非洲猪瘟在俄罗斯的流行与研究现状

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)由非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)引起,是家猪和野猪的一种高度接触性、致死性传染病,可表现为最急性、急性、亚急性和慢性四种形式。猪感染后以发热、高病毒血症和出血性病变为特征。有的毒株可引起高发病率和高死亡率。自2007年ASF传入格鲁吉亚以来,该病在高加索地区(包括俄罗斯)逐步蔓延,造成多地大量家猪和野猪病死,经济损失惨重。2017年3月,ASF突然在远东地区伊尔库茨克州出现,疫点距中国北方最大陆路口岸满洲里仅约1 000 km,使得传入中国的风险空前提高。为此,本文对该病10年间在俄罗斯的流行状况和研究情况进行总结,以期为我国对该病的防控提供参考。     

非洲猪瘟防控及疫苗研发：挑战与对策

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒引起的一种接触传染性、广泛出血性猪烈性传染病,最急性和急性感染死亡率高达100%。自2018年8月我国发生首起非洲猪瘟疫情后,3个多月内,已有18个省份累计暴发69起,给我国养猪业造成了沉重打击。从目前非洲猪瘟全球流行态势及世界各国防控经验来看,我国非洲猪瘟防控和根除面临的形势不容乐观,亟需安全有效的疫苗用于该病的防控。文中结合当前非洲猪瘟病原学最新研究成果,系统总结了非洲猪瘟防控策略、疫苗研究进展及其面临的挑战,重点分析了疫苗研发历程、存在的问题、未来发展方向以及商业化应用所面临的关键科学问题,以期为我国非洲猪瘟防控及病原和疫苗研究提供借鉴。     

非洲猪瘟病毒多样性

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)引起猪的一种急性、高度致死性传染病.该病在全世界多个地方流行,导致该病流行的原因之一是缺乏有效的预防及治疗药物、疫苗等.尽管ASFV基因总的突变率相对其基因组来说较低,但是,与其它病毒相比,其基因突变总数则相当巨大.研究发现ASFV的多个基因具有高突变率的特性,表现为基因多样性,此外,由于该病毒为核质大DNA病毒,编码大量蛋白,其抗原也表现为多样性.本文总结了 ASFV基因多样性和抗原多样性,分析其发生原理并综述了最新研究成果,以期为研究ASFV病毒遗传演化、开发疫苗及指导疫情防控提供思路.     

猪水泡病病毒全基因组核苷酸序列的测定与分析

猪水泡病是由猪水泡病病毒(Swine vesicular disease virus,SVDV)引起的猪的一种急性传染病,在症状上与口蹄疫极其相似。该病流行性强,发病率高,能造成严重的公共卫生问题。国际兽医局将其列为动物A类传染病,我国农业部列为动物一类传染病。SVDV属于小RNA病毒科肠道病毒属,其核酸类型为单股正链RNA分子,无囊膜,病毒基因组含一个大的开放阅读框,编码一条由2185个氨基酸组成的多聚蛋白。     

施马伦贝格病在德国的流行现状及总结

施马伦贝格病是由施马伦贝格病毒(Schmallenberg virus,SBV)引起的,感染牛、羊等反刍动物的一种新发的虫媒病毒性传染病。该病毒感染成年动物后症状轻微,如产奶减少、发热、腹泻等;但在怀孕的特定时期感染则可能导致较严重的后果,如胎畜畸形或死胎等。该病于2011年底在德国首发,随后迅速传遍欧洲。德国作为该病的首发国家,对于该病进行了详细的研究,其国内的流行趋势也最能代表欧洲的流行情况及研究进展。为此,作者就德国施马伦贝格病的流行现状进行介绍,以期为我国该病的防控提供参考。     

猫疱疹病毒1型分子生物学研究进展

猫疱疹病毒1型(Feline herpesvirus-1,FHV-1)是引起猫科动物以上呼吸道感染和眼部溃疡为主要特征的猫传染性鼻气管炎的病原。该病毒在全球范围内流行,对宠物猫及虎、豹等野生猫科动物的健康造成了严重的威胁。本文介绍了FHV-1的基因组结构、编码蛋白及其生物学功能、病毒融合宿主细胞机制,以期为该病致病机制的深入研究与防控策略的制定提供参考。     

