法夫酵母虾青素合成途径相关基因的研究进展

法夫酵母能合成一种具有很高商业价值的类胡萝卜素——虾青素。它广泛应用于饲料、保健品、医药、化妆品等行业。探索法夫酵母中虾青素合成途径及其调控机理对天然虾青素资源的开发具有重要的意义。虽然许多学者通过各种方法对该途径进行了一系列的研究, 但其机理目前尚未完全阐明。本文综述了法夫酵母虾青素合成途径以及合成途径中相关基因的研究进展, 并对基于基因调控的产量提高策略进行了讨论, 为利用基因工程技术进行定向育种提供了思路。     

丙酮酸乙酯在急性肺损伤中的保护作用

急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)是由各种直接和间接致伤因素导致肺泡上皮细胞及毛细血管内皮细胞损伤,造成弥漫性肺间质及肺泡水肿,从而导致急性低氧性呼吸功能不全。急性肺损伤病理生理过程极其复杂,由大量炎症因子损伤肺泡上皮细胞和微血管内皮细胞。因此,如何在早期抑制炎症介质释放,最大程度的降低炎症反应,具有重要的临床意义和理论价值。丙酮酸乙酯(ethyl pyruvate,EP)作为一种无毒、廉价的抗炎、抗氧化剂和潜在的糖酵解底物能够明显保护急性肺损伤组织,丙酮酸乙酯在急性肺损伤中的作用取得了一系列的重要进展。本文就丙酮酸乙酯的来源和结构以及在急性肺损伤中的保护作用进行综述。     

丙酮酸的酶法转化及乳酸氧化酶的研究进展*

丙酮酸是一种用途非常广泛的有机酸,酶法转化乳酸生成丙酮酸由于具有条件温和、对环境污染小、成本低、得率高的优点而成为目前最具竞争力和吸引力的丙酮酸生产方法。常规的酶转化法是通过乳酸脱氢酶催化乳酸转化为丙酮酸,但此酶需要MAD^ /NADP^ 作电子受体,NAD^ /NADP^ 价格昂贵,且不易重复使用,使乳酸脱氢酶不能广泛和大规模使用,乳酸氧化酶则克服了这一缺点,它不需要辅助因子即可催化乳酸,从而成为制备丙酮酸的理想的酶。迄今为止,人们已经找到了数种能合成乳酸氧化酶的微生物,并对该酶进行了较深入的分子生物学研究,其研究成果为将这种有价值的酶源推向生产奠定了基础。     

生物技术法生产丙酮酸的研究进展

丙酮酸是一种重要的有机酸,广泛应用于制药、日化、农用化学品和食品等工业中。相对于化工法生产的丙酮酸而言,生物技术法生产的丙酮酸具有低成本、高质量等优势。生物技术法生产丙酮酸主要包括发酵法和酶法,前者又包括直接发酵法和休止细胞法。在对比各种生产方法的基础上,考虑到球拟酵母属的多重维生素营养缺陷型菌株是目前最具竞争力的丙酮酸生产菌,因此重点介绍了发酵法生产丙酮酸在菌种、发酵条件优化等方面的研究进展,并给出了生物技术法将来可能的发展方向。      

塔拉没食子酸的研究进展

塔拉为珍贵经济林木,豆荚富含单宁,其水解没食子酸可制取焦性没食子酸、没食子酸甲脂等系列产品。本文简单分析了塔拉市场现状,简述了没食子酸的四种制备方法,主要包括酸法、碱法、发酵法及酶法,并简单分析了四种制备工艺存在的主要问题,介绍了其在食品、化工、医药等领域的应用,并对没食子酸的制备与应用研究进行了展望。     

红三叶草活性成分及其在保健食品和医药中的应用

微量元素硒(Se)和异黄酮类化合物具有重要的生物学功能和药理作用,是目前食品保健、生物医学等领域的研究热点。红三叶草因富合异黄酮,同时具有较高富硒能力,是天然的植物有机硒资源,被认为是目前最有开发前途的保健食品和医药新资源之一,对其活性物质的研究也是相关领域最为炽热的研究热点。本文主要介绍了目前国内外对红三叶草主要活性成分、药理作用及其在保健食品和医药方面应用的研究进展,并对其进一步的应用进行了展望。     

葡萄糖二酸研究进展

葡萄糖二酸是一种葡萄糖衍生物,可作为原料制备多种聚合物和生物质新能源,在化工领域具有广泛的应用价值,被认为是"最具价值的生物炼制产品"之一。葡萄糖二酸也具有调控体内激素、提高机体免疫功能、减少癌症病发的作用,它在食品和医药领域的关注度和市场需求逐年增加。目前葡萄糖二酸的制备主要依靠化学氧化法生产,用微生物法合成的研究还处于初级探索阶段。本文综述了葡萄糖二酸的在医药、化工等领域的应用前景,阐述了其生产方法及测定手段,并对微生物法生产葡萄糖二酸进行了展望。     

