同位素随海拔升高表现出明显的增加趋势;消费者种群稳定碳、氮同位素随海拔的升高有明显的富集效应。雀形目鸟类种群稳定碳、氮同位素随海拔的升高均呈明显增加趋势;小型哺乳类稳定碳同位素随海拔上升不明显,而稳定氮同位素具有明显的增大趋势。消费者种群稳定碳、氮同位素沿海拔梯度的富集效应,一方面与植物稳定同位素在海拔梯度上的富集密切相关;另一方面与海拔和纬度变化所引起一系列环境因子的变化在一定程度上影响到动物的稳定同位素分布模式。另外,在高寒草甸地区,与雀形目鸟类相比,小型哺乳类在动物稳定同位素组成的代谢过程中更容易受到环境改变的影响。     

高寒草旬消费者种群稳定碳、氮同位素组成的海拔分异

通过测定青藏高原东部高寒区不同海拔主要植物和消费者种群（雀形目鸟类和小型哺乳类）的稳定碳、氮同位素比值,研究了高寒草甸消费者种群同位素组成特征及其影响因素。结果表明：植物平均稳定碳同位素随海拔升高表现出明显的增加趋势;消费者种群稳定碳、氮同位素随海拔的升高有明显的富集效应。雀形目鸟类种群稳定碳、氮同位素随海拔的升高均呈明显增加趋势;小型哺乳类稳定碳同位素随海拔上升不明显,而稳定氮同位素具有明显的增大趋势。消费者种群稳定碳、氮同位素沿海拔梯度的富集效应,一方面与植物稳定同位素在海拔梯度上的富集密切相关;另一方面与海拔和纬度变化所引起一系列环境因子的变化在一定程度上影响到动物的稳定同位素分布模式。另外,在高寒草甸地区,与雀形目鸟类相比,小型哺乳类在动物稳定同位素组成的代谢过程中更容易受到环境改变的影响。     

高寒草甸生态系统食物链结构分析--来自稳定性碳同位素的证据

稳定性同位素技术应用于生态系统物质流动和食物链营养关系的研究方法 ,是基于生物体内天然存在的同位素比值与它们食物密切相关这一原理建立起来的。即将生物体内的稳定性同位素比值 (如δ1 3C)作为一自然标记 ,根据物种间该值的相对差异 ,追踪生态系统中的主要物质 (如碳源 )的来源和物质流动。于 2 0 0 2年 4～8月测定了高寒草甸生态系统主要生物群落中物种的稳定性碳同位素比值 (δ1 3C) ,依据得到的系统的富集因子( 1 0 5± 0 4 5 )‰ ,分析并确定了所测物种间的取食与被取食关系。结果发现 :高寒草甸生态系统由 5条主要的食物链构成 ,其中 1条为“植物→小型哺乳类→食肉兽 /猛禽”的三节点食物链 ,2条为“植物→牲畜和植物→植食性鸟类”的二节点食物链 ,2条分别为“植物→昆虫→雀形目鸟类→猛禽 /食肉兽”和“植物→昆虫→两栖类→猛禽 /食肉兽”的四节点食物链 ;系统食物链的最大长度为 3 5 3 ,与系统的最大节点数相近。表明稳定性碳同位素可以作为分析高寒草甸生态系统食物网和食物链结构以及食物链长度的有效代理 (proxy)。     

