微藻生物柴油技术的研究现状及展望

微藻生物柴油是一种优良的可再生新能源,对于解决人类面临的能源短缺和全球变暖两大危机具有潜在的重大战略意义。综述了微藻生物柴油的技术流程、油脂含量较高的微藻藻种、微藻生物柴油的最大技术瓶颈、提高微藻油脂总产量的方法、微藻的大规模培养、微藻的采收和微藻生物柴油的制取等方面的研究现状,并对微藻生物柴油未来的核心研究方向提出了初步见解。     

抗生素在微藻工程中的应用研究进展

微藻具有极高的应用价值,近些年来针对于微藻的研究也越来越受到重视。抗生素的使用是微藻进行无菌化及突变体筛选等微藻研究中常用的手段之一,抗生素的作用会对微藻的生长代谢、生理活性等产生影响。现将近年来抗生素在微藻工程中的应用研究进行综述,包括抗生素在微藻无菌化培养及微藻突变株筛选中的应用及抗生素对微藻生长和生理上的影响,并对今后抗生素在微藻工程中的研究前景进行展望。     

微藻规模化培养研究进展

微藻作为地球上最古老的物种之一,其诞生可追溯到35亿多年前。微藻的种类十分丰富,形态也多种多样。微藻一般都含有叶绿体,因此可进行光合作用,有研究表明微藻固定CO_2的能力是陆地植物的10倍。微藻以其丰富的代谢产物及独特的生理特性在可再生能源、生物医药、食品工业和环境监测等方面有着广泛的应用。然而如何在控制成本的前提下对微藻进行规模化培养成为困扰微藻应用行业的一大难题。为此,本文将从微藻的生化特点及其在各领域中的应用、微藻的规模化培养和微藻的采收3个方面对微藻的规模化培养近十年的研究进展进行综述,旨在为微藻高效培养、低成本采收的研究开发提供参考。     

微藻种质资源的采集及保存现状

微藻是一类具有重要经济价值和社会价值的宝贵生物资源, 开发利用微藻生物资源的一个前提就是要有充足 而优良的经济微藻株系, 且能实现其长期稳定的遗传特性, 这就要求我们重视微藻种质资源采集和保存技术研究。文 章首先交代了微藻种质资源收集和保存的必要性, 重点从生物质能源开发角度归纳微藻生物的资源化利用, 然后对比 简介国外和国内微藻种质资源采集及保存状况, 指出国内微藻种质资源采集和保存面临的困境, 最后针对存在的问题 提出建议并进行展望。     

絮凝微生物采收微藻的作用机制研究进展

微藻广泛分布于自然界,其易培养,生长快且应用价值高,普遍用于生物燃料、医学原料、优质食品源及畜牧养殖业等。近年来,通过对光生物反应器改造设计、高产藻株筛选、代谢通路基因改造等方法实现微藻产量的提高,而在微藻处理的下游过程的研究与创新不足,特别是微藻采收已经成为其产业发展的瓶颈。本文综述了絮凝法在微藻采收中的作用,重点讨论了絮凝微生物在微藻采收中的作用,并对絮凝微生物对微藻的絮凝机制进行广泛探讨,为絮凝微生物采收微藻提供理论依据。     

二氧化碳减排产柴油微藻培养体系研究进展

污水资源化、二氧化碳减排及微藻生物柴油是当前能源与环境领域的前沿课题。以下围绕污水及烟道气资源化培养产油微藻的培养体系,就藻种、营养条件、培养方式、培养环境及微藻生物反应器等影响产油微藻培养的因素研究进展进行了综述。在综述的基础上提出：由于微藻具有特殊营养方式,通过藻种筛选、微藻营养条件和培养环境的优化以及高效光生物反应器和生产工艺等的创新,可利用污水进行产油微藻生产,以获得生物柴油等高附加值产品,实现微藻生物能源、污水资源化处理和CO2减排三者高度耦合的产油微藻生产体系,从而减少微藻培养费用及污水处理费用,因此,该体系具有重要的环境、社会、经济价值和商业化应用前景。     

微藻生物柴油研发态势分析

微藻是光合效率最高的原始植物之一,与农作物相比,单位面积的产率可高出数十倍。微藻生物柴油技术首先包括微藻的筛选和培育,获得性状优良的高含油量藻种,然后在光生物反应器中吸收阳光、CO2等,生成微藻生物质,最后经过采收、加工,转化为微藻生物柴油。完整的微藻生物柴油成套技术链涵盖多个技术环节,是一个复杂的系统工程,包括微藻生物工程技术、微藻高效规模化养殖技术,以及微藻生物质采收、加工与转化技术等。其中,降低生产成本是当前微藻生物柴油研究面临的主要挑战,各国的研究机构为此开展了多方面的研究。     

废水培养微藻藻种遴选及其组分积累的研究进展

利用废水培养微藻能够降低微藻的培养成本,同时削减污染.微藻的蛋白质、多糖和油脂等组分是影响其后续资源化利用的重要因素.本文重点综述了以废水为基质培养微藻的研究进展,从组分积累的角度,分析了微藻种类的选择依据,探讨了影响微藻生长的因素和提高产量的方法,并对藻体中组分的合成机制进行了讨论,提出未来废水培养微藻技术面临的挑战...     

