一株产柚苷酶的罗伦隐球酵母的鉴定及柚苷酶表达

【目的】对一株新分离的、产生柚苷酶的疑似酵母菌株Jmudeb008进行鉴定,确定其分类的种属关系,阐明葡萄糖对该菌株表达柚苷酶的影响。【方法】利用形态观察、核酸分析及生理生化实验对Jmudeb008进行种属鉴定;用含有0.5g/L柚皮苷及不同浓度葡萄糖的培养基培养Jmudeb008,通过检测培养过程柚皮苷、柚皮素及葡萄糖浓度的变化研究葡萄糖对Jmudeb008表达柚苷酶的影响。【结果】Jmudeb008的菌落形态及个体形态都与典型的酵母相似,其26SrDNAD1/D2区域和5.8SrDNA-ITS区域的序列与罗伦隐球酵母(Cryptococcus laurentii)的同源性为99%,葡萄糖发酵试验阴性,尿酶试验阳性,重氮基蓝B试验阳性、硝酸盐还原试验阴性符合该菌种特性,因此鉴定为罗伦隐球酵母。Jmudeb008在以柚皮苷为唯一碳源的培养基中或当培养基中葡萄糖消耗完以后会分泌柚苷酶,而有葡萄糖存在时不分泌柚苷酶。【结论】分离得到了能产柚苷酶的罗伦隐球酵母,该酵母产柚苷酶受葡萄糖分解代谢调节。     

一株棘孢曲霉的鉴定及其柚苷酶合成规律

【目的】对一株新分离的柚苷酶产生菌株JMUdb058进行鉴定,并研究该菌株柚苷酶合成的基本规律。【方法】利用形态观察、28S rDNA序列分析对JMUdb058进行鉴定;通过反相高效液相色谱测定JMUdb058粗酶液对柚皮苷的水解作用,鉴定其柚苷酶活性;分别用11种碳源和6种氮源进行摇瓶发酵,研究碳源、氮源对该菌株分泌柚苷酶的影响;在固态和液态条件下分别进行发酵,测定该菌株合成柚苷酶的能力。【结果】菌株JMUdb058的菌落形态和显微形态符合曲霉属黑色组的典型形态特征,其28S rDNA序列与棘孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus)的相似度达100%;用液态和固态两种发酵方法制得的粗酶液均可将标准溶液中的柚皮苷水解产生普鲁宁和柚皮素,还可有效地水解琯溪蜜柚汁中的柚皮苷;用橘皮苷、柚皮苷、芸香苷和鼠李糖为碳源,胰蛋白胨和豆饼粉等有机物为氮源时可分泌柚苷酶;该菌种在固态发酵中表现出很强的柚苷酶发酵能力,用HPLC法测定的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶和柚苷酶活力分别达到5903和1939 U/gds,用Davis法测定的柚苷酶活力达到72232 U/gds。【结论】本研究首次发现棘孢曲霉能够分泌柚苷酶,含鼠李糖基团的物质可作为其产柚苷酶的诱导物。棘孢曲霉JMUdb058固态发酵产柚苷酶的能力突出,是一种高产柚苷酶的微生物新资源。     