微生物法生产L-丝氨酸代谢工程研究进展

L-丝氨酸是生物体内一种重要的中间代谢产物,为甘氨酸等多种氨基酸、核苷酸、胆碱、磷脂的合成前体,现已广泛应用于医药、食品、化妆品等领域。L-丝氨酸的生产方法有蛋白质水解提取法、化学合成法、转化法及微生物发酵法,其中微生物发酵法具有原料廉价、环境污染小、产物纯度高等优点。系统综述了微生物发酵法生产L-丝氨酸所涉及的代谢工程策略,包括微生物合成L-丝氨酸的各种代谢调控机制及相应采取的改造措施和效果,并探讨了L-丝氨酸育种技术未来的发展趋势。     

羟基蛋氨酸及其钙盐的合成研究进展

羟基蛋氨酸钙是复方α-酮酸片中一个重要成分,可防止氨基酸缺乏和改善代谢紊乱,对肾功能衰竭具有一定的疗效,并对钙代谢和继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进都具有益作用,同时也是重要的有机合成、药物合成及生物合成中间体.本文对近年来羟基蛋氨酸及其钙盐的合成方法进行了综述.重点介绍了氰醇水解法、蛋氨酸转化法、酮酸转化法、酮醇氧化法、氰代磷酸二乙酯法和α-羟基-γ-丁内酯法等在羟基蛋氨酸及其钙盐合成中的应用.     

海洋功能分子间苯三酚的研究进展

目前海洋药物学的研究如火如荼,研究有特异活性的海洋天然产物,获取这类成分为人类提供新药,成为目前的研究重点。间苯三酚是一种重要的医药中间体,在海洋藻类中广泛存在,尤其在褐藻门中。作为一种亲肌性非阿托品非罂粟碱类平滑肌解痉药,主要用于治疗多种急性痉挛性疼痛。是胃肠道、泌尿生殖道痉挛及孕期宫缩治疗的首选药物,作用迅速,副作用少。目前主要通过化学法合成,但是由于化学法存在各种弊端,生物合成法成为制备间苯三酚的潜在手段和研究热点。就间苯三酚的化学合成法以及生物合成机制和制备方法进行了综述,并对间苯三酚的主要应用进行了归纳总结。     

Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products: A review

In the last three decades the discovery of metabolites with biological activities from macroalgae has increased significantly. However, despite the intense research effort by academic and corporate institutions, very few products with real potential have been identified or developed. Based on Silverplatter MEDLINE and Aquatic Biology, Aquaculture & Fisheries Resources databases, the literature was searched for natural products from marine macroalgae in the Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta with biological and pharmacological activity. Substances that currently receive most attention from pharmaceutical companies for use in drug development, or from researchers in the field of medicine-related research include: sulphated polysaccharides as antiviral substances, halogenated furanones from Delisea pulchra as antifouling compounds, and kahalalide F from a species of Bryopsis as a possible treatment of lung cancer, tumours and AIDS. Other substances such as macroalgal lectins, fucoidans, kainoids and aplysiatoxins are routinely used in biomedical research and a multitude of other substances have known biological activities. The potential pharmaceutical, medicinal and research applications of these compounds are discussed.     

酶法合成槲皮素3-O-糖苷酰基化衍生物的研究进展

槲皮素3-O-糖苷是一类重要的槲皮素糖苷类化合物,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌和抗病毒等多种药理活性,其代表性化合物芦丁和曲克芦丁已被开发成临床用药。由此可见,槲皮素3-O-糖苷已经成为创新药物的重要来源之一。然而,较低的生物利用度限制了槲皮素3-O-糖苷在食品、制药等行业中更广泛地应用。为提高这些化合物的生物利用度,选择性酰基化修饰是有效的途径之一,而生物酶法则是获得槲皮素3-O-糖苷酯类衍生物的重要方法。文中介绍了酰基化槲皮素3-O-糖苷的酶促合成方法,重点综述了4种能执行体外酶促酰化的工具酶(酰基转移酶、脂肪酶、蛋白酶、酯酶)和全细胞生物催化剂在槲皮素3-O-糖苷酯的酶促合成中的研究进展,详细阐述了酰基化修饰对槲皮素3-O-糖苷生物活性的影响。此外,还针对槲皮素3-O-糖苷酯的高效合成方法和修饰位点多样化进行了讨论,以期为槲皮素3-O-糖苷类药物的结构修饰、开发提供新思路。     

