猪戊型肝炎病毒swCH-GS189株ORF2基因的克隆及序列分析

为进行猪戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)ORF2基因特征研究,参照GenBank中已发表的戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)核酸序列,设计了一对扩增HEV ORF2基因的引物,利用RT-PCR等方法克隆出了一株猪戊型肝炎病毒甘肃分离株GS189的ORF2基因cDNA片段.序列测定结果表明,swCH-GS189株的ORF2基因长2 025 bp,编码674个氨基酸,与GenBank中公布的其它毒株间的核苷酸序列同源性为79.1%～91.8%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性为89.5%～98.8%.系统发育进化树结果表明,该分离株为基因IV型.     

三株散发性戊型肝炎病毒变异株的部分序列比较

对三株散发性戊型肝炎病毒Ch-T11、Ch-T21、Ch-T40的部分基因组做克隆测序,经比较发现与其它国内外HEV株ORF2部分相应核苷酸序列同源性在78.3-81.3%,Ch-T21与Ch-T40的核苷酸同源性为98.8%,而Ch-T11与前两者的同源性则分别为89.8%和90.2%.Ch-T11、Ch-T21、Ch-T40与其它HEV株相应氨基酸序列同源性在95.8-97.9%,它们之间的氨基酸同源性则为100%.系统进化树分析显示,这三株HEV可能代表着一新型HEV.     

新疆奶牛戊型肝炎病毒RNA检测及序列分析

从新疆两个奶牛场的戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)抗体检测阳性的奶牛中分别采集牛粪便或肛拭子样品,利用反转录套式聚合酶链反应(RT-nPCR)检测所采集样品中的HEV RNA,结果来自第一个奶牛场的7份牛粪便样品为阳性,阳性率11.67%,来自第二奶牛场的1份肛拭子样品为阳性,阳性率为3.23%。将PCR扩增产物克隆、测序并进行序列分析,结果表明,对应于HEV ORF2 189bp核苷酸序列的8个牛源HEV基因组扩增片段的同源性为96.3%~100.0%,应当属于相同的基因型;它们与HEV 1、2、3和4型ORF2 189bp核苷酸平均同源性分别为78.5%~86.4%,81.7%~83.8%,79.1%~85.3%和84.3%~95.8%,与4型的同源性最高达93.2%~95.8%。基于这些已测序核酸片段绘制的基因进化树显示:本研究中的8株牛源HEV ORF2 189bp核苷酸序列与HEV 4型人源C5株、猪源swC3与swXJ株位于同一进化枝上,同属HEV基因4型,提示新疆奶牛中可能存在HEV感染,并且奶牛可能是人类HEV传染源中除猪之外的新宿主。     

新疆猪粪便戊型肝炎病毒RNA的检测及序列分析

从戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)IgG检测阳性的新疆某猪场采集70份猪粪便,利用逆转录套式聚合酶链方法(RT-nPCR),检测HEV RNA,其中13份为阳性,阳性率18.57%.将PCR扩增产物克隆到pMD18-T载体上,构建成重组质粒并测序,结果表明,13株猪源HEV分离株在HEV ORF2 348bp核苷酸序列的同源性为97.1%～100%,为同一基因型;与HEV Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的同源性分别为74.1%～77.6%,71.6%～74.1%,73.3%～78.2%和82.8%～91.4%,与ⅣA亚型的同源性同源性最高达89.4%～91.4%.以该核苷酸片段绘制的基因进化树显示13株猪源HEV与HEVⅣT1株在同一分支上,属基因Ⅳ型;与国内其他猪源HEV分离株该片段核苷酸序列的同源性为82.6%～91.3%,提示中国猪源HEV的基因型比较一致,同属HEVⅣ型.     

PMWS病猪猪圆环病毒2型全基因组序列分析

根据GenBank中发表的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)全基因序列,设计一对特异性引物,用PCR方法直接从5省病料中分别扩增出5个PCV2毒株的全基因组,分别命名为FujianPCV、GuangxiPCV、HainanPCV、HunanPCV和ShandongPCV.将扩增片段克隆于pMD 18-T载体,进行序列测定,结果表明,除FujianPCV株核苷酸长度为1768bp,其余四株均为1767 bp.应用DNAstar序列分析软件分析表明,本实验的5个PCV2分离株与世界上其它地区的PCV2分离株密切相关,核苷酸序列同源性达93%～98.8%,与PCV1毒株的序列同源性只有68.4%～70%.其中ORF1和ORF2所编码的氨基酸序列与国内外PCV2毒株比较,同源性也很高,分别为98.1%～99.4%和88%～99.1%.     

