从海水环境分离筛选甘蔗渣纤维素降解菌

【目的】筛选海水环境高效甘蔗渣纤维素降解菌,并研究不同菌株间的混合发酵对甘蔗渣纤维素酶活力的影响,为纤维素降解菌在海水养殖中的应用提供理论基础。【方法】采用刚果红染色法进行菌株初筛,利用DNS法测定各菌株胞外纤维素酶活力及不同菌株间的混合酶液与混合发酵酶液的纤维素酶活力。【结果】筛选得到两株具有较强纤维素分解能力的细菌菌株Z4和S5,经16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。菌株S5具有最高的全酶活和甘蔗渣纤维素酶活,分别为1.16 U/mL和2.80 U/mL。菌株Z4与S5间混合发酵能明显提高菌株的纤维素酶活力,比S5单独发酵时全酶活、甘蔗渣纤维素酶活分别提高40.60%、14.21%。同时菌株S5与芽孢杆菌BZ5混合发酵也能提高其纤维素酶活力,比S5单独发酵时全酶活、甘蔗渣纤维素酶活分别提高6.23%、25.92%。【结论】筛选得到两株酶系较全且酶活较高的纤维素降解菌Z4、S5,适宜的混合发酵可明显提高纤维素降解能力,在海水养殖中有较大的应用前景。     

三株高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌的筛选及其降解效果

【目的】利用多种筛选方法,获得高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌,并研究其秸秆纤维素的降解能力。【方法】采用滤纸片孔洞法、滤纸条降解法、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)水解圈测定法、秸秆失重法、纤维素分解率测定法、胞外酶活测定法等常规秸秆纤维素降解菌的筛选方法。【结果】筛选到3株具有较强纤维素降解能力的真菌菌株,经初步鉴定菌株98MJ为草酸青霉(Penicillium oxalicum)、菌株W3为木霉(Trichoderma sp.)、菌株W4为扩张青霉(Penicillium expansum)。菌株W4具有非常强的秸秆纤维素降解能力,10d内对秸秆的降解率可达56.3%,对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的分解率分别为59.06%、78.75%和33.79%。菌株W4的胞外纤维素酶活力在14.25-49.75U/mL之间。【结论】筛选获得3株高效秸秆纤维素降解真菌菌株,其中菌株W4的纤维素酶活高于已报道的菌株,是一株十分具有研究开发潜力的纤维素酶生产菌株。     

一株玉米秸秆纤维素分解菌株的分离鉴定及酶学性质

【目的】筛选分离可以分解玉米秸秆纤维素的菌株。【方法】采用平板稀释法从土样中分离纯化得到能够分解玉米秸秆纤维素的菌株,对分离得到的菌株进行生理生化及分子鉴定,同时以菌株Penicillium spp.(CICC40361)作为对照,比较菌株纤维素酶和木质素酶的活性,研究不同因素对菌株纤维素酶活力的影响,确定菌株纤维素酶动力学常数Km值。【结果】分离得到的菌株命名为PL2#,经生理生化及分子鉴定后,确定菌株PL2#为羊毛状青霉(Penicillium lanosum)。菌株PL2#的纤维素酶和木质素酶活力高于对照菌株Penicillium spp.;菌株PL2#的最优酶活测定条件为:1%CMC底物浓度,pH 4.8,50°C,酶反应时间60 min以及2 m L DNS添加量。【结论】羊毛状青霉(Penicillium lanosum)菌株PL2#比对照菌株Penicillium spp.具有更好地降解玉米秸秆纤维素的性能。     

居瘤胃解纤维素菌细胞密度与纤维素酶的合成

居瘤胃解纤维素菌(Cellulosilyticum ruminicola)H1是本实验室分离自青海牦牛瘤胃的一株新的纤维素降解细菌。前期研究发现,菌株H1在滤纸纤维素上连续传代数次后无法生长,只有在纤维素降解产物纤维二糖中培养后方能继续在纤维素中生长,并恢复其纤维素降解活性。这与纤维素酶合成受"代谢产物抑制"的传统认识相悖。【目的】证明菌株H1的纤维素酶合成受细胞密度调控。【方法】检测菌株H1的纤维素酶活和转录水平在高和低密度细胞培养物中差异,并检测高密度细胞培养物中的寡肽对低密度细胞纤维素酶活和转录水平的促进作用。【结果】菌株H1的高密度细胞培养物的纤维素酶活和转录水平比低密度细胞的高3-10倍;并且高密度细胞培养液能显著提高低密度细胞纤维素酶活和转录水平。【结论】居瘤胃解纤维素菌(Cellulosilyticum ruminicola)H1纤维素酶的合成受细胞密度调控。     

秸秆纤维素分解菌的酶活力测定

目的:测定秸秆纤维素分解菌的酶活力。方法:从土壤中分离出具有分解纤维素能力的菌株,采用刚果红染色法进行粗选,得到7株透明圈较大的菌株。将这7株菌株液体发酵培养6d,再分别用滤纸分解度观察、羧甲基纤维素酶活法(CMC)、滤纸酶活法(FPA)和天然纤维素酶活法测定其酶活力。结果:在7株菌株中,F-1、F-2、F-3、F-5的酶活力测定结果与其溶解圈的测定结果、滤纸分解结果基本相同。且天然纤维素酶活力高的菌株,其CMC酶活、FPA酶活也高,滤纸分解效果也比较明显。结论:CMC法、FPA法和天然纤维素酶活法适于测定秸秆纤维素分解菌的酶活力。     

稻草秸秆纤维素分解菌的分离筛选

本研究基于获得高效木质纤维素分解菌的目的,以刚果红纤维素琼脂和滤纸条培养基为初筛培养基,从分离获得的124株真菌中筛选出透明圈与菌落直径比值较大、滤纸条分解能力较强的11个菌株.经液体发酵,测定其酶活力,复筛得到羧甲基纤维素酶活和滤纸酶活均较高的4个菌株;并进行了不同碳源和不同pH对筛选菌株产酶能力的影响试验,发现不同菌株对不同纤维素物质的分解能力不一样,同一菌株对不同纤维素碳源的利用能力也不相同.     