高寒草甸植物碳氮组成及其稳定同位素特征

采用稳定同位素质谱仪Isoprime100,对采自黄河源区典型高寒草甸和人工改良草地的主要植物进行了碳、氮组成及其稳定同位素丰富度测定,判断植物光合类型,探讨稳定碳氮同位素丰富度对草地植被演替的响应。结果表明:(1)研究区58种主要植物碳元素含量在28.64%~51.55%之间,氮元素含量介于0.89%~4.04%,δ13 C值变化范围介于-29.50‰~-24.69‰,δ15 N值介于-4.57‰~8.32‰。(2)不同样地植物碳含量的大小顺序为人工草地(45.54%)未退化草甸(43.18%)轻度退化草甸(42.18%)严重退化草甸(39.68%),氮元素含量顺序为未退化草甸(2.30%)人工草地(2.28%)轻度退化草甸(2.13%)严重退化草甸(2.10%),表明草甸退化会引起植物碳氮含量的降低。(3)未退化草甸、人工草地、轻度退化草甸和严重退化草甸的δ13 C值依次为-25.63‰、-26.57‰、-26.76‰和-27.91‰,δ15 N值依次为-0.63‰、0.32‰、2.76‰和0.26‰。研究认为,黄河源区高寒草甸和人工改良草地的58种主要植物均属C3植物,没有发现C4和景天酸代谢(CAM)植物,低的年均气温可能是制约该区C4植物分布的主要因素;植物δ13 C值随草地退化程度加剧而逐渐降低,但δ15 N值的变化无规律性趋势。     

动物学研究（DONGWUXUE YANJIU）ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH第26卷总目次索引

第1期香鼬、艾虎和大的食物资源分割——来自稳定性同位素的证据(英文)………………………………………………………………易现峰(1):1黑白仰鼻猴种群生存力初步分析………………………………………………………………………………肖文,霍晟,向左甫,崔亮伟(1):9环境因子对上海城市园林春季鸟类群落结构特征的影响(英文)…………………………………葛振鸣,王天厚,施文,周立晨,薛文杰(1):17海南岛尖峰岭热带森林中几种雀形目鸟的移动………………………………………………………………………邹发生,陈桂珠,郭宁(1):25中国湖南舜皇山和大围…     

模拟增温对高寒草甸植物叶片碳氮及其同位素δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N含量的影响

基于国际冻原计划(ITEX)模拟增温效应对植物影响的研究方法,以高寒矮嵩草草甸4种植物(矮嵩草、垂穗披碱草、棘豆、麻花艽)为实验材料,设置大(OTC1)和小(OTC2)两类增温小室,测定了其叶片碳氮及其稳定性碳同位素(δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N)等指标在增温3年后的变化。结果表明:除矮嵩草在较小增温小室(OTC2)中C/N比值比对照降低了14.1%,其它物种C/N在两个增温处理下都有所增加,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。4种植物叶片δ~(13)C值在-24.12‰~-28.34‰之间,矮嵩草叶片δ~(13)C值随增温而升高,棘豆、麻花艽随增温而降低,且矮嵩草在OTC2的δ~(13)C值变化达到显著水平(P0.05)。矮嵩草和麻花艽的叶片δ~(15)N值在OTC1和OTC2中均比对照增加,且麻花艽增加较显著(P0.05)。垂穗披碱草在OTC1和OTC2的叶片δ~(15)N值比对照分别减少18.7%和26.9%,差异都不显著(P0.05);棘豆叶片δ~(15)N值在OTC2内比对照低11.0%(P0.05),在OTC1的内比对照高2.8%(P0.05)。可见,高寒矮嵩草草甸不同功能群植物物种碳氮含量及稳定性碳氮同位素含量对短期增温有不同的响应模式和规律。     

高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食风险及生存对策

调查青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中两种主要啮齿动物及其天敌动物的种群密度,分析天敌动物对两种啮齿类的捕食方式、捕食强度,探讨啮齿类动物的捕食风险及生存对策。研究结果表明,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的种群密度分别为4．97只／hm^2和10．6只／hm^2,而它们的主要天敌赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的种群密度分别为0．16只／100hm^2、0．37只／100hm^2、3只／100hm^2。艾虎和香鼬在取食过程中主要搜寻啮齿类的洞道系统,全部食物几乎都来源于洞道系统内;赤狐或取食地面活动的鼠兔,或挖掘洞口待高原鼢鼠封闭洞口时取食猎物。高原鼠兔在赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的食物中所出现的频次分别为100％、96．1％、100％,高原鼢鼠在3种天敌动物的食物中所出现的频次分别为87．5％、73．2％、0％。3种天敌动物对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食强度分别为0．703％和0．038％,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠所承受的捕食风险分别为0．780和0．393。高原鼠兔在高的捕食风险下通过行为对策和繁殖对策增加其适合度,而承受捕食风险较小的高原鼢鼠主要通过封闭的洞道系统和高的存活率增加其适合度。     

