维持性血液透析患者营养状况及营养不良的影响因素分析

目的:探讨维持性血液透析(MHD)患者营养状况以及营养不良的影响因素,为临床工作提供指导。方法:选择2010年-2014年在我院进行MHD治疗的120例患者作为研究对象,采用改良定量主观整体评估表(MQSGA)并结合相关生化指标测定等手段综合评估透析患者营养状况,分析MHD患者发生营养不良的危险因素。结果:MQSGA评估显示,营养正常组50例(41.67%),轻中度营养不良组61例(50.83%),重度营养不良组9例(7.50%)。不同营养状况组患者间Alb、PA、Cr比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归模型显示,Kt/V1.20、年龄≥60岁、透析龄≥3年及hs-CRP≥3 mg/L是MHD患者发生营养不良的危险因素。结论:MHD患者中发生营养不良的比例较大,Kt/V1.20、年龄≥60岁、透析龄≥3年及hs-CRP≥3 mg/L是其危险因素,可作为评价生营养不良的可靠指标。     

维持性血液透析患者慢性肾脏病矿物质和骨异常患病情况调查及血管钙化的危险因素分析

目的:调查维持性血液透析(MHD)患者慢性肾脏病矿物质和骨异常(CKD-MBD)患病情况,并分析血管钙化的危险因素。方法:选取2017年2月～2018年12月我院收治的MHD患者229例记为研究对象。统计并记录所有患者CKD-MBD患病情况,并通过Kauppila评分对所有患者的血管钙化情况予以评定,将患者按照Kauppila评分结果分为钙化组与非钙化组。比较两组患者基本资料以及血生化指标水平,并采用多因素Logistic回归分析MHD患者血管钙化的影响因素。结果:229例MHD患者中CKD-MBD患病率按照从高到低的顺序分别为高甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、高磷血症、低钙血症、低PTH、高钙血症、低磷血症,占比分别为45.85%、42.36%、30.57%、20.09%、19.65%、10.04%。229例MHD患者血管钙化发生率为68.56%。钙化组年龄、透析时间、血磷、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平均高于非钙化组(均P0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析可得:年龄、透析时间、hs-CRP均是MHD患者血管钙化的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论:MHD患者CKD-MBD患病情况不容乐观,多见于高PTH、高磷血症、低钙血症。其中年龄、透析时间、hs-CRP均与MHD患者血管钙化密切相关,值得临床重点关注。     

维持性血液透析患者睡眠质量的影响因素及与氧化应激水平、生活质量和疲乏状况的关系研究

摘要 目的：分析调查维持性血液透析（MHD）患者睡眠质量的影响因素,并分析其与生活质量、氧化应激水平和疲乏状况的关系。方法：研究对象选取自2019年8月~2021年5月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院血液透析室长期规律行MHD治疗的终末期肾脏病患者150例,收集患者的临床资料,采用匹兹堡睡眠指数（PSQI）量表评定睡眠质量。采用修订版Pieper疲劳量表（RPFS）评估所有患者的疲乏程度。采用肾脏病生活质量量表（KDQOL-SF）评估患者生活质量。分析MHD患者睡眠质量的影响因素,并分析其与氧化应激水平、生活质量和疲乏状况的关系。结果：150例MHD患者中有114例PSQI评分>5分,本血液透析室MHD患者睡眠障碍发生率为76.00% (114/150)。根据是否发生睡眠障碍将患者分为睡眠障碍组（n=114）和无睡眠障碍组（n=36）。单因素分析结果显示睡眠障碍组、无睡眠障碍在年龄、透析时间、血红蛋白（Hb）、血清甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、透析治疗效率标准（Kt/V）、血钙方面组间对比有差异（P<0.05）。透析时间、年龄、Hb、iPTH、Kt/V均是MHD患者睡眠质量的影响因素（P<0.05）。睡眠障碍组的一般健康状况、肾病相关、总分均低于无睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。睡眠障碍组的疲乏评分高于无睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。睡眠障碍组的丙二醛（MDA）高于无睡眠障碍组,超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、人谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）低于无睡眠障碍组（P<0.05）。结论：透析时间、年龄、Hb、iPTH、Kt/V均是MHD患者睡眠质量的影响因素,且睡眠质量变差会加重MHD患者疲乏程度,加重氧化应激反应,降低患者的生活质量。     

