长吻wei的卵巢发育和周年变化及繁殖习性研究

本文报道了长吻ｗｅｉ卵巢发育与周年变化特点和繁殖习性。依外形和组织学特征,性成熟前于性成熟鱼卵巢的发育可分为卵原细胞期、单层滤泡期、卵黄泡期,卵黄充满期、成熟期和退化期６个时期,Ｉ期性腺只存在于１龄内个体,Ⅱ期性腺持续２年左右,性成熟前发育至Ⅲ期,经Ⅳ、Ｖ期发育至成熟并首次参与繁殖,最小性成熟个体３龄。性成熟后个体卵巢的发育只有后５个时期。繁殖期４－６月,产后卵巢很快退回到Ⅱ期,Ⅲ期卵巢越冬。一次     

长吻鮠的卵巢发育和周年变化及繁殖习性研究

本文报道了长吻卵巢发育与周年变化特点和繁殖习性。依外形和组织学特征,性成熟前至性成熟鱼卵巢的发育可分为卵原细胞期、单层滤泡期、卵黄泡期,卵黄充满期、成熟期和退化期６个时期,Ⅰ期性腺只存在于１龄内个体,Ⅱ期性腺持续２年左右,性成熟前发育至Ⅲ期,经Ⅳ、Ⅴ期发育至成熟并首次参与繁殖,最小性成熟个体３龄。性成熟后个体卵巢的发育只有后５个时期。繁殖期４—６月,产后卵巢很快退回到Ⅱ期,Ⅲ期卵巢越冬。一次产卵类型。卵壳膜源于滤泡细胞。卵粒的退化吸收分５步完成。     

神农架川金丝猴投食群0-6月龄的母亲照顾行为

与其它哺乳动物相比,灵长类动物的一个最典型的特征就是婴儿在出生之后完全没有独立生活能力,处于这个时期的动物非常软弱(Nicolson,1987)。在这段发育期内,必须依靠社群内成年或亚成年个体的照顾才能顺利存活,尤其是来自母亲的照顾,母亲通过哺乳提供给它们成长所需要的营养,并通过限制行为实施保护,同时教会婴儿基本的生存技能,为今后能更好地融入社群做好充足准     

野化培训大熊猫幼仔第一阶段的活动变化研究

2011年8月—2014年8月,利用红外视频监控系统结合现场观察,在中国保护大熊猫研究中心卧龙核桃坪野化基地对野化培训第一阶段的7只大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca幼仔的活动变化进行研究,采用瞬时扫描取样法收集了母幼距离、幼仔活动空间位置和行为等数据。研究结果发现:(1)母幼距离随着幼仔月龄的增长而增加,到幼仔爬树时母幼距离达到最高点,11~12月龄后出现下降的趋势。(2)野化幼仔随着月龄增长在母兽怀中的时间呈递减趋势;幼仔在地面的时间表现为未能独立活动时递增,5~9月龄时递减,其后14~15月龄时递增的变化规律;幼仔在树上的时间呈现5~10月龄时递增,接着稳定在一个较高的值,到14月龄时递减的波动;幼仔在母兽怀中(n=2,P0.05)和在地面的时间(n=5,P0.01)均与其在树上的时间呈负相关。(3)在活动时间分配上,幼仔平均用于休息的时间为所有行为时间的90.1%±4.1%,平均用于活动的时间为9.3%±3.9%,平均用于觅食的时间为0.6%±0.4%。     

茄子品种对茄二十八星瓢虫及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

茄子不同品种对茄二十八星瓢虫及瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂的影响结果表明 ,上海紫茄、呼杂 3 4# 、托塔姆 3 # 、洋红茄 4个品种中 ,取食上海紫茄的瓢虫发育历期明显短于取食其它 3个品种的瓢虫。其幼虫-蛹历期比在托塔姆 3 # 上取食的瓢虫发育历期快 5 69d。瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂在取食上海紫茄的瓢虫幼虫内发育出蜂数多、性比高 ,但寄生率稍低。而在托塔姆 3 # 上取食的幼虫内发育出蜂数少、羽化率低、蜂体小、但寄生率稍高。该蜂喜在 3 ,4龄幼虫内寄生 ,在其上寄生蜂出蜂多、性比高、蜂的个体大     

茄子品种对茄二十八星瓢虫及其寄主蜂生长发育的影响

茄子不同品种对茄二十八星瓢虫及瓢虫标腹姬小蜂的影响结果表明,上海紫茄、呼杂34^#、托塔姆3^#、洋红茄4个品种中,取食上海紫茄的瓢虫发育历期明显短于取食其它3个品种的瓢虫。其幼虫－蛹历期比在托塔姆3^#上取食的瓢虫发育历期快5.69d。瓢虫柄腹姬小蜂在取食上海紫茄的瓢虫幼虫内发育出蜂数多、性比高,但寄生率稍低。而在托塔姆3^#上取食的幼虫内发育出蜂数少、羽化率低、蜂体小、但寄生率稍高。该蜂喜在3,4龄幼虫内寄生,在其上寄生蜂出蜂多、性比高、蜂的个体大。     