捕食风险对不同饥饿状态下艾虎取食行为的影响

在室内条件下,将大鵟作为艾虎的天敌动物,通过双通道选择实验确定6 只成体艾虎在3 个捕食风险水平和4 种饥饿状态条件下的取食行为,探讨艾虎在取食过程中对饥饿风险与捕食风险的权衡策略。研究结果表明:在无捕食风险存在时,艾虎被剥夺食物0 d 和1 d 后对食物量不同的两个斑块中的取食量和利用频次均无明显不同(P > 0. 05),但对高食物量斑块的利用时间均明显高于低食物量斑块的(P <0.05),而艾虎被剥夺食物2 d和3 d后对高食物量斑块中的取食量和利用时间均明显高于低食物量斑块中的(P < 0.05),但在利用频次上均无明显差异(P > 0.05)。在面临低风险时,艾虎在4 种饥饿状态下均只利用无天敌动物存在的低食物量斑块,而基本不利用有天敌动物存在的高食物量斑块。在面临高风险时,艾虎不得不利用有天敌动物存在的食物斑块,被剥夺食物0 d 时艾虎对无风险、无食物量斑块的利用时间基本相同于对高风险、有食物量斑块的利用时间(P>0.05),而被剥夺食物1d、2 d 和3 d 后艾虎对高风险、有食物量斑块的利用时间明显高于无风险、无食物量斑块的(P< 0. 05)。在相同风险条件下,随着饥饿程度增加,艾虎在斑块中的取食量均明显增加(P< 0.05),而对斑块的利用时间和利用频次明显降低(P<0.05)。在相同的饥饿状态下,不同风险水平时,艾虎在斑块中的取食量无明显的差异(P>0.05),但在低风险和高风险时对斑块的利用时间和频次均明显低于无风险时的(P <0.05)。以上结果说明艾虎能够根据食物摄取率和自身的能量需求在捕食风险和饥饿风险之间做出权衡,当饥饿风险小于捕食风险时,艾虎趋于躲避捕食风险,当饥饿风险大于捕食风险时,艾虎趋于面对捕食风险,所采用的取食策略是减少活动时间和能量消耗,最大程度地提高单位时间内获得的能量。     

Intrageneric diversity of the cytochrome B gene and phylogeny of eurasian species of the genus mustela (mustelidae, carnivora)

To illuminate molecular phylogenetic relationships among Eurasian species of the genus Mustela (Mustelidae, Carnivora), we determined nucleotide sequences of the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene region (1,140 base pairs). Molecular phylogenetic trees, constructed using the neighbor-joining and the maximum likelihood methods, showed the common topology of species relationships to each other. The American mink M. vison first branched off and was positioned very remotely from the other species of Mustela. Excluding M. vison, the ermine M. erminea first split from the rest of the species. Two small body-sized weasels, the least weasel M. nivalis and the mountain weasel M. altaica, comprised one cluster (named "the small weasel group"). The other species formed another cluster, where the remarkably close relationships among the domestic ferret M. furo, the European polecat M. putorius, and the steppe polecat M. eversmanni were noticed with 87-94% bootstrap values (named "the ferret group"), supporting the history that the ferret was domesticated from M. putorius and/or M. eversmanni. The European mink M. lutreola was the closest to the ferret group. The genetic distance between the Siberian weasel M. sibirica and the Japanese weasel M. itatsi corresponded to differences of interspecific level, while the two species were relatively close to M. lutreola and the ferret group. These results provide invaluable insight for understanding the evolution of Mustela as well as for investigating the hybridization status between native and introduced species for conservation.     