人肠道产柚苷酶菌株分离、鉴定及其对柚皮苷的转化特性

【目的】从健康人肠道微生物菌群中分离能将柚皮苷高效转化为柚皮素的特定细菌菌株,对分离得到的菌株进行菌种鉴定并研究菌株对柚皮苷转化特性,目的是为柚皮素的高效生物合成提供新细菌资源。【方法】取健康人新鲜粪样,在厌氧工作站内培养24 h后进行梯度稀释并涂板,从板上挑取单菌落与底物柚皮苷进行厌氧培养,用高效液相色谱检测底物被转化情况。根据16S rDNA序列及相关生理生化特性分析,对所分离的柚皮苷转化菌进行菌种鉴定,并测定转化菌株对底物柚皮苷的转化动态和转化能力。【结果】从人肠道菌群中分离得到4株能将柚皮苷转化为柚皮素的细菌菌株,分别命名为AUH-JLD3、AUH-JLD7、AUHJLD104和AUH-JLD109。根据16S rDNA序列分析,结合形态学及相关生理生化特性等,将其分别鉴定为布劳特氏菌(Blautia sp.AUH-JLD3)、肠球菌(Enterococcus sp.AUH-JLD7)、拟杆菌(Bacteroides sp.AUHJLD104)和巴氏链球菌(Streptococcus pasteurianus subsp.AUH-JLD109)。转化动态研究结果表明,所分离的4株细菌菌株均能在12 h内将0.2 mmol/L底物柚皮苷转化为柚皮素;转化能力测定结果显示,菌株AUHJLD3、AUH-JLD7、AUH-JLD104及AUH-JLD109能够高效转化底物柚皮苷的最大浓度分别为0.2 mmol/L(平均转化率66.67%)、0.8 mmol/L(平均转化率86.49%)、0.2 mmol/L(平均转化率73.68%)以及1.6 mmol/L(平均转化率93.20%)。【结论】本研究首次从人肠道菌群中分离得到4株能将柚皮苷转化为柚皮素的细菌菌株,其中巴氏链球菌AUH-JLD109对底物柚皮苷转化能力最强。     

棘孢曲霉固态发酵柚皮产柚苷酶的条件优化

【目的】以柚皮为原料,优化棘孢曲霉利用柑橘加工副产物固态发酵柚苷酶的条件。【方法】采用高效液相色谱法检测酶活力,通过单因素试验考察固水比、装样量、接种量、温度对柚苷酶发酵的影响,用正交试验优化发酵条件。【结果】单因素试验结果的显著性分析表明培养基的固水比、装样量和培养温度对柚苷酶产量有显著性影响,而接种量影响不显著;经正交试验确定的优化条件是：固水比1:1 (质量体积比),装样量5 g/250 mL三角瓶,温度为30 °C,接种1 mL孢子悬浮液,发酵8 d。在此优化条件下,柚苷酶酶活力为8.19 IU/g干物质,比初始培养基产柚苷酶活力提高7.38倍。【结论】通过对固水比、装样量和发酵温度进行优化,大幅度提高了棘孢曲霉固态发酵柑橘加工副产物的柚苷酶产量,为柚苷酶的生产提供了一种高产发酵工艺。     

沼泽红假单胞菌粗酶液生物转化柚皮苷

目的初步探索沼泽红假单胞菌粗酶液生物转化柚皮苷的特点。方法利用高效液相色谱技术,以柚皮苷的降解率为指标,考察不同温度、pH、底物浓度和培养时间对粗酶液降解柚皮苷的影响。在适宜转化条件下,探索底物和产物的含量变化。结果最适转化条件:40℃~50℃,pH 7.0~8.0,最大有效转化底物浓度750μg/mL,15 h时柚皮苷降解率较高为55.31%。在最适转化条件下,底物浓度500μg/mL,培养至17 h柚皮苷被降解完全,柚皮素浓度达到最大值204μg/mL,转化率为85.39%;10~19 h,转化率均大于80.00%,13 h达到最大值94.83%。结论本研究首次发现沼泽红假单胞菌粗酶液能够生物转化柚皮苷,并阐明了不同培养条件对柚皮苷降解的影响,以及转化过程中物质含量的变化。     

棘孢曲霉固态发酵柚皮产柚苷酶及其在柑橘果汁脱苦中的应用

为了建立柚皮固态发酵产柚苷酶的工艺以及阐明其柚苷酶的应用价值,利用棘孢曲霉Aspergillus aculeatus JMUdb058对柚皮进行固态发酵,并研究其产酶特性。采用高效液相色谱法检测酶活力,通过单因素实验方法研究豆饼粉及培养基灭菌对柚苷酶发酵的影响;采用酶活力、还原糖以及生物量的变化解析发酵的动态规律;采用柚皮苷的水解活性表征柚苷酶对柑橘果汁的脱苦效果。结果表明,棘孢曲霉JMUdb058固态发酵柚皮可产生柚苷酶,额外添加豆饼粉可大幅度提高其柚苷酶活力;对培养基进行121℃20min的灭菌将导致柚苷酶活力急剧下降;当培养基组成为5g柚皮粉、0.75g豆饼粉、5.75mL蒸馏水,经30℃发酵8d时,柚苷酶和α-L-鼠李糖苷酶活力分别达到5.81IU/gds和6.08IU/gds;通过对产酶进行动力学拟合,发现柚苷酶和α-L-鼠李糖苷酶主要在棘孢曲霉的对数生长期内合成,它们的积累属于生长关联型;该柚苷酶可高效水解柚汁中的柚皮苷,柚皮苷去除率高达99.6%。因此,柚皮是固态发酵柚苷酶的良好原料,用棘孢曲霉对柚皮进行固态发酵是生产柚苷酶的有效方法。     