猪博卡病毒及其感染的研究进展

论述了博卡病毒的发现、生物学性状、发病机制、流行情况、检测方法及防控方法,为猪博卡病毒的进一步研究提供参考。     

组织蛋白酶S抑制塞内卡病毒在IBRS-2细胞中的复制

[目的] 本研究旨在探究猪源组织蛋白酶S （cathepsin S,CTSS）对塞内卡病毒（Seneca Valley virus,SVV）复制的影响。[方法] SVV感染IBRS-2细胞,采用RT-qPCR在转录水平探究SVV感染对内源性CTSS表达的调控;采用ELISA测定SVV感染对CTSS酶活性的影响;通过Western blotting （WB）和RT-qPCR检测过表达CTSS对SVV复制及SVV诱导的抗病毒细胞因子的调控作用;合成针对CTSS的特异性siRNA,利用WB和RT-qPCR检测siRNA对CTSS的干扰效果以及CTSS被干扰后对SVV复制的影响。[结果] 结果表明SVV感染IBRS-2细胞能显著上调内源性CTSS表达并增强CTSS酶活性;过表达CTSS能显著抑制SVV在IBRS-2细胞中的复制,同时促进宿主抗病毒细胞因子的表达;siRNA-2947下调内源性CTSS表达进而促进SVV复制。[结论] CTSS通过增强宿主抗病毒细胞因子上调表达而抑制SVV复制,本研究为进一步深入探究宿主CTSS在抗SVV免疫应答中的作用及机制提供参考依据。     

猪瘟病毒的遗传多样性与进化

猪瘟是由猪瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus,CSFV)引起的一种严重危害全球养猪业的烈性传染病,是被OIE列为必须通报的动物疫病之一。基于病毒基因组片段核苷酸序列的系统进化分析,将猪瘟病毒分为3个基因型(基因1~3型)和11个基因亚型(1.1~1.4、2.1~2.3和3.1~3.4)。不同基因型或基因亚型病毒株的流行与进化受到了时空、宿主动物和猪瘟防控策略的制约。欧洲流行的猪瘟病毒株从20世纪70年代由基因1型转变为基因2型,其中该地区野猪群中流行的毒株属于基因2.2和2.3亚型,拉丁美洲国家流行的猪瘟病毒株一直为基因1型,韩国和我国台湾流行的毒株在20世纪末由基因3型转换为基因2.1亚型。随着鉴定的基因2.1亚型毒株的增加,该亚型可进一步划分为3个亚亚型(2.1a~2.1c),这3个亚亚型的毒株在我国都有流行,其中2.1b是我国流行的优势毒株。研究表现突变是促进猪瘟病毒进化的主要动力,同时,同源重组和准种在猪瘟病毒进化过程中也扮演了一定角色。综上所述,对猪瘟病毒流行毒株进行遗传与进化分析可以追踪病毒的来源和掌握该病毒的流行现状以及进化规律,为有效防控猪瘟的发生与流行提供理论指导。     

猪水泡病病毒VPl基因抗原区的原核表达

利用RT-PCR和nested PCR(nPCR)技术扩增出猪水泡病病毒VPl基因的抗原区,将其克隆到表达载体pProEX-HTb中,获得重组质粒,经PCR、酶切和序列分析鉴定表明,目的基因插入的位置、大小和读码框均正确。将重组质粒导入BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达后SDS-PAGE检测表明,重组菌能表达猪水泡病病毒VPl抗原区蛋白;Western blot检测表明,诱导表达的抗原区蛋白能与猪水泡病阳性血清发生特异性反应。     

The Distribution of Different Clades of Seneca Valley Viruses in Guangdong Province,China

Seneca Valley virus (SVV), a newly determined etiological agent of vesicular disease in swine, causes porcine idiopathic disease and occasional acute death in piglets. Recently, an increased number of SVV infection cases have been reported in the United States (US) and China, resulting in significant economic losses to the swine industry. The first identification of SVV in China was reported in Guangdong Province, a major swine producing province. The cases of SVV were continuously reported in Guangdong in 2015 and 2016. However, the spread of SVV in Guangdong in 2017 remains unknown.In this study, we determined two new SVV strains, CH-GD-2017-1 and CH-GD-2017-2, from Guangdong. The genetic analysis suggested that the two Guangdong strains showed different characteristics to previous Guangdong strains. They showed lower nucleotide similarity with strains isolated in 2015 and 2016, and were more similar to the US strains.Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the new strains were clustered in a different clade with previous Guangdong strains.We found 28 mutated amino acids in the new strains, compared with the first Guangdong strain, SVV CH-01-2015. In the geographic analysis, we found that the US and China reported more SVV cases than other countries, and most of the SVV cases were reported in east and central China—of which, Guangdong Province is one of the major epidemic regions. In conclusion, our findings indicate that SVV continued to spread in Guangdong Province in 2017, and two different clades of SVVs have emerged in this region.     