Predation on rodents in Białowieza primeval forest, Poland

Autumn and winter predation on bank vole Clethrtonomys glareolus and yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis was studied in 1985/86-88/89 in an 11 2 km² area of the Bialowieza National Park Rodents regularly increased in numbers from spring to autumn and decreased throughout winter Out of 23 species of predators, the most common were tawny owl Strix aluco (43-57 adult ind 10 km⁻²) weasel Mustela ntvahs (17-27 ind), buzzard Buteo buteo (12-16) and pine marten Martes martes (5-8) Voles and mice were the staple food for two specialists the stoat Mustela erminea and the weasel, and two generahsts the tawny owl and the pine marten The generalists exploited different alternative prey when rodents were scarce tawny owl -amphibians, marten - small mammals, and the red fox Vulpes vulpes - ungulate carcasses and hares The depth of snow and abundance of voles were two major factors shaping the contribution of voles to tawny owl and marten diets No such relationships were found for mice and generalist predators The predation by 8 species (tawny owl, buzzard, marten, weasel, stoat, polecat Mustela putortus fox, and raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides) from 1 October to 15 April in 1986/87, 87/88, and 88/89 was estimated to be on average 28-35 voles and 14-17 mice ha Estimates suggested that three species were responsible for 86-95% of the total predation impact tawny owl (56-71%), weasel (11-21%) and marten (10-15%) The predation impact was similar to the annual decrease in rodent numbers from autumn till spring voles 35 (SD 111) lnds ha^-1in autumn and 8 (SD 2 6) lnds ha^-1in spring, and mice 24 (SD 16 3) mds ha⁻¹ in autumn and 3 (SD 2 5) in spring Predation, therefore, was regarded as the main agent of rodent mortality throughout autumn and winter     

Competition and coexistence in a small carnivore guild

The potential for strong competition among small sympatric carnivores results in a need for coexistence strategies whereby competitors partition along spatial, temporal and dietary axes as a means to reduce ecological overlaps. We determined spatial and temporal partitioning patterns of a guild of small African carnivores: the African wildcat Felis silvestris lybica, grey mongoose Galerella pulverulenta, small-spotted genet Genetta genetta, striped polecat Ictonyx striatus, and the yellow mongoose Cynictis penicillata. We quantified the degree of spatial and temporal co-occurrence of the small carnivores using camera trap data over a year-long period. Carnivores separated into two temporal groups: nocturnal species (wildcat, polecat and genet) and diurnal species (mongooses). In addition, carnivores within the same temporal group had strong patterns of reduced spatial co-occurrence. The smaller bodied carnivores showed lower co-occurrence with the larger bodied African wildcat than expected by chance, supporting the idea of dominant competitor avoidance. Thus, small carnivores likely minimise competitive interactions through spatio-temporal habitat partitioning.     

艾虎对不同猎物的选择性

在室内条件下,将高原鼢鼠(Myospalaxbaileyi)、高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniae)和根田鼠(Microtusoeconomus)作为艾虎(Mustelaeversmanni)的猎物选择对象,研究艾虎对猎物的选择性及艾虎捕杀猎物的行为时间分配。实验结果表明:艾虎对三种猎物的搜寻时间和搜寻频次基本一致,在搜寻猎物的过程中并非已知洞道系统中所存在的食物信息,是一种机会主义的捕食者;艾虎除了具有典型鼬科动物捕杀猎物的方法外,能够根据猎物的大小、活动性和反捕食能力采用不同的捕杀方法,在捕杀猎物的过程中首先捕杀高原鼢鼠,其致死部位全部为头部,其次捕杀高原鼠兔,其致死部位除了头部外,明显增加了颈部的比例,最后捕杀根田鼠,其致死部位主要是头部和胸部;艾虎在捕杀猎物的过程中,追击根田鼠的时间最多,追击鼢鼠的时间最少,而用于捕杀根田鼠的时间最少,用于捕杀鼢鼠的时间最多,艾虎捕杀高原鼠兔后单位时间内获得的能量值最大,其次为捕杀高原鼢鼠,而捕杀根田鼠后单位时间内活动的能量值最小。因此,在室内条件下艾虎对猎物的选择性主要依赖于其本身处理猎物的行为时间分配和猎物的反捕食行为,使单位时间内获得的能量值最大.     