产柚苷酶菌株B04的分离及产酶特性研究

柚苷酶作为金柚和柑桔果实中主要苦味物质的分解酶有望在深加工生产中得到应用。本研究在金柚树林下土壤和金柚皮腐烂液中分离得到产柚苷酶菌株。研究证明采用添加低浓度蔗糖作为碳源的高层试管法是可行的初筛方法;复筛得到菌株B04,产酶需要诱导,酶底物柚苷和产物鼠李糖均有诱导作用,其中柚苷诱导作用更好,而且添加量为0.02%时菌株产酶能力较强;B04发酵类型为非生长偶联型,30℃,175r/min旋转摇床培养,60h菌体量最大,96h酶活力最高,达到342U/mL。     

化橘红果实生长发育过程中类黄酮的动态变化

该研究建立了化橘红(Citrus grandis cv.‘Tomentosa’)果实中4种类黄酮成分的提取分离、HPLC定量和指纹图谱分析方法,利用该方法测定了果实生长发育过程中类黄酮的动态变化。结果表明,用60%乙醇超声辅助提取果实干燥粉末2小时,柚皮苷提取率达到98%以上。用HPLC分离和测定提取物中柚皮苷、野漆树苷、柚皮素和芹菜素的含量及其指纹图谱。结果显示,15–60天不同果龄的果实中类黄酮含量(占果实干重)随着果龄的增大而降低,柚皮苷、野漆树苷、柚皮素和芹菜素分别从52.5%、0.74%、0.57%和0.23%降低至16.1%、0.11%、0.06%和0.03%;每果中类黄酮总量则随着果龄的增加而大幅提高,从15天的0.55 g提高至60天的7.99 g。上述研究结果表明,果龄对化橘红类黄酮含量、产量及药材质量均有很大的影响。该研究为化橘红的工业生产和质量监控提供了重要依据。     

黑曲霉DB056产柚苷酶发酵条件初步优化

以α-鼠李糖苷酶活力和柚苷酶活力为考察指标, 研究了发酵条件对黑曲霉DB056产柚苷酶的影响。结果表明: 发酵温度、菌丝形态、培养基初始pH、接种量和装液量对黑曲霉DB056产柚苷酶都具有重要影响。初步优化得到黑曲霉DB056产柚苷酶的条件为: 培养基初始pH 8.0, 玻璃珠添加个数5个, 装液量45 mL, 接种量7%, 发酵温度34°C, 摇床转速190 r/min。采用此条件进行发酵, 高效液相色谱法检测α-鼠李糖苷酶活力最大可达1076.32 U/mL, 柚苷酶活力最大可达420.68 U/mL, 分别比初始条件提高了72.35%和78.03%。黑曲霉DB056不仅在对数生长期能快速合成柚苷酶, 在稳定期及衰亡期也会不断地分泌柚苷酶。阐明了发酵条件对黑曲霉DB056产柚苷酶的影响并获得了经过初步优化的发酵条件, 为进一步优化发酵条件, 提高黑曲霉DB056产柚苷酶的产量奠定了良好的基础。     

响应面优化柚皮苷制备根皮乙酰苯-4'-新橘皮糖苷工艺

本文通过碱催化反应使柚皮苷水解为根皮乙酰苯-4'-β-新橘皮糖苷,利用响应面对溶剂、时间、碱浓度、温度、料液比等主要因素进行了优化。实验结果表明,柚皮苷水解为根皮乙酰苯-4'-新橘皮糖苷的最佳工艺条件如下:氢氧化钾为催化剂,水作为溶剂,碱浓度为15%(w/w),料液比为15(v/w),100℃反应2 h。柚皮苷水解为根皮乙酰苯-4'-新橘皮糖苷的产率最高达70%。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.