饮食干预联合左卡尼汀治疗维持性血液透析营养不良的疗效观察

目的:研究饮食干预联合左卡尼汀治疗维持性血液透析营养不良的疗效。方法:选取我院2012年1月到2014年1月收治的90例维持性血液透析营养不良患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组45例,对照组进行常规的血液透析治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上行饮食干预联合左卡尼汀的治疗,观察并对比两组患者治疗前后的疗效。结果:观察组患者治疗后体重指数(BMI)和体重增幅显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);观察组患者治疗后总蛋白(TP)、前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(Alb)显著高于对照组,血肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);观察组患者治疗后SGA评分显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:饮食干预联合左卡尼汀利于改善维持性血液透析营养不良患者的营养不良的症状,效果显著,值得临床推广。     

维持性血液透析患者透析期血压波动的危险因素及其对生存状况的影响

摘要 目的：观察维持性血液透析（MHD）患者透析期血压波动的状况,分析其危险因素及其对生存状况的影响。方法：从江苏省人民医院选取于2018年4月~2021年7月期间接受治疗的210例MHD患者。将患者根据△收缩压（SBP）的绝对值大小,分为血压低波动组（84例,△SBP的绝对值大小<10 mmHg）和血压高波动组（126例,△SBP的绝对值大小≥10 mmHg）。收集两组患者的一般资料和实验室资料,MHD患者血压波动的危险因素采用Logistic回归模型进行分析。以门诊复查或电话的形式随访1年,统计两组预后情况。结果：单因素结果显示,MHD患者透析期血压波动与透析龄、体质量指数（BMI）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、磷（P）、白蛋白（ALB）、血红蛋白（Hb）、全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）、尿素清除指数（Kt/V）、超滤量有关（P<0.05）。而与年龄、性别、血肌酐（Scr）、尿素氮（BUN）、钙（Ca）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）无关（P>0.05）。多因素Logistic 回归模型结果显示：透析龄越长、iPTH升高、Kt/V下降、P升高、BMI升高是导致MHD患者透析期血压波动的危险因素,ALB上升为保护因素（P<0.05）。两组患者1年生存率、死亡率组间对比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：MHD患者透析期血压波动受到透析龄、iPTH、Kt/V、P、ALB、BMI变化的影响,MHD患者透析期血压波动均会导致患者发生死亡风险。     

透析充分性、微炎症、营养状态对血液透析患者生存质量及长期生存率的影响

目的:探讨透析充分性、微炎症、营养状态对血液透析患者生存质量及长期生存率的影响。方法:随机选择我院血液透析中心维持透析每周3次,治疗6月以上的患者89例,观察并评估其入组时、入组后第3、6、12、18、24月的生存质量(KDTA、SF-36)、营养状况(MQSGA、MAMC)、微炎症(hCRP、IL-6)及透析充分性(iPTH、Kt/V、β2-MG),并分析透析充分性、营养状况、微炎症与生存质量、生存率的相关性。结果:89例患者有9例死亡,死亡率为10.1%;iPHT、MQSGA与KDTA、SF-36呈负相关(P0.05),Kt/V与KDTA、SF-36呈正相关(P0.05),β2-MG、胆固醇与KDTA、SF-36无明显相关(P0.05);hCRP、IL-6分别与KDTA、SF-36呈负相关(P0.05);HGS与KDTA呈正相关(P0.05),与SF-36无明显相关(P0.05),ALB、MAMC与KDTA、SF-36呈正相关(P0.05);Kt/V、MQSGA、IL-6、iPTH均与KDAT及SF-36存回归关系(P0.05);Cox回归模型发现Kt/V、ALB及开始透析年龄是导致血透患者死亡的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:透析充分性、微炎症及营养状况均影响透析患者的生存质量及长期生存率;iPTH、Kt/V、MQSGA、IL-6是其生存质量的独立影响因素,Kt/V、ALB及开始透析年龄是血透患者的死亡独立危险因素。     

维持性透析患者体内氧化应激状态及影响因素研究

目的:探讨慢性肾脏病5D期(Chronic Kidney Disease stage 5D,CKD5D)患者体内氧化应激水平变化及相关影响因素,比较不同的肾替代治疗方式对终末期肾病患者体内氧化应激水平的影响。方法:收集CKD5D期患者血清,采用双抗体夹心法测定血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平,同时收集患者临床资料,用统计学方法进行相关影响因素分析。结果:透析患者体内氧化应激水平明显高于正常对照组(P0.05)。维持性血液透析患者氧化应激水平高于腹膜透析患者(P0.05)。多因素回归分析结果提示:CKD5D期患者体内氧化应激水平与透析方式、透析时间、性别、年龄、是否贫血、他汀类药物、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂/血管紧张素II受体阻滞剂(ACEI/ARB)类药物的使用及CRP密切相关(P0.05)。而铁剂、重组人促红细胞生成素(EPO)的使用和白细胞计数与氧化应激水平无独立相关性(P0.05)。结论:CKD5D期患者体内氧化应激水平与透析方式、透析龄和性别相关,维持性血液透析患者体内氧化应激水平高于维持性腹膜透析患者。     