新疆猪粪便戊型肝炎病毒RNA的检测及序列分析

从戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis Evirus,HEV)IgG检测阳性的新疆某猪场采集70份猪粪便,利用逆转录套式聚合酶链方法(RT-nPCR),检测HEV RNA,其中13份为阳性,阳性率18．57％。将PCR扩增产物克隆到pMD18-T载体上,构建成重组质粒并测序,结果表明,13株猪源HEV分离株在HEV ORF2 348bp核苷酸序列的同源性为97．1％～100％,为同一基因型;与HEVⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的同源性分别为74．1％-77．6％,71．6％-74．1％,73.3％～78．2％和82．8％-91.4％,与ⅣA亚型的同源性同源性最高达89．4％-91．4％。以该核苷酸片段绘制的基因进化树显示13株猪源HEV与HEV Ⅳ T1株在同一分支上,属基因Ⅳ型;与国内其他猪源HEV分离株该片段核苷酸序列的同源性为82．6％-91．3％,提示中国猪源HEV的基因型比较一致,同属HEV Ⅳ型。     

广西14市猪戊型肝炎的分子流行病学分析

为调查广西猪戊型肝炎(HE)的感染情况,本研究应用套式RT-PCR方法对采自广西14市43个猪场的508份3月龄左右猪只粪样及市售182份猪肝扩增猪戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)ORF2基因特异序列,并进行核苷酸序列同源性分析及遗传进化分析。结果表明,在508份猪粪样中194份可以检测到HEV RNA,阳性率为38.2%;182份猪肝样本中,33份可检测到HEV RNA,阳性率为18.1%;43个猪场中检出HEV RNA的有35个,猪场阳性率为81.4%。所获取的39株广西猪HEV ORF2基因特异序列同源性为89.9%～100%,提示在所调查的广西猪场中已较普遍存在HEV感染,所获取的39株广西HEV阳性样品均属于基因Ⅳ型。本研究结果佐证了感染猪及市售带毒猪肝脏是HEV重要的储存库和传染源,应该重视其公共卫生学意义,预防粪-口途径或者食源性HEV感染。     

轮状病毒的LLR疫苗株全基因组克隆及结构蛋白VP6基因遗传特征

目的了解轮状病毒(RV)的LLR疫苗株全基因组基因和蛋白特征、完善关键基因遗传稳定性研究,为疫苗的质量控制和研发提供依据。方法将LLR株毒种第38代在原代牛肾细胞上连续传至49代,提取第38、43、44、49代病毒RNA。通过RT-PCR方法扩增LLR株(38代)全基因组11个dsRNA片段和传代病毒VP6基因,分别将其克隆到p GEM-T载体中,进行序列测定与分析。结果 LLR株全基因组11条RNA,由18 498个核苷酸组成,共编码5 796个氨基酸;全基因组研究表明,所克隆的LLR株属于G10P[15]/NSP4[A]/SGⅠ基因型。LLR株VP6基因全长1 356 bp,含编码397个氨基酸的单一的开放读码框架(ORF)。各代次病毒的VP6基因核苷酸与推导的氨基酸变化完全一致,与Gen Bank中LLR参考株(L11595)同源性分别为99.9%和99.7%。与16株SGⅠ亚群RV代表株之间,核苷酸与推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为84.0%~99.7%和97.0%~99.2%;与不同亚群RV代表株之间,VP6基因核苷酸与推导的氨基酸同源性分别为77.7%~82.2%和92.2%~93.5%;LLR株各代病毒VP6基因核苷酸、氨基酸序列高度保守,各关键功能区未发生变异。结论 LLR疫苗株关键基因遗传特性稳定,为在分子水平保证LLR株毒种及其生产疫苗的安全性提供了依据;其全基因组克隆,为进一步研究RV生物学、免疫学和确定该病毒的分类学地位提供了科学依据。     