微藻代谢工程改造研究进展及展望

微藻种类繁多,分布广泛,很多微藻能通过自身代谢生产油脂、色素、多糖等高价值产品.但通常情况下,微藻生产高价值产品时存在产物含量低以及细胞采收成本高等缺点,限制了微藻产品的实际应用.为了有效开发利用微藻资源,研究如何利用遗传改造技术选育藻株,提高其代谢物含量,并改善微藻采收效率十分重要.近年来,利用代谢工程改造微藻取得了显著进展,此外,微藻基因组编辑及合成生物学研究也不断深入,这些遗传改造技术的不断进步和创新,必将提高微藻重要代谢物的生产效率,以满足人类不断增长的能源、食品和制药工业需求.     

微藻采收技术的研究进展

微藻作为一种有巨大应用前景的生物质资源,在环境保护、废水处理和清洁能源等领域广泛应用。但是微藻采收成本过高严重限制了微藻产业的发展,因此,寻找一种经济、环保、高效的采收技术对促进微藻产业的发展具有十分重要的意义。本文分析了常用微藻采收技术的优缺点,包括离心分离、沉降、过滤、浮选和絮凝技术,重点论述絮凝技术在微藻采收方面的研究进展,以期为微藻高效、低成本采收方案的选择及其研究方向提供参考。     

In vitro culture and conservation of microalgae: Applications for aquaculture, biotechnology and environmental research

Summary Microalgae are a highly diverse group of unicellular organisms comprising the eukaryotic protists and the prokaryotic cyanobacteria or blue-green algae. The microalgae have a unique environmental status; being virtually ubiquitous in euphotic aquatic niches, they can occupy extreme habitats ranging from tropical coral reefs to the polar regions, and they contribute to half of the globe’s photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, they form the basis of the food chain for more than 70% of the world’s biomass. Microalgae are a valuable environmental and biotechnological resource, and the aim of this review is to explore the use of in vitro technologies in the conservation and sustainable exploitation of this remarkable group of organisms. The first part of the review evaluates the importance of in vitro methods in the maintenance and conservation of microalgae and describes the central role of culture collections in applied algal research. The second part explores the application of microalgal in vitro technologies, particularly in the context of the aquaculture and biotechnology industries. Emphasis is placed upon the exploitation of economically important algal products including aquaculture feed, biomass production for the health care sector, green fertilizers, pigments, vitamins, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents. The contribution that microalgae can make to environmental research is also appraised; for example, they have an important role as indicator organisms in environmental impact assessments. Similarly, designated culture collection strains of microalgae are used for ecotoxicity testing. Throughout the review, emphasis is placed on the application of in vitro techniques for the continued advancement of microalgal research. The paper concludes by assessing future perspectives for the novel application of microalgae and their products.     

分级诊疗制度的现状分析及对策思考

随着新医改的逐步深入，各省市都在推行分级诊疗制度，探索建立分级诊疗模式。文章介绍了山东省的分级诊疗现状，针对具体情况进行原因分析，并提出政策建议，以期不断完善分级诊疗机制，进一步推动医改进程。     

Costs and coverage. Pressures toward health care reform.

Signs of discontent with the health care system are growing. Calls for health care reform are largely motivated by the continued increase in health care costs and the large number of people without adequate health insurance. For the past 20 years, health care spending has risen at rates higher than the gross national product. As many as 35 million people are without health insurance. As proposals for health care reform are developed, it is useful to understand the roots of the cost problem. Causes of spiraling health care costs include "market failure" in the health care market, expansion in technology, excessive administrative costs, unnecessary care and defensive medicine, increased patient complexity, excess capacity within the health care system, and low productivity. Attempts to control costs, by the federal government for the Medicare program and then by the private sector, have to date been mostly unsuccessful. New proposals for health care reform are proliferating, and important changes in the health care system are likely.     

Appropriateness in health care delivery: definitions,measurement and policy implications.

A major focus of the current health care debate is the notion that a substantial proportion of the health care delivered in Canada is inappropriate. There are two types of appropriateness: appropriateness of a service and appropriateness of the setting in which care is provided (i.e., inpatient v. outpatient or home care). Measuring both types objectively requires the comparison of observed patterns of care with explicit criteria for appropriate care. The few studies of appropriateness conducted in Canada have shown that inappropriate services are provided and inappropriate settings are used. Reducing inappropriate health care delivery could involve active strategies for the implementation of guidelines and better cooperation and coordination within the health care system. However, lower rates of health care delivery or even inappropriate health care will not necessarily translate into higher quality care or lower costs overall.     

