犀金龟亚科昆虫（鞘翅目∶金龟科）的分类研究历史及中国研究进展

犀金龟亚科Dynastinae隶属于昆虫纲Insecta鞘翅目Coleoptera金龟总科Scarabaeoidea，金龟科Scarabaeidae，多为大型至特大型甲虫。该亚科昆虫世界广泛分布，目前全世界种类已发现8族225属1 860余种。犀金龟成虫为植食性，幼虫多腐食性，部分植食性，其幼虫主要危害植物的地下部分，有些种类是重要的农林业害虫。因此，开展犀金龟系统分类的相关研究对农林业生产具有重要意义。此外，犀金龟亚科昆虫大多外形奇特、极具有观赏性，深受爱好者的喜爱，对其生物学、分类学的研究热度持续升高，促使国际贸易盛行，但同时也存在生物多样性保护和外来入侵物种威胁生态系统平衡等问题。犀金龟亚科的分类学研究主要集中在成虫形态学方面，而该类群一些属的成虫鉴定特征与丽金龟亚科的极为相似，导致犀金龟亚科分类系统常存在争议，因此引入幼虫和蛹的形态特征及分子信息可为犀金龟亚科的分类系统提供新的证据。本文回顾了犀金龟亚科的研究历史以及其对经济的影响，给出了中国犀金龟亚科物种列表，但该亚科现阶段分类学仍以新种记述为主，研究方法较单一，因此分子生物学等技术的发展可为未来研究提供新思路。     

中国蔗犀金龟属记述(鞘翅目:犀金龟科)

蔗犀金龟属Alissonotum Arrow,亦称蔗龟属,是Arrow于1908年以Geotrupes piceus F,为模式种而建立的新属,隶于犀金龟科Dynastidae。当时他把异爪犀金龟属Heteronychus Burm,的H. piceus,H. pauper和H. cribratellus等3个种组合于本属,并记述了二个新种。 属征 前臀板有发音锉两列,前足爪正常不特化,有时仅见内爪略粗。唇基概呈梯     

中国异爪犀金龟属记述——(鞘翅目:犀金龟科)

1855年,Burmeister以Heteronychus arator Burmeister(neo Fabricius)为模式种而建立的异爪犀金龟属Heteronychus Burmeister,是犀金龟科Dynastidae中经济意义重要,种类较多,而且分布较广的类群之一。 属征 雄体前足跗节末端一对爪之内爪扩大特化,特化之爪多少分为2叶,其较大之     

环境条件对双叉犀金龟成虫存活及繁殖的影响

双叉犀金龟Allomyrina dichotoma是一种重要的森林资源昆虫,本文研究了环境温度（20℃、23℃、26℃、29℃、32℃）及菌糠含水量（35%、45%、55%、65%）对双叉犀金龟成虫寿命及子代数量的影响。结果表明,双叉犀金龟雌雄虫寿命均随温度的升高呈显著缩短,20℃~26℃下雌虫寿命在55~62 d之间,显著长于29℃~32℃处理;20℃~23℃下的雄虫寿命在33~48 d之间,显著长于26℃~32℃处理;环境温度及菌糠含水量均对双叉犀金龟成虫子代数量有显著影响,26℃时,4个菌糠含水量处理的平均子代数量为31.42 头/雌,显著高于其它温度处理,菌糠含水量55%~65%时,5个温度处理的平均子代数量为18.83~19.12 头/雌,显著高于其它菌糠含水量处理,其中以温度26℃、菌糠含水量55%处理的双叉犀金龟子代数量最高,达45.42 头/雌。各温度下双叉犀金龟繁殖子代数量均随时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,各温度下产卵繁殖的高峰时间存在明显差异。在26℃时,双叉犀金龟各时间段子代数量均高于其它温度,在35~45 d时,达到产卵高峰期（12.33 头/雌）,综合各指标,建议利用菌糠饲养双叉犀金龟时,其成虫最佳环境条件为26℃,菌糠含水量55%。     

福建地区褐臂金龟新亚种记录(鞘翅目,臂金龟科)

记录了分布在中国福建的褐臂金龟1新亚种:戴褐臂金龟福建亚种Propomacrus davidifujianensis ssp.nov.,它和分布于江西的戴褐臂金龟Propomacrus davididavidi Deyrolle,1874的主要区别是:体型较小,肩角为黑色,鞘翅色斑较小,且和前胸背板均为深红褐色,鞘翅中缝的黑带粗大,雄虫前足胫节基本为黑色,此节着生的绒毛无弱化现象,胫节及腿节的外部形态。     