枫香树属二种香树脂类生药——苏合香与枫香脂的研究概况

本文对金缕梅科枫香树属两时树脂类生药苏合香和枫香脂的研究作了总结和比较,主要包括它们的分类学、化学成分、药理作用等,并对今后的工作提出设想。     

Pharmacological properties of plant sterols in vivo and in vitro observations

Plant sterols have been investigated as one of the safe potential alternative methods in lowering plasma cholesterol levels. Several human studies have shown that plant sterols/stanols significantly reduce plasma total and LDL cholesterol. In this article, pharmacological characteristics of plant sterols/stanols have been summarized and discussed. In particular, experimental data that demonstrate the effects of dietary phytosterols on lipid metabolism and development of atherosclerotic lesions have been critically reviewed. Despite their similar chemical structures, phytosterols and cholesterol differ markedly from each other in regard to their pharmacological characteristics including intestinal absorption and metabolic fate. Compared to cholesterol, plant sterols have poor intestinal absorption. The most and best studied effects of plant sterols are their inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Other biological activities of phytosterols such as effects on lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity, bile acid synthesis, oxidation and uptake of lipoproteins, hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities and coagulation system have been linked to their anti-atherogenic properties. Moreover, evidence for beneficial effects of plant sterols on disorders such as cutaneous xanthomatosis, colon cancer and prostate hyperplasia has been discussed. Finally, the potential adverse effects of plant sterols as well as pathophysiology of hereditary sitosterolemia are also reviewed. In conclusion, more pharmacokinetic data are needed to better understand metabolic fate of plant sterols/stanols and their fatty acid esters as well as their interactions with other nutraceutical/pharmaceutical agents.     

茯苓多糖在治疗肿瘤方面的临床研究进展

茯苓在药物化学、药理学、临床应用等方面有很高的使用价值。本文主要论述了茯苓药用的主要化学成分,在抗肿瘤和增强免疫力方面的作用,并对茯苓的前景进行了展望,为茯苓的进一步开发提供依据。     

Fatty Acid Composition of Phrenosine in Beef Spinal Cord

Although a number of studies have focused on the higher ethyl pyruvate antioxidative activity than its sodium salt under various stress conditions, and the greater protective properties of the ester form have been suggested as the effect of better cell membrane penetration, the molecular mechanism has remained unclear. The aim of the present study was therefore to compare the antioxidative activities of sodium and ethyl pyruvate under in vitro conditions by using a liver homogenate as the model for cell membrane transport deletion. The potential effect of ethanol was also evaluated, and hypochlorous acid was used as an oxidant. Our data indicate the concentration-dependent scavenging potency of both sodium and ethyl pyruvate, with the ester having higher activity. This effect was not related to the presence of ethanol. Better protection of the liver homogenate by ethyl pyruvate was also apparent, despite the fact that cell membrane transport was omitted.     

Higher hypochlorous acid scavenging activity of ethyl pyruvate compared to its sodium salt

Although a number of studies have focused on the higher ethyl pyruvate antioxidative activity than its sodium salt under various stress conditions, and the greater protective properties of the ester form have been suggested as the effect of better cell membrane penetration, the molecular mechanism has remained unclear. The aim of the present study was therefore to compare the antioxidative activities of sodium and ethyl pyruvate under in vitro conditions by using a liver homogenate as the model for cell membrane transport deletion. The potential effect of ethanol was also evaluated, and hypochlorous acid was used as an oxidant. Our data indicate the concentration-dependent scavenging potency of both sodium and ethyl pyruvate, with the ester having higher activity. This effect was not related to the presence of ethanol. Better protection of the liver homogenate by ethyl pyruvate was also apparent, despite the fact that cell membrane transport was omitted.     

微藻的药用、保健价值及研究开发现状(综述)

本文综述微藻中的各种药理活性物质及已投入市场的微藻产品的药用,保健价值,以及微藻保健与功能食品的研究开发现状。     

Synthetic biology: an emerging research field in China

Synthetic biology is considered as an emerging research field that will bring new opportunities to biotechnology. There is an expectation that synthetic biology will not only enhance knowledge in basic science, but will also have great potential for practical applications. Synthetic biology is still in an early developmental stage in China. We provide here a review of current Chinese research activities in synthetic biology and its different subfields, such as research on genetic circuits, minimal genomes, chemical synthetic biology, protocells and DNA synthesis, using literature reviews and personal communications with Chinese researchers. To meet the increasing demand for a sustainable development, research on genetic circuits to harness biomass is the most pursed research within Chinese researchers. The environmental concerns are driven force of research on the genetic circuits for bioremediation. The research on minimal genomes is carried on identifying the smallest number of genomes needed for engineering minimal cell factories and research on chemical synthetic biology is focused on artificial proteins and expanded genetic code. The research on protocells is more in combination with the research on molecular-scale motors. The research on DNA synthesis and its commercialisation are also reviewed. As for the perspective on potential future Chinese R&D activities, it will be discussed based on the research capacity and governmental policy.     

金钗石斛研究概况(综述)

本文综述珍贵药用和观赏植物金钗石斛的植物学特征、栽培技术、药材特性、药用有效成分、药理作用及市场前景。