渗透胁迫和外源ABA对芦苇愈伤组织中3种保护酶活性的影响

PEG-6000渗透胁迫下水生芦苇胚性愈伤组织(WREC)和沙生芦苇胚性愈伤组织(SREC)的质膜相对透性增大,前者增幅明显大于后者;过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶 (POD)的活性升高显著,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈小幅度升高,SREC的3种保护酶活性升幅较大.胁迫同时施加外源ABA时, WREC的质膜透性明显降低,CAT和POD的活性则显著提高,但对SREC的影响不大.     

盐胁迫下胡杨愈伤组织生理生化特性

目的：探讨胡杨愈伤组织的耐盐性与生理生化指标的关系。方法：不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,对胡杨愈伤组织的丙二醛（MDA）含量、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性以及酯酶同工酶、过氧化物酶同工酶、超氧化物歧化酶同工酶酶谱进行研究。结果：随着盐浓度的增加,丙二醛（MDA）含量逐渐升高;从三种保护酶活性来看,过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,在70mmol/L NaCl胁迫下达到最高值,POD、CAT酶活分别为2748u/g．min和152u/g．min,分别比对照高104％和72％;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性则呈先降低后稍上升的趋势,总体均比对照低。过氧化物酶同工酶的第2、3条酶带在70mmol/L NaCl胁迫下颜色最深,且酶带较宽;超氧化物歧化酶同工酶的第1条酶带仅在未经盐胁迫时存在,说明该酶带所代表的酶对盐很敏感;第4条酶带随盐胁迫浓度加大先消失后出现,可能是愈伤组织逐渐适应盐胁迫的结果。结论：经盐胁迫的胡杨愈伤组织中,POD和CAT酶主要起保护作用;结合同浓度盐胁迫下愈伤组织的形态观察,总体上看,胡杨愈伤组织能较好地耐受70mmol/L NaCl。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

以不同耐盐性黄瓜品种“长春密刺”和“津春2号”为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片与根系中超氧阴离子(O2-.)产生速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明,外源Spd对未经盐胁迫处理(对照)黄瓜幼苗体内O2-.产生速率、SOD、CAT和POD活性均无显著性影响;盐胁迫处理提高了O2-.产生速率,SOD、POD和CAT活性都有不同程度的升高;外源Spd处理进一步提高了盐胁迫下SOD、POD和CAT活性,减缓了O2-.产生速率。与耐盐型“长春密刺”品种相比,盐胁迫对盐敏感型“津春2号”影响较大,外源Spd对盐敏感型黄瓜品种盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用较大。表明盐胁迫下外源Spd可缓解盐胁迫对膜的伤害,从而提高黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性。     

低温胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片活性氧的产生及保护酶活性的变化

在光照和黑暗条件下, 对低温胁迫玉米幼苗叶片中超氧自由基(O₂·)产生速率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)动态变化过程的研究结果表明, 不同强度低温胁迫后, O₂·产生速率增加;保护酶SOD 、CAT 活性下降, POD 活性升高。同一低温胁迫下光照处理后的O₂·产生速率、SOD 、CAT 、POD 活性与黑暗处理相比差异达到极显著水平。     

腐植酸浸种对盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

对龙麦26和克旱16两种不同基因型春小麦品种进行腐植酸浸种处理,研究了腐植酸对盐(NaCl)、碱(Na CO3)两种胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸含量增加,膜透性增强,地上部鲜质量降低;盐胁迫下,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升后降,而碱胁迫下CAT和POD活性均升高,SOD活性降低;碱胁迫处理的小麦幼苗叶片抗氧化酶系统活性高于同浓度的盐胁迫处理;腐植酸浸种提高了小麦叶片谷胱甘肽含量,提高了SOD和CAT活性,有效缓解了盐碱胁迫对幼苗生长的影响.不同基因型小麦品种在抵御盐碱胁迫的能力和机制上存在一定差异,且与盐离子组成、浓度间存在一定互作,并受浸种方式调控.     

NaCl胁迫对螺旋藻生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

在0.1％～5.0％NaCl浓度范围的培养基中培养极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maxima),发现NaCl浓度高于2.0％时螺旋藻生长受到明显抑制。培养7天后测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASA-POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明：在盐胁迫下,SOD酶活性升高;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性在低盐胁迫下活性升高,高盐胁迫下抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性迅速降低,过氧化物酶则完全失活;MDA含量先随盐胁迫程度增加而降低,后随盐胁迫的进一步增强恢复至对照水平。     

盐胁迫条件下γ-氨基丁酸对玉米幼苗SOD、POD及CAT活性的影响

逆境下植物体内积累氨基丁酸(GABA)。盐胁迫严重影响玉米种子的萌发,而加入外源GABA可明显提高玉米种子的萌发率。外源GABA能迅速提高SOD、POD、和CAT这三种酶的活性。鉴于超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶是植物抗氧化保护系统中重要的组成部分,推测,盐胁迫条件下,GABA可通过提高保护酶系统活性而缓解盐胁迫对植物的伤害。     

盐胁迫下木麻黄幼苗抗氧化酶活性的变化及Ca2+对它的调控

在单纯NaCl处理下,随着NaCl浓度的加大,木麻黄幼苗的蛋白质含量逐渐升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性则逐渐增加,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在低盐下下降,高盐下明显升高.加入适量Ca2 后,SOD活性上升,POD活性和蛋白质含量下降.CAT活性低时加Ca2 ,CAT活性增加;CAT活性高时加Ca2 ,CAT活性则降低.     

盐胁迫对大米草幼苗某些生理指标的影响

研究了大米草幼苗在不同培养盐度(0、20、30、50、100mmol/LNaCl)下,MDA、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量以及保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性等生理指标的变化情况。结果表明:保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性在盐胁迫40d前逐渐上升且达显著差异。随着胁迫时间延长,MDA含量与CK相比逐渐降低。随着盐分胁迫浓度的增加及盐胁迫时间延长,大米草叶片中游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量呈上升趋势。在盐胁迫下,渗透调节物质的积累作用是大米草对盐胁迫的主要响应过程,其体内的抗氧化保护酶在此过程中也发挥了重要的作用。     

盐旱交叉胁迫对柽柳幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响

以3年生柽柳为材料,采用盆栽实验测定分析不同盐旱交叉胁迫下柽柳的生长状况、光合色素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,以阐明盐旱交叉胁迫对柽柳幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响。结果显示:(1)盐胁迫对柽柳生长影响大于干旱胁迫,茎叶对盐旱胁迫的敏感性高于根系部分;随着盐胁迫的加剧,柽柳株高、基径以及干物质量均降低。(2)随盐旱胁迫的加剧,柽柳幼苗叶片光合色素含量先升高后降低,主导影响因子由干旱胁迫转为盐胁迫;重度盐胁迫下,叶绿素a、b下降明显。(3)中度干旱胁迫下,SOD和POD活性随盐胁迫的增强先降低后升高;随盐旱胁迫的加剧,SOD和POD活性逐渐减弱。(4)适度的盐旱胁迫能降低幼苗MDA含量,但重度干旱、轻中度盐分胁迫下MDA含量较高。研究发现,柽柳能通过调整自身生长和生理生化特性来提高其对逆境适应能力,表现出较强的抗旱耐盐性;盐旱胁迫下柽柳表现出一定的交叉适应性,适度的干旱胁迫能增强柽柳的耐盐能力。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。