水稻黑条矮缩病毒基因组片段S9的cDNA克隆和全序列分析

应用RT PCR技术克隆了 3个中国水稻黑条矮缩病毒 (riceblack streakeddwarfvirus,RBSDV)分离株基因组片段S9,并测定了它们的全序列。结果表明 :RBSDV浙江分离株 (RBSDV Zj)基因组片段S9全长 190 0nt(EMBL登录号为AJ2 97430 ) ,RBSDV河北分离株 (RBSDV Heb)基因组片段S9全长 1898nt(EMBL登录号为AJ2 9742 9) ,湖北分离株S9全长 190 0nt(EMBL登录号为AJ2 9170 6 )。 3个分离株S9均含有两个开放阅读框(ORF) ,分别编码约 40kD和 2 4kD的多肽。3个中国分离株之间的核苷酸同源性高达 98.5 %～ 98.8% ,与日本分离株S9的核苷酸同源性均为 89.9%～ 90 .2 % ,而与意大利MRDVS8同源性仅为 85 .3%～ 86 .4%。我们发现ORF2十分保守 ,4个RBSDV分离株S9的ORF2同源性高达为 97.6 %～ 10 0 % ,与意大利MRDVS8的ORF2同源性也高达 94.3%。     

中国六省水痘-带状疱疹病毒糖蛋白基因特征分析

为研究中国水痘-带状疱疹病毒(Varicella Zoster Virus,VZV)gH(Glycoprotein H)、gK(Glycoprotein K)、gI(Glycoprotein I)糖蛋白基因特征,选取2007~2015年在中国六省收集的VZV疑似患者的疱疹液或咽拭子标本,经聚合酶链反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法进行阳性鉴定及3个糖蛋白的全基因片段扩增,所得序列与GenBank中已公布的疫苗株及野毒株序列进行比对分析。结果筛选出12份阳性VZV标本,gH、gK、gI与水痘疫苗株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性相比分别为99.8%~100%、99.8%~100%,99.8%~100%、99.6%~100%,99.9%~100%、99.7%~100%;与疫苗株相比在gH、gK、gI糖蛋白基因位点上12份阳性标本分别至少有一个核苷酸差异;与GeneBank中已报告的野毒株相比核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为99.6%~100%、99.3%~100%,99.7%~100%、99.3%~100%,99.7%~100%、99.7%~100%。本研究通过分析中国六省VZV糖蛋白gH、gK、gI的基因特征,发现这三个糖蛋白高度保守,抗原性稳定,为了解中国水痘带状疱疹病毒野毒株糖蛋白本底资料,丰富基因数据,从分子水平上为疫苗效果的评估、基因组学的研究提供基础数据。但中国地域辽阔,人口众多,还需每年连续监测并进一步扩大VZV病毒监测的地域。     

Hepatitis E virus infection in two different regions of Indonesia with identification of swine HEV genotype 3

Hepatitis E is an emerging disease with a high incidence globally. Few data are available on hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Indonesia. To obtain molecular information on HEV infection in two regions of Indonesia with different customs and swine breeding conditions, serum samples from 137 swine farm workers, 100 blood donors and 100 swine (27 fecal samples also obtained) in Yogyakarta (Central Java) and from 12 and 64 swine farm workers, 42 and 135 local residents and 89 and 119 swine in Tulungagung (East Java) and Mengwi (Bali), respectively, from our previous study, were compared. Serological tests for anti‐HEV antibodies by ELISA, HEV‐RNA detection by RT‐PCR and phylogenetic analysis were performed. The total prevalence of anti‐HEV antibodies in humans was higher in Bali (11.6%) than in Java (5.1%; P = 0.015). No significant differences in anti‐HEV prevalence among swine farm workers and local residents in Java were found. The finding of swine HEV genotype 3 in specimens from Yogyakarta and genotype 4 from Tulungagung and Bali is somewhat different from other reports. We suggest other factors in addition to close contact with swine might play an important role in HEV transmission of non‐endemic/related custom groups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on swine HEV genotype 3 in Indonesia.     

中国西藏部分地区猪戊型肝炎病毒流行病学调查

戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E Virus,HEV)感染是一个重要的全球公共卫生问题,而猪被认为是HEV的天然宿主。HEV可以跨种间传播,且已经证实生吃感染的猪肉会导致人感染。在中国西藏许多地区仍然有生吃猪肉、猪肝等的习惯,且不同种家畜混合饲养,极易造成HEV感染和传播。然而中国西藏地区猪HEV流行情况报道甚少。文中对中国西藏5个地区市(拉萨、日喀则、山南、那曲和昌都)猪血清进行HEV Immunoglobulin-M(Ig M)和Ig G抗体检测,并通过逆转录巢氏PCR(RT-n PCR)进行HEV RNA检测和定量RT-PCR(q RT-PCR)进行病毒拷贝计算,首次报道了藏猪血清HEV RNA阳性率。结果显示,在西藏猪中HEV有较高的流行趋势。猪血清HEV Ig M抗体阳性率高达7.6%(26/340),HEV Ig G抗体阳性率为1.8%(6/340),HEV RNA阳性率高达7.6%(26/340),血清中病毒拷贝高达1.7×107 copies/m L,而且5个地区有不同的流行趋势。结果表明西藏猪HEV感染情况严重。有关部门应加强管理,以避免人与动物之间的交叉感染和暴发。     