布氏田鼠标志种群的繁殖参数

采用标志重捕和染色观测法跟踪了内蒙古典型草原区布氏田鼠野外种群,按绝对时间年龄研究其种群繁殖参数。结果3表明：4－5月份出生的雄鼠能在当年达到性成熟,性成熟发育历期约为1．5个月,6月后出生的雄鼠当年达不到性成熟。在达到性成熟的当年雄鼠中,多数个体再度转入性休止期,其平均繁殖结束时间要林越冬雄鼠早1个月,而越冬雄鼠则在整个繁殖期保持性活动状态。雌鼠性成熟发育历期约为1个月,首次产仔时间约为2月龄。雌鼠在一年中的产仔窝数与其年龄有关;越冬鼠能产3－4窝,4月份出生的雌鼠能产2－3窝,5月份出生的雌鼠当年能产1－2窝,6月份出生的雌鼠能产0－1窝,7月份之后出生雌鼠当年不参加繁殖,在自然条件下,布氏田鼠一年中最多能产4窝。     

基于团抱行为的太行山猕猴社会联属

社会联属是指一些社会性动物社群内由于不同年龄、性别组的个体的社会角色与等级地位存在明显差异,在个体间形成的复杂的支配-从属关系,而这种支配-从属关系在不同的物种有着各自独特的模式(Clutton-Brock,1974)。了解社群内个体通过亲缘、非亲缘联盟、婚配、竞争而建立的支配-从属关系,是进一步开展社群内个体等级与资源竞争、互惠利益、母系投入策略等诸多研究的前提,     

蚂蚁(膜翅目 :蚁科)的同巢识别与亲缘识别行为及机理概述(英文)

蚂蚁属真社会性昆虫。真社会性最主要的特性是在一个社会集团内个体间有生殖上的分工。即多数个体 (如工蚁 ,兵蚁等 )自身不行生殖 ,而一生“竭力”“帮助”少数个体 (如蚁后和雄蚁 )繁殖后代。蚂蚁生活的基本单位是社群 (colony)。一个单独的个体 (除创建蚁后 )是没有意义的。“典型”的社群由一个创建蚁后和其后代组成 (即单母 :monogyny)。单母社群内个体间亲缘关系密切。在自然界 ,多母社群 (polygyny)亦普遍存在。在多母社群里 ,如蚁后间亲缘关系密切 (如姐妹 ) ,社群内遗传关系同质性亦较高 ,个体间的平均遗传相关也密切。但如蚁后间亲缘关系疏远或无亲缘关系 ,那么社群内遗传异质性很高 ,个体间平均遗传相关也随之降低。和其它复杂的社会群体一样 ,蚂蚁社会拥有高度发达的通讯系统。社群不仅需要在内部个体间相互沟通以确保社群的平衡和协调性 ,而且必需和社群外各种息息相关的有机体间交流信息 ,以便有效利用有用的资源并避开各种危险。如果说信息素是蚂蚁通讯最重要的物质基础 ,那么对周围各类生物的识别便是蚂蚁通讯最为基本的环节。蚂蚁的识别行为及其机理是多样的 ,其生物学功能亦随被识别的对象不同而异。如 :为了确保社会群体的安全 ,蚂蚁必须准确识别“敌”、“我”和“朋友”。为了使得     

秦岭川金丝猴冬季和春季在自然栖息地的空间利用

2000年9月到2003年3月共计197天的时间里,我们采用目标动物取样法(Focalanimalsampling)和行为的全事件记录法(Alloccurrencesampling)对一群生活在秦岭北坡周至保护区内的秦岭金丝猴(Rhinopithecusroxellana)在自然栖息地内空间利用的进行了研究。当猴群在离开人工投食区进行自由活动时我们开始收集数据。结果表明:秦岭川金丝猴在不同年龄性别组的个体对植被的空间利用明显不同,它们花费每天活动的14%的时间在地面上活动,53%时间在树叉处活动,33%的时间在树冠中间活动。与其它年龄性别个体相比,成年雄性有27%的观察时间在地上活动,并且20%的取食时间或29%的休息时间是在地上的,明显地高于其它年龄性别组的个体。群体迁移时,成年雄性有53%的时间在地上移动,而只有13%的时间是在树冠层移动的。在通过不同树冠的时候,成年雄性经常会同时抓住两边再把身体摆过去。它们也经常下到地上迁移而回避在树间跳跃。相比之下,亚成年雌性和青少年猴更加经常地在低植被层和树冠层中找食和休息。它们明显地比成年猴更加频繁地在树冠中移动,却很少下地。它们还经常使用跳跃的方式通过树冠间的空隙。从观察到摔下树的事例分析,青少年猴从树上摔下来的风险比成年猴大。本文进而讨论了影响秦岭金丝猴空间分布和移动的因素,比如说身体的重量等.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.