Novel Recombinant Seneca Valley Virus Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs in Guangdong Province

<正>Dear Editor,Since the first outbreak in Brazil in 2015, Seneca Valley virus(SVV) associated with porcine idiopathic vesicular disease,has shown increasing geographic distribution. Cases of SVV have been reported from several countries including the United States (US), Colombia, Thailand, Canada, and China(Pasma et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2015; Sun et al. 2017; Wu et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2018; Saeng-Chuto et al. 2018). SVV     

Simian Varicella in Old World Monkeys

Simian varicella virus (SVV) causes a natural erythematous disease in Old World monkeys and is responsible for simian varicella epizootics that occur sporadically in facilities housing nonhuman primates. This review summarizes the biology of SVV and simian varicella as a veterinary disease of nonhuman primates. SVV is closely related to varicella–zoster virus, the causative agent of human varicella and herpes zoster. Clinical signs of simian varicella include fever, vesicular skin rash, and hepatitis. Simian varicella may range from a mild infection to a severe and life-threatening disease, and epizootics may have high morbidity and mortality rates. SVV establishes a lifelong latent infection in neural ganglia of animals in which the primary disease resolves, and the virus may reactivate later in life to cause a secondary disease corresponding to herpes zoster. Prompt diagnosis is important for control and prevention of epizootics. Antiviral treatment for simian varicella may be effective if administered early in the course of infection.Abbreviations: FEAU, 1-(2′-deoxy-2′-flouro-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil, IE, immediate early, ORF, open reading frame, PBL, peripheral blood lymphocyte, SVV, simian varicella virus, VZV, varicella–zoster virusSimian varicella is a natural erythematous disease of Old World primates (Superfamily Cercopithecoidea, Subfamily Cercopithecinae), involving particularly patas (Erythrocebus patas), African green or vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops), and various species of macaque (Macaca spp.) monkeys. Epizootics of simian varicella occur sporadically in facilities housing nonhuman primates. These outbreaks are sometimes associated with high morbidity and mortality and the loss of valuable research animals. Simian varicella virus (SVV; Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9), a primate herpesvirus, is the etiologic agent of the disease. SVV is antigenically and genetically related to varicella–zoster virus (VZV; Human herpesvirus 3), the cause of human varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). The clinical similarities between simian and human varicella and the relatedness of SVV and VZV, indicate that SVV infection of nonhuman primates is a useful model for study of varicella pathogenesis and development of antiviral therapies. A previous comprehensive review emphasized simian varicella as an experimental model for VZV infections.²² This review focuses on simian varicella as a veterinary disease of nonhuman primates. Simian varicella outbreaks and their epidemiology are considered, and the etiologic agent, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the disease are discussed.     

Novel viral disease control strategy: adenovirus expressing alpha interferon rapidly protects swine from foot-and-mouth disease

We have previously shown that replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is highly sensitive to alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta). In the present study, we constructed recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 vectors containing either porcine IFN-alpha or IFN-beta (Ad5-pIFNalpha or Ad5-pIFNbeta). We demonstrated that cells infected with these viruses express high levels of biologically active IFN. Swine inoculated with 10(9) PFU of a control Ad5 virus lacking the IFN gene and challenged 24 h later with FMDV developed typical signs of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), including fever, vesicular lesions, and viremia. In contrast, swine inoculated with 10(9) PFU of Ad5-pIFNalpha were completely protected when challenged 24 h later with FMDV. These animals showed no clinical signs of FMD and no viremia and did not develop antibodies against viral nonstructural proteins, suggesting that complete protection from infection was achieved.     

Clinical signs for identification of neurocysticercosis in swine naturally infected with Taenia solium

Taenia solium infection is a zoonotic disease and swine is the natural intermediate host. Till date no literatures have described clinical signs in swine indicative of brain involvement by cysticerci. In the present study we describe such clinical signs of porcine neurocysticercosis (NCC). These signs were excessive salivation, excessive blinking and tearing, and subconjunctival nodule. A total of 30 swine (18 with 2 or all 3 clinical signs and 12 without any sign) underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All 18 swine with above signs had NCC on MRI along with variable involvement of other organs that were subsequently confirmed by ex vivo MRI, necropsy and histopathology, while none of the 12 animals without any sign had NCC. As development of a porcine NCC model has proved difficult, we propose that naturally infected swine can be identified on the basis of these clinical signs and thus used as a model for further research on NCC.     

Outbreaks of swine vesicular disease in japan: virus isolation and epizootiological survey.