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Swine Farmers and the General Population in Rural Taiwan

Objectives

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen. We evaluated the seroprevalence of HEV infection among swine farmers and the general population in Taiwan, a nonendemic country.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study in rural Taiwan in 2012 and 2013. The study included swine farmers, health examination attendees, pregnant women, and students. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM against HEV. Pertinent information was collected using a questionnaire.

Results

In total, 660 participants were enrolled in the study, including 156 swine farmers, 314 health examination attendees, 100 pregnant women, and 90 students. IgG anti-HEV was detected in 29.5% of swine farmers, 11.5% of health examination attendees, 2% of pregnant women, and 1.1% of students. Two subjects were positive for IgM anti-HEV. Logistic regression analysis revealed that swine farmers had an approximately 3.5-fold increased risk (odds ratio [OR], 3.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.91–6.27; p<0.0001) for being seropositive for IgG anti-HEV as compared to the general population. Age was positively associated with seropositive rate (OR, 1.07 per year; 95% CI, 1.05–1.09; p<0.0001).

Conclusion

HEV infection is prevalent in Taiwan. The seroprevalence of HEV infection is high in swine farmers and in the elderly population.     

First isolation of hepatitis E virus genotype 4 in Europe through swine surveillance in the Netherlands and Belgium

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 are a cause of human hepatitis and swine are considered the main reservoir. To study the HEV prevalence and characterize circulating HEV strains, fecal samples from swine in the Netherlands and Belgium were tested by RT-PCR. HEV prevalence in swine was 7-15%. The Dutch strains were characterized as genotype 3, subgroups 3a, 3c and 3f, closely related to sequences found in humans and swine earlier. The HEV strains found in Belgium belonged to genotypes 3f and 4b. The HEV genotype 4 strain was the first ever reported in swine in Europe and an experimental infection in pigs was performed to isolate the virus. The genotype 4 strain readily infected piglets and caused fever and virus shedding. Since HEV4 infections have been reported to run a more severe clinical course in humans this observation may have public health implications.     

Genetic and Experimental Evidence for Cross-Species Infection by Swine Hepatitis E Virus

Prior to the recent discovery of the swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV) in pigs from the midwestern United States, HEV was not considered endemic to this country. Since swine HEV is antigenically and genetically related to human strains of HEV, it was important to characterize this new virus further. The infectivity titer of a pool of swine HEV in pigs was determined in order to prepare a standardized reagent and to evaluate the dose response in pigs. Although the sequence of swine HEV varied extensively from those of most human strains of HEV, it was very closely related to the two strains of human HEV (US-1 and US-2) isolated in the United States. The U.S. strains which were recently recovered from two patients with clinical hepatitis E in the United States shared ≥97% amino acid identity with swine HEV in open reading frames 1 and 2. Phylogenetic analyses of different regions of the genome revealed that swine HEV and the U.S. strains grouped together and formed a distinct branch. These results suggested that swine HEV may infect humans. When we inoculated rhesus monkeys and a chimpanzee, experimental surrogates of humans, with swine HEV, the primates became infected. Furthermore, in a reciprocal experiment, specific-pathogen-free pigs were experimentally infected with the US-2 strain of human HEV that is genetically similar to swine HEV. These results provided experimental evidence for cross-species infection by the swine virus. Thus, humans appear to be at risk of infection with swine HEV or closely related viruses.     

Understanding animal welfare

Background

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen of which swine was reported as major reservoirs. HEV has been divided into 4 different genotypes according to phylogenetic analysis. Recent reports showed that genotype 4 HEV is freely transmitted between humans and swine in eastern China, including Shanghai area. This paper investigated the recent infection status of HEV among swine population of Shanghai area in China.