血清超敏C反应蛋白水平与慢性肾脏病患者心血管并发症发生风险关系的探讨

目的:探讨血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平与慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者心血管并发症发生风险关系。方法:选择82例CKD患者与21例健康体检者为研究对象,根据肾小球滤过率(e GFR)将CKD患者分成CKDl~2期组、CKD3~4期组和CKD5期组。检测和比较各组hs-CRP、B型钠尿肽前体(pro-BNP)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿酸(UA)、肌酐(Cr)、前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(Alb)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、血红蛋白(Hb)的水平,同时评估患者是否有心肌缺血及心室肥厚、心脏瓣膜钙化表现。结果:随着e GFR下降,CKD患者血清hs-CRP水平呈上升趋势,不同CKD分期患者血清hs-CRP水平之间差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),CKD患者血清hs-CRP水平与BUN、Cr、UA、P、TG、Hcy、pro-BNP水平之间均存在明显的正相关(P0.05);血清hs-CRP水平与白蛋白、Hb、Ca、HDL之间均存在明显的负相关(P0.05);血清hs-CRP水平与前白蛋白、胆固醇、LDL之间无显著相关性(P0.05)。以hs-CRP为因变量,其他相关指标为自变量进行多元逐步回归分析,结果显示尿酸、Hb、Hcy进入多元逐步回归方程。以心肌缺血是否阳性和瓣膜钙化是否阳性为因变量,hs-CRP为自变量做logistic回归分析,结果显示血清hs-CRP水平为心肌缺血和瓣膜钙化的危险因素(OR1)。结论:CKD患者血清hs-CRP水平升高与其肾功能降低密切相关,且为其发生心肌缺血、心脏瓣膜钙化的危险因素。     

缬沙坦联合阿托伐他汀钠对尿毒症维持性血液透析患者炎症因子及营养状况的影响

目的:探讨缬沙坦联合阿托伐他汀钠对维持性血液透析患者炎症因子及其营养状况的影响.方法:将120例维持性血液透析患者随机分为对照组与观察组,每组各60例.给予对照组患者口服阿托伐他汀,观察组患者给予缬沙坦联合阿托伐他汀钠口服.比较两组治疗前后C-反应蛋白(CRP)、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、抵抗素及血清白蛋白(ALb)、血红蛋白(Hb)的变化情况.结果:治疗后6月两组患者hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6及抵抗素水平均显著下降(P＜0.05),但观察组患者上述指标显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组治疗后Alb及Hb水平显著高于对照组,差别具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:缬沙坦联合阿托伐他汀钠用于维持性血液透析患者,可显著减少炎症因子水平,改善患者营养状况.     

糖尿病足患者肾功能和营养状态及脂质代谢与溃疡严重程度的关系

目的:探讨糖尿病足患者肾功能和营养状态及脂质代谢与溃疡严重程度的相关性。方法:选取2015年8月-2017年12月期间我院收治的糖尿病足患者389例为研究对象,根据Wagner分级将患者分为1级组52例,2级组84例,3级组96例,4级组129例,5级组28例,对比分析五组患者肾功能指标[血肌酐(Scr)、胱抑素C(Cys C)、尿素氮(BUN)]、营养状态指标[体重指数(BMI)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血清白蛋白(Alb)]、血脂指标[甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)]水平,并分析Wagner分级与以上指标的相关性。结果:不同Wagner分级患者性别、年龄、BUN水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);2级组、3级组、4级组、5级组患者的BMI、TG、HDL-C、Hb、Alb水平低于1级组,Scr、Cys C水平、吸烟史及高血压所占比例高于1级组(P0.05);4级组、5级组患者的BMI、TG、HDL-C、Hb、Alb水平低于2级组、3级组,Scr、Cys C水平、吸烟史及高血压所占比例高于2级组、3级组(P0.05)。经Spearman相关性分析显示,Wagner分级与Scr、Cys C呈正相关,与TG、HDL-C、Hb、Alb、BMI呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:糖尿病足患者Scr、Cys C与溃疡严重程度存在正相关关系,TG、HDL-C、Hb、Alb、BMI均与溃疡严重程度存在负相关关系。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.