Equity in Health Care Financing in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Evidence from Studies Using Benefit and Financing Incidence Analyses

IntroductionHealth financing reforms in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) over the past decades have focused on achieving equity in financing of health care delivery through universal health coverage. Benefit and financing incidence analyses are two analytical methods for comprehensively evaluating how well health systems perform on these objectives. This systematic review assesses progress towards equity in health care financing in LMICs through the use of BIA and FIA.ConclusionStudies evaluated in this systematic review indicate that health care financing in LMICs benefits the rich more than the poor but the burden of financing also falls more on the rich. There is some evidence that primary health care is pro-poor suggesting a greater investment in such services and removal of barriers to care can enhance equity. The results overall suggest that there are impediments to making health care more accessible to the poor and this must be addressed if universal health coverage is to be a reality.     

部分国家和地区分级诊疗特点及启示

通过剖析部分国家和地区分级诊疗的特点,即分级诊疗是医疗卫生服务体系健全的自然结果,分级诊疗的实质在于服务整合,合理的支付制度是分级诊疗的重要促进因素;提出以强基层、建机制的原则发展分级诊疗,将医疗机构分工合作、服务功能整合作为分级诊疗的重要路径,增强医保对医疗服务体系的影响力以促进分级诊疗等建议。     

Use of traditional and modern health services by Laotian refugees.

Although refugee health care emerged as a special interest in the United States following the influx of almost a million Southeast Asians since 1975, few studies have been done of the influence of refugee traditions on the use of Western medical services. The illness patterns, medical beliefs, and health care behavior of a Southeast Asian refugee group, the Mien from Laos are described in this study. A cohort of 119 Mien refugees living in Richmond, California, was observed for a 6-month period. In-home interviews were undertaken about all episodes of ill health, including treatment and health care decisions. This study shows that the Mien integrate traditional healing beliefs and practices with the use of American health services. Such findings are important because the increasing cultural diversity in the United States, particularly in Western states, necessitates that health care professionals understand the importance of cultural factors for access to and the use of health care by all patients including refugees and other immigrant groups.     

Connecting pills and people: an ethnography of the pharmaceutical nexus in Odisha, India

This article explores the impact of intensive competition within the pharmaceutical industry and among private providers on health care in an Indian city. In-depth interviewing and clinical observation were used over a period of 18 months. Private practitioners and chemists who provided regular services to inhabitants of a poor neighborhood in central Bhubaneswar were included. Fierce competition in private health in Odisha, India, reduced quality of care for the poor. The pharmaceutical industry exploited weak links in the health system to push drugs aggressively, including through illegal channels. The private health market is organized in small "network molecules" that maximize profit at the cost of health. The large private share of health care in India and stiff competition are detrimental for primary care in urban India. Free government services are urgently needed and a planned health insurance scheme should be linked to quality control measures.     

Health resources management and physician control in a San Francisco,California, hospital.

The continued escalation in health care spending has caused money to become an increasingly limited resource, which may eventually affect the ability of health professionals to provide complete health care services. Health care payers have stressed efficiency and the appropriateness of health care measures and are putting greater financial pressures on health professionals by making them more accountable for services provided. Hospitals and physicians must take a more active role in monitoring health care delivery and work together to improve performance efficiency. Efficiency can be gained through a comprehensive program that emphasizes high-quality care and the effective use of health care resources. The Health Resource Management Program is a model for carrying out this function that integrates data analysis and physician input and education.     

Oral health practices and beliefs among caregivers of the dependent elderly

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00553.x Oral health practices and beliefs among caregivers of the dependent elderly Background: Caregivers deal with oral health care of the dependent elderly; however, this has a low priority among them, and their education in daily oral care is deficient. Therefore, studying the oral care practices as well as their oral health beliefs is important as these affect the quality of the oral care they perform. Objective: To compare formal and informal caregivers’ oral care practices and oral health beliefs when taking care of severely dependent elderly. Material and methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 21 formal caregivers from a long‐term residence and 18 informal caregivers from a local primary health care domiciliary programme. Caregivers were surveyed using a questionnaire designed to elicit oral care practices and oral health beliefs. The nursing Dental Coping Beliefs Scale questionnaire was translated and validated in Chile. Results: Significant differences were observed between formal and informal caregivers’ performance of some oral health care practices. There were no significant differences between formal and informal caregivers’ oral health beliefs. Conclusions: Although there are some differences in formal and informal caregivers’ oral health care practices, we cannot state that one caregiver’s performance is better than the other, in fact, negative oral health beliefs were found in both groups.