Methods

480 swine faecal specimens were collected from 23 farms which distribute all over Shanghai from September to November, 2007 and tested for the presence of HEV RNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

Our results showed that 26.1% (6/23) of the swine farms were positive for HEV RNA and the positive rate of the six farms were ranged from 9.1% to 33.3%. The HEV RNA positive rate for total samples were 5% (24/480). The resulted positive band specific for HEV was sequenced and sequence analysis indicated that all of these isolates belonged to genotype 4 HEV. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 24 isolates clustered into 4 distinct subgroups, sharing 83.3–89.7% inter-subgroup and 97–99% intra-subgroup identities. More over, isolates in three of the four subgroups closely clustered with previous identified strains, sharing up high to 97% identity with them.

Conclusion

These results suggested that there were 4 different subgenotypes of HEV prevalent in Shanghai, and some of them may not be indigenous to Shanghai but introduced from other geographic regions.     

Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection in different animal species from the Southeast of Brazil

Serological evidence of hepatitis E virus infection (HEV) has been observed in both humans and different animal species living in non-endemic areas, suggesting that animals could be important reservoir for virus transmission to man. Antibodies to HEV have been detected in some Brazilian population groups. Nevertheless, sporadic cases of acute HEV infection have never been reported. We collected 271 serum samples from several domestic animals and also from pig handlers from Southeast of Brazil in order to investigate the seroprevalence of HEV infection. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in cows (1.42%), dogs (6.97%), chickens (20%), swines (24.3%), and rodents (50%), as well as in pig handlers (6.3%). The recognition of swine HEV infections in pigs in many countries of the world led us to investigate a larger sample of pigs (n = 357) from the same Brazilian region with ages ranging from 1 to > 25 weeks. IgG anti-HEV was detected in 100% of 7-day old pigs. Following a gradual decline between weeks 2 and 8 (probably due to loss of maternal IgG), the prevalence then steady increased until it reached 97.3% of animals older than 25 weeks. Besides the detection of anti-HEV antibodies in different animal species, the results showed that swine HEV infection seems to be almost universal within this Brazilian pig population. This is the first report that shows evidences of HEV circulation in Brazilian animal species and pig handlers.     

麻疹病毒S191疫苗株N基因稳定性研究及免疫细胞表位分析

研究麻疹病毒(Measles virus,MeV)疫苗株S191毒种和传代病毒核蛋白(Nucleoprotein,N)基因稳定性及其遗传与变异特点;对该序列一些重要位点的氨基酸进行比较,探讨其功能结构及生物学活性变化以及S191疫苗株的保护效果。利用RT-PCR方法扩增S191减毒株23、26、27、29、32、37不同代次N基因,测序进行比对分析。S191传代病毒N基因序列之间核苷酸同源性99.7%~100%,氨基酸同源性为99.6%~100%;S191株与7个疫苗株之间核苷酸序列同源性达99.1%~99.4%;S191和中国流行代表株序列同源性在95.0%~95.4%;S191与世界流行代表株同源性达94.7%~99.4%;S191疫苗株和中国流行代表株CHN93/7(H1a)的4个重要T细胞表位氨基酸保持一致。S191各传代病毒基因具有较高稳定性,该疫苗有一定的保护作用。     

Production of genetically identical swine: Uses for families with reduced phenotypic variation

Recent advances in reproductive technology hold promise for future production of nearly unlimited numbers of swine with identical genotypes through the use of nuclear transfer. Potential benefits of use of these animals in the swine industry and in research are examined in the present study. Variability of litter size, days to slaughter and backfat thickness are predicted for clones, full-siblings and unrelated animals. One hundred simulation runs of 100 unrelated animals and 25 families of 4 full-siblings and clones were completed for each trait. Expected phenotypic standard deviations were 2.5 pigs for litter size, 12 d for days to slaughter and 2 mm for backfat thickness. Between family variances were expected to include 50% additive genetic variance, 25% dominance variance and 100% common environmental variance for full-siblings and 100% of all 3 components for clones. Substantial advantages of clones over unrelated animals and smaller advantages of clones over full-siblings were found for variability of days to slaughter and backfat thickness, but little difference was found for litter size. Ratios of error mean squares from analyses of variance suggest that use of clones rather than unrelated animals could reduce the number of animals needed for experiments by 67 and 65% for days to slaughter and backfat thickness, respectively, but only by 12% for litter size. These results suggest that the first use of cloned swine would be to reduce the numbers of research animals needed for intensive studies.