Comparative molecular cytogenetic studies in the order Carnivora: mapping chromosomal rearrangements onto the phylogenetic tree

We have made a set of chromosome-specific painting probes for the American mink by degenerate oligonucleotide primed-PCR (DOP-PCR) amplification of flow-sorted chromosomes. The painting probes were used to delimit homologous chromosomal segments among human, red fox, dog, cat and eight species of the family Mustelidae, including the European mink, steppe and forest polecats, least weasel, mountain weasel, Japanese sable, striped polecat, and badger. Based on the results of chromosome painting and G-banding, comparative maps between these species have been established. The integrated map demonstrates a high level of karyotype conservation among mustelid species. Comparative analysis of the conserved chromosomal segments among mustelids and outgroup species revealed 18 putative ancestral autosomal segments that probably represent the ancestral chromosomes, or chromosome arms, in the karyotype of the most recent ancestor of the family Mustelidae. The proposed 2n = 38 ancestral Mustelidae karyotype appears to have been retained in some modern mustelids, e.g., Martes, Lutra, Ictonyx, and Vormela. The derivation of the mustelid karyotypes from the putative ancestral state resulted from centric fusions, fissions, the addition of heterochromatic arms, and occasional pericentric inversions. Our results confirm many of the evolutionary conclusions suggested by other data and strengthen the topology of the carnivore phylogenetic tree through the inclusion of genome-wide chromosome rearrangements.     

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统土壤碳氮比的分布特征

利用67个样点数据,研究了青藏高原高寒草原生态系统土壤碳氮比的分布特征。结果表明:(1)在水平方向上,土壤碳氮比呈现出西北高、东南低的总体态势和斑块状交错分布的格局,碳氮比的高值区主要集中在藏北高原腹地和喜马拉雅山北麓湖盆区,不同草地型和不同自然地带土壤碳氮比差异显著;(2)土壤剖面自上而下,不同草地型碳氮比可分为低-高-低型、由高到低型、由低到高型、高-低-高-低型和高-低-高型等5个类型。表土层(0—20 cm)与底土层(30—40 cm)土壤碳氮比差异显著;(3)土壤碳氮比与与最冷月均气温、年均蒸发量、年均相对湿度和土壤全氮含量呈极显著正相关关系,而与年均日照时数、年均气温、速效钾含量呈极显著负相关关系,这些环境因素对土壤碳氮比影响从大到小的顺序是年均相对湿度年均日照时数最冷月均气温年均气温年均蒸发量土壤全氮含量土壤速效钾含量。     

Keystone status of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae): effect of control on biodiversity of native birds

The plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) of the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) plateau, People's Republic of China, has been considered a pest because it putatively competes with native livestock for forage and contributes to rangeland degradation. As a result the plateau pika has been poisoned across vast areas of the high alpine meadows of the plateau. The plateau pika has also been considered a keystone species for biodiversity on the plateau. As one test of the keystone species hypothesis, we investigated the effects of poisoning plateau pikas on avian species richness and abundance. We conducted standardized censuses of birds on a number of sites across the alpine grassland of Qinghai province on which pikas either had or had not been poisoned. Avian species richness and abundance were higher on non-poisoned sites, in particular for species that nest in pika burrows such as Hume's groundpecker (Pseudopodoces humilis) and six species of snowfinch (Montifringilla spp., Pyrgilauda spp.), and species that prey on pikas (upland buzzard, Buteo hemilasius; black-eared kite, Milvus lineatus). The plateau pika thus appears to be both an allogenic engineer and a keystone species. Poisoning pikas reduces biodiversity of native species on the Qinghai–Xizang plateau, therefore management decisions concerning plateau pikas should reflect caution and careful assessment.