双叉犀金龟成虫最佳食料筛选

在人工气候室条件下（26℃±1℃,RH 70%±5%,L∶D=14 h∶10 h）,研究了6种水果对双叉犀金龟 Allomyrina dichotoma 成虫寿命以及子代数量的影响。结果显示,各处理雌虫寿命均显著长于雄虫,雌虫寿命46.67~55.08 d,雄虫寿命23.78~33.33 d,各处理间无显著差异;饲喂西瓜 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. et Nakai子代数量最多,达39.44 头/雌,与香蕉 Musa nana Lour.、苹果 Malus pumila Mill.和商品果冻处理无显著差异,饲喂葡萄 Vitis vinifera L.和香瓜 Cucumis melo L.处理均显著低于这4个处理;选择子代数量最多的西瓜、苹果、香蕉分别制作人工饲料果冻,用商品果冻作为对照,在15 d和35 d分别2次调查每对成虫的子代数,结果显示混合果冻、商品果冻、苹果果冻和西瓜果冻显著高于香蕉果冻,且各果冻处理在0~15 d和16~35 d的子代数量差异不同;综合比较两年水果饲喂和人工饲料果冻饲喂结果,饲喂混合果冻、商品果冻、西瓜果冻和苹果果冻4个处理的子代数量最高,平均达33.73 头/雌,显著高于3种水果和香蕉果冻饲喂处理,人工饲养双叉犀金龟时,建议制作人工饲料果冻饲养。     

捕食性颏花金龟口器形态的适应进化及功能研究(鞘翅目:金龟科:花金龟亚科)

颏花金龟为捕食性,是花金龟亚科12族中食性最为特殊的类群,以其下唇的前颏极度扩大而得名。依据捕食对象及对应形态变异类型的不同,其可分为蚁食性和蚜食性两类。由于颏花金龟的食性异于其他种类花金龟的植食性,栖息环境也有极大的不同,故其口器适应进化出诸多形态类型。通过比较颏花金龟、花金龟亚科其他种类、其他植食性金龟(丽金龟和犀金龟两个亚科为代表)以及典型肉食性甲虫口器的形态,对颏花金龟口器特殊结构及功能进行了分析,并初步探索了取食机制及颏花金龟的生存策略。     

重庆窗翅叶蝉属一新种(半翅目,叶蝉科,大叶蝉亚科)

记述采自中国重庆的叶蝉科大叶蝉亚科窗翅叶蝉属Mileewa Distant 1新种:箭竹窗翅叶蝉Mileewa jianzhuensis Meng et Yang sp. nov..详细描述了新种的外部形态特征,绘制了雄虫外生殖器构造图,提供了雌雄虫背面、侧面和腹面的彩色照片.该新种与梵净窗翅叶蝉Mileewa fanjingana Yang et Li相似,但后者腹部黑褐色;雄虫阳茎基部柄短,中部背面突起不呈齿状;阳基侧突亚端部有一大齿;尾节腹突及下生殖板形状亦明显不同.模式标本保存在贵州大学昆虫研究所(GUGC).     

突背蔗犀金龟雌雄成虫的鉴别方法

突背蔗犀金龟是甘蔗重要的地下害虫,快速、准确的鉴别雌雄成虫,对其生物学和生态学研究具有重要的意义。本文根据成虫腹部臀板和腹板的形态特征进行雌雄鉴别,并计算鉴别准确率。结果表明:雄成虫的臀板比较饱满,末端圆钝,腹板各腹节之间的间距较小,略显紧凑。雌成虫臀板中央部分有轻微凹陷,末端相对较尖,腹板各腹节之间的间距较宽,平滑。鉴别准确率为100%。     

中国蓝盾异丽金龟种组及其分类问题讨论（鞘翅目：丽金龟科）

本文根据主要外部形态和雌雄外生殖器的相似程度引用为亲缘远近度的参照,将异丽金龟属中的蓝盾异丽金龟（Ａｎｏｍａｌａ ｓｅｍｉｃａｔａｎｅａ Ｆａｉｒｍａｉｒｅ）、红翅异丽金龟（Ａ．ｒｕｆｉｔｈｏｒａｘ Ｏｈａｕｓ）、石门异丽金龟（Ａ．ｓｈｉｍｅｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）、砖红异丽金龟（Ａ．ｉｎｓｕｌｉｃｏｌａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ）和墨背异丽金龟（Ａ．ａｔｒｏｖｉｒｅｎｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）种设为蓝背异丽     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Whales,lifespan, phospholipids,and cataracts

This study addresses the question: why do rats get cataracts at 2 years, dogs at 8 years, and whales do not develop cataracts for 200 years? Whale lens lipid phase transitions were compared with the phase transitions of other species that were recalculated. The major phospholipids of the whale lens were sphingolipids, mostly dihydrosphingomyelins with an average molar cholesterol/phospholipid ratio of 10. There was a linear correlation between the percentage of lens sphingolipid and lens lipid hydrocarbon chain order until about 60% sphingolipid. The percentage of lens sphingolipid correlated with the lens lipid phase transition temperature. The lifespan of the bowhead whale was the longest of the species measured and the percentage of whale lens sphingolipid fit well in the correlation between the percentage of lens sphingolipid and lifespan for many species. In conclusion, bowhead whale lens membranes have a high sphingolipid content that confers resistance to oxidation, allowing these lenses to stay clear relatively longer than many other species. The strong correlation between sphingolipid and lifespan may form a basis for future studies, which are needed because correlations do not infer cause. One could hope that if human lenses could be made to have a lipid composition similar to whales, like the bowhead, humans would not develop age-related cataracts for over 100 years.     