Outbreaks of a vesicular disease occurred among pigs in Kanagawa and Ibaraki Prefectures in Japan in November, 1973. Another outbreak was observed in Aichi Prefecture in December. The clinical signs of the disease observed included fever and vesicular lesions on the coronary bands, bulbs of the heel and in the interdigital spaces. In some pigs, vesicular lesions were observed on the snout, tongue and skin overlying the legs and abdomen. All the vesicular samples produced cytopathic changes on cultures of primary swine kidney cells of PK-15 cells. Three isolates of cytopathic agents tested were identified as swine vesicular disease virus from their physicochemical properties and antigenicity. The virus strains isolated from vesicular epithelial samples obtained from Ibaraki, Kanagawa and Aichi Prefectures were designated as Japan/Ibaraki/1/73, Japan/Kanagawa/1/73 and Japan/Aichi/1/73 strain, respectively. An outbreak of the disease among pigs due to swine vesicular disease virus was confirmed by the serum neutralization test with serum samples collected from pigs on affected farms. Approximately 80% of the pigs housed in affected shed showed high levels of neutralizing antibody titers. This is the first to report an occurrence of swine vesicular disease among pigs in Japan.     

Simian Varicella Virus in Pigtailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrina): Clinical, Pathologic, and Virologic Features

Simian varicella virus (SVV; Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9) is a naturally occurring herpesvirus of nonhuman primates. Here we present the clinical, pathologic, and virologic findings from 2 cases of SVV in adult female pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). The initial case presented with hyperthermia and a diffuse inguinal rash which spread centripetally, progressing to vesiculoulcerative dermatitis of the trunk, face, and extremities. At 96 h after presentation, the animal was anorexic and lethargic and had oral and glossal ulcerations. Euthanasia was elected in light of the macaque''s failure to respond to clinical treatment. Seven days after the first case was identified, a second macaque presented with a vesicular rash and was euthanized. Gross necropsy lesions for both cases included vesicular, ulcerative dermatitis with mucocutaneous extension and hepatic necrosis; the initial case also demonstrated necrohemorrhagic gastroenterocolitis and multifocal splenic necrosis. Histology confirmed herpetic viral infection with abundant intranuclear inclusion bodies. Immunofluorescence assays detected antibodies specific for SVV. PCR assays of vesicular fluid, tissue, and blood confirmed SVV and excluded varicella–zoster virus (Human herpesvirus 3). Serology for Macacine herpesvirus 1 (formerly Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1), poxvirus (monkeypox), and rubella was negative. Banked serum samples confirmed SVV exposure and seroconversion. Investigation into the epidemiology of the seroconversion demonstrated a SVV colony prevalence of 20%. The described cases occurred in animals with reconstituted immune systems (after total-body irradiation) and demonstrate the clinical effects of infection with an endemic infectious agent in animals with a questionable immune status.Abbreviations: IFA, immunofluorescence assay; SVV, simian varicella virus; TBI, total body irradiation; WaNPRC, Washington National Primate Research Center; VZV, varicella–zoster virus; McHv1, Macacine herpesvuris 1; SRV-2, Simian retrovirus 2 (type D)Simian varicella virus (SVV; Cercopithecine herpesvirus 9) is a naturally occurring herpesvirus of Old World primates responsible for sporadic epizootics in biomedical research facilities.² Signs of infection include fever, vesicular skin lesions, hemorrhagic ulceration throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and endocrine organs.^6,7,8 Other names for SVV include Delta herpesvirus, Liverpool vervet virus, patas herpesvirus, and Medical Lake macaque virus.^{16, 20-23} Like many other herpesviruses, SVV establishes persistent lifelong infections, with viral DNA detectable in neural ganglia.¹² Infection with SVV does not necessarily lead to lifelong latency, and periodic reactivation of SVV may occur.³ SVV is genetically and antigenically similar to Human herpesvirus 3,² commonly known as varicela–zoster virus (VZV), the etiologic agent of chickenpox and shingles in humans. SVV in macaques and VZV in man present with similar clinical signs; SVV has been proposed as an animal model of VZV disease in man.²⁴ Rarely, VZV may occur in higher primates (Gorilla).¹⁸ The 2 viruses must be distinguished from one another through molecular techniques.^1,410,11 Both viral infections are usually mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent hosts,^4,8 reactivation and viral shedding may occur during times of stress or immunosupression.^80,21,22A recent review of SVV in Old World Monkeys⁸ focused on SVV as a disease of nonhuman primates. This case report expands on the 2 most recent cases of SVV mentioned in that review.⁸ The animals described were housed in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Welfare Act and the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals¹¹ at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) facility in Seattle. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Washington approved all aspects of the study to which the animals were assigned. The 2 clinical cases described in this report originated at the WaNPR–Seattle facility; contact animals described originated at the WaNPR–Tulane facility. When animals are relocated between the 2 facilities, they are processed through a domestic quarantine consisting of isolation for 30 d, during which time 3 tuberculin skin tests, 2 physical examinations, and 1 complete blood count and serological panel are performed. The WaNPRC–Tulane facility houses a breeding colony founded by animals relocated to Louisiana from the WaNPRC–Medical Lake facility in 1996.     