麝鼠肠道纤维素分解菌的分离鉴定及其酶学特性分析

本研究旨在从麝鼠(Ondatra zibethicus)肠道中分离出高效分解纤维素的菌株,为开发纤维素分解菌微生物制剂提供菌种资源。本研究利用以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)为单一碳源的培养基,从麝鼠盲肠内分离出--株高效分解纤维素的菌株WJ-3,并对该菌株进行形态鉴定、生理生化鉴定和16S.rDNA分子鉴定。对菌株WJ-3所产羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)进行酶学特性实验,分析此纤维素酶的最佳反应pH和最佳反应温度,以及此纤维素酶对不同温度和不同酸碱度的耐受性。结果表明,菌株WJ-3属于空气芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aerius),并将其命名为Bacillus aerius WJ-3。菌株WJ-3所产羧甲基纤维素酶在pH 4.0~6.0的范围内反应时,酶活性随pH值升高而增加,其最佳反应pH为6.0,且此纤维素酶在pH4.0~8.0范围内保存30min后均能保持80%以上的相对酶活性:菌株WJ-3所产羧甲基纤维素酶在温度30~50 ℃范围内反应时,随温度上升酶活性逐渐增加,在50 ℃时酶活性最高,之后随温度的升高酶活性逐渐下降,且纤维素酶在此温度范围内保存30 min后均能保持较高的酶活性。综上所述,菌株Bacillus aerius WJ-3所产羧甲基纤维素酶的酶活性较高,并且此纤维素酶的耐酸碱性及热稳定性良好,是具有一定利用价值的菌种资源。     

高效降解纤维素产甲烷菌群的富集及其性质研究

以获得1组高效降解纤维素的产甲烷菌群为目的,以蔬菜厌氧消化液、糖蜜厌氧消化液和池塘沉积物底泥为菌株来源,55℃条件下,以滤纸为碳源进行继代培养,检测其甲烷含量,最终获得1组有效分解纤维素的产甲烷菌群。该菌群能够有效分解滤纸,相对分解率可达67.3%,培养7 d甲烷累积产量可达46.5%(体积分数),培养第3天羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)活性最高值为26.3 U/mL。有机酸中乙酸产量最高,7 d累积量为2.7 g/L。基于16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序分析结果表明,细菌的多样性高于古菌。细菌菌群主要由Lutispora、好氧芽胞杆菌属(Aeribacillus)、解硫胺素杆菌属(Aneurinibacillus)、共生小杆菌属(Symbiobacterium)、梭菌属(Clostridium)等组成,其中Lutispora为优势菌群,占细菌总丰度的11.04%。古菌菌群主要包括甲烷嗜热杆菌属(Methanothermobacter)、甲烷丝状菌属(Methanothrix)、甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)、甲烷螺菌(Methanospirillum)等,其中甲烷嗜热杆菌属为优势古菌菌群,占古菌总丰度的99.82%。这组高效降解纤维素的产甲烷菌群可通过多种微生物协同作用实现纤维素的降解和甲烷的产生。     

青海高原降解纤维素微生物的调查、分离、鉴定

从青海高原林区分离筛选 3 0 0余株分解纤维素的细菌及 3 1株降解纤维素的真菌。测定纤维素分解菌含量土样为 2 6× 1 0 5 g。对纤维素酶水解圈较大的 1 1株真菌 ,根据其滤纸酶活筛选出一株分离自互助北山森林的高产纤维素酶的真菌No 0 1 43菌株 ,根据其形态学及培养特征鉴定为康氏木霉 (TrichodermakoningiiQudem) ,该菌湿固体发酵物含滤纸酶活力(FPA)为 1 5u g。该菌无毒副作用 ,可用于饲料业     

1株产纤维素酶细菌的筛选、鉴定及生长特性

分离筛选高效降解纤维素的菌株,并研究其生物学特性。利用刚果红染色法从腐烂的玉米秸秆中分离纤维素降解菌,再通过测定滤纸的降解率及多种酶活复筛。综合考虑水解圈和菌落直径(HC值),滤纸的降解率和酶活,对所筛选的菌株进行纤维素降解能力综合评价,最终获得1株具有纤维素降解能力的菌株DX4,其滤纸酶活(FPA酶活)、内切葡聚糖酶活力(CMC酶活)和外切葡聚糖酶活力(Cex酶活)分别为256.051、358.276和5.536 U/m L。结合形态学、生理生化特性和分子生物学鉴定,将该菌株鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),命名为Bacillus subtilis DX4,简称BS-DX4。研究表明,BS-DX4的最适生长温度为40℃,最适生长pH为7.0,低盐浓度下生长旺盛,是具有开发潜力的纤维素酶高产菌株。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.