Rapid identification of Salmonella enterica serovars, Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Infantis, Hadar, Enteritidis, Dublin and Gallinarum, by multiplex PCR

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica poses a threat to both human and animal health, with more than 2500 serovars having been reported to date. Salmonella serovars are identified by slide and tube agglutination tests using O and H antigen-specific anti-sera, although this procedure is both labor intensive and time consuming. Establishment of a method for rapid screening of the major Salmonella serovars is therefore required. We have established multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-PCR) assays for identification of seven serovars of Salmonella, i.e., Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Infantis, Hadar, Enteritidis, Dublin and Gallinarum. Three serovar-specific genomic regions (SSGRs) of each serovar were selected using an approach in comparative genomics. The Salmonella-specific invA gene was used to confirm the genetic background of the organisms. The isolates tested were identified as a target serovar when the three selected SSGRs and invA were all positive for amplification. The specificity of each m-PCR assay was investigated using 118 serovars of Salmonella and 12 species of non-Salmonella strains. Although a small number of false-positive results were observed in the m-PCR assays used to identify Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Enteritidis and Dublin for closely related serovars, false-negative results were not observed in any assays. These assays had sufficient specificity to identify the seven Salmonella serovars, and therefore, have the potential for use as rapid screening methods.     

Regional Mapping Panels for Chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 11, 15, 17, 18, and X

The NIGMS Human Genetic Mutant Cell Repository collects and distributes well-characterized human/rodent somatic cell hybrid regional mapping panels for human chromosomes 3, 4, 5, 11, 15, 17, 18, and X. Each regional mapping panel consists of 4 to 11 hybrids that divide the chromosome into 5 to 11 intervals. These panels have been extensively characterized by the submitters and the NIGMS Repository.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.     

Purification of Drosophila ribosomal proteins. Isolation of proteins S8, S13, S14, S16, S19, S20/L24, S22/L26, S24, S25/S27, S26, S29, L4, L10/L11, L12, L13, L16, L18, L19, L27, 1, 7/8, 9, and 11

The proteins of Drosophila melanogaster embryonic ribosomes were separated into seven groups (A80 through G80) by stepwise elution from carboxymethylcellulose with lithium chloride at pH 6.5 by procedures previously described [Chooi, W. Y., Sabatini, L. M., MacKlin, M. D., & Fraser, W. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 1425-1433]. Three relatively acidic proteins, S14, S25/S27, and 7/8, have now been isolated from group A80 by ion-exchange chromatog raphy on carboxymethylcellulose eluted with a linear gradient of lithium chloride at pH 4.2. Fractions containing the relatively basic proteins (groups B80 through G80) were furher combined into a total of 24 "pools". The criterion for combination was the migration patterns in one-dimensional polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDodS04) of every fifth fraction from the carboxymethylcellulose column. Each pool contained between 1 and 12 major proteins. Proteins S8, S13, S16, S19, S20/L24, S22/L26, S24, S26, S29, L4, L10/L11, L12, L13, L16, L18, L19, L27, 1, 9, and 11 have now been isolated from selected pools by gel filtration through Sephadix G-100. The amount of each protein recovered from a starting amount of 1.8 g of total 80S proteins varied form 0.2 to 10.8 mg. Five proteins had no detectable contamination, and in each of the others the impurities were no greater than 9%. The amino acid composition of the individual purified proteins was determined. The molecular weights of the proteins were estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in NaDodSO4.     

Fossils, sediments, tectonics

Tectonic displacement and small-scale tsunamis apparently affected deposition of the Kolymbia limestone, Cape Vagia, Rhodes, Eastern Mediterranean. Coarse beds interrupt the sequential build-up of this Pliocene–Pleistocene bryomol limestone. Celleporid bryozoans, bivalves, and brachiopods dominate these beds. The palaeoecology of the thicket-forming Celleporaria palmata is re-evaluated and subsequently revised. The limestone comprises two parasequences in a transgressive systems tract, and deposition occurred at palaeodepths between 30 and 120 m. At intervals, tectonic movements lowered relative sea level and sent slumps of shallow-water fauna downslope. The depositional history was validated using independent sets of data: sediment structure and grain size, palaeobathymetry using bryozoan growth forms and occurrences of modern representatives of bryozoans and other taxa, basin configuration, and regional tectonics. Concordance of these lines of evidence provides a means of evaluating confidence in palaeoenvironmental inferences.