Amplification and Characterization of Bull Semen Infected Naturally with Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus Type Asial by RT-PCR

To investigate the security of semen biologically, 15 bull semen samples were collected (of which 5 exhibited clinical signs of Foot-and-mouth disease) and identified by RT-PCR and virus isolation. The results indicated that the semen of the infected bulls were contaminated by Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), but FMDV was not detected in semen samples from those bulls not showing clinical signs of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). This is the first report of the presence of FMDV in bull semen due to natural infection in China. The analysis of the partial sequence of the VP1 gene showed that the virus strain isolated from semen has 97.9% identity with the virus isolated from vesicular liquid of infected bulls showing typical signs of FMD and belonged to the same gene sub-group.     

Spring viremia of carp (SVC)

Spring viremia of carp (SVC) is an important disease affecting cyprinids, mainly common carp Cyprinus carpio. The disease is widespread in European carp culture, where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Designated a notifiable disease by the Office International des Epizooties, SVC is caused by a rhabdovirus, spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Affected fish show destruction of tissues in the kidney, spleen and liver, leading to hemorrhage, loss of water-salt balance and impairment of immune response. High mortality occurs at water temperatures of 10 to 17 degrees C, typically in spring. At higher temperatures, infected carp develop humoral antibodies that can neutralize the spread of virus and such carp are protected against re-infection by solid immunity. The virus is shed mostly with the feces and urine of clinically infected fish and by carriers. Waterborne transmission is believed to be the primary route of infection, but bloodsucking parasites like leeches and the carp louse may serve as mechanical vectors of SVCV. The genome of SVCV is composed of a single molecule of linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA containing 5 genes in the order 3'-NPMGL-5' coding for the viral nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, glycoprotein, and polymerase, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the viral proteins, and sequence homologies between the genes and gene junctions of SVCV and vesicular stomatitis viruses, have led to the placement of the virus as a tentative member of the genus Vesiculovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. These methods also revealed that SVCV is not related to fish rhabdoviruses of the genus Novirhabdovirus. In vitro replication of SVCV takes place in the cytoplasm of cultured cells of fish, bird and mammalian origin at temperatures of 4 to 31 degrees C, with an optimum of about 20 degrees C. Spring viremia of carp can be diagnosed by clinical signs, isolation of virus in cell culture and molecular methods. Antibodies directed against SVCV react with the homologous virus in serum neutralization, immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, but they cross-react to various degrees with the pike fry rhabdovirus (PFR), suggesting the 2 viruses are closely related. However, SVCV and PFR can be distinguished by certain serological tests and molecular methods such as the ribonuclease protection assay.     

Identification and typing of fish pathogenic species of the genus Tenacibaculum

Tenacibaculosis is a major bacterial disease that causes severe fish outbreaks and losses and limits the culture of a variety of commercially valuable anadromous and marine fish species in Europe, America, Asia and Oceania. Fish affected by tenacibaculosis have external lesions and necrosis that affect different areas of the body surface, reducing their commercial value. Several species of Tenacibaculum have been identified as the causal agent of tenacibaculosis in fish, including Tenacibaculum maritimum, Tenacibaculum soleae, Tenacibaculum discolor, Tenacibaculum gallaicum, Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi and “Tenacibaculum finnmarkense” (quotations marks denote species that have not been validly published). Diagnosis of tenacibaculosis is usually based on culture-dependent detection and identification techniques which are time-consuming and do not allow to differentiate closely related species. The development of reliable techniques for studying the relationships between members of the genus Tenacibaculum and for distinguishing fish-pathogenic species of Tenacibaculum genus is, therefore, a key step in understanding the diversity and incidence of tenacibaculosis in global aquaculture, designing effective prevention strategies and early implementation of infection control measures. In this review, recent advances in molecular, serological, proteomic and chemotaxonomic techniques developed for the identification and differentiation of Tenacibaculum species, as well as for the analysis of their genetic and epidemiological relationships are discussed. Key features of current diagnostic methods likely to facilitate control and prevention of tenacibaculosis and to avoid the spread of its aetiological agents are also outlined.