生态梯度轴(EGA)用于林木生态遗传的研究——PCA方法估算EGAPC_r

n个群体的p维环境因子主成分分析（PCA）,Z＝U’X,恢复原始数据线性表达成X＝UZ,依据λ值,取前－1r个主成分,1≤r≤p,将P维环境因子降维成1元向量,建立前r个主成分的生态梯度轴（EGA（PCr)],估算误差为d(j)。对白榆全分布区20个群体的样点6维环境因子PCA求算的EGA（PCr),取r=1,2,3,建立3个生态梯度轴,累计贡献率依次为63．8％,84．3％和96．0％,都能较好的代表环境因子,EGA（PCr)在揭示群体7个性状的梯度变异中得到验证,并能用于判别种群变异模式。     

生态梯度轴(EGA)区划林木育种区的研究

对全国６７８个样点统一选用１５个生态因子,包括地理坐标（Ｘ）３个变量,气象因子（Ｙ）１２个变量。进行因子相关分析（ＣＡ）,典型相关检验,选择第１典型变量（ＣＡ１）的坐标２元数据,跟进采用主成分分析（ＰＣＡ）。根据主成分贡献大小,确定第１主万分成分对应的样点１元坐标为生态梯度轴（值）,即ＥＧＡ（ＣＡ１－ＰＧ１）。绘制样占梯度图定量区划林木育种区,并根据区划原则进行拟合与校正。最终将全国区划为１０个林     

乌鲁木齐达坂城山区地衣生态位特征的研究

为揭示达坂城山区地衣对生境资源的利用状况及竞争程度,该研究在野外设置30个样方并调查其物种盖度数据,利用生态位宽度、生态位重叠指数及排序分析,探讨达坂城山区地衣的生态位特征及环境影响因子。结果表明:(1)达坂城山区生态位最宽的为丽黄鳞衣(Rusavskia elegans)和内卷野粮衣(Circinaria contorta),对不同环境具有较强的适应性,其他地衣物种生态位宽度较窄,对环境资源利用程度低。(2)物种间生态位重叠值整体偏低,生态位重叠值较高的物种对极少,地衣物种生态位分化程度高,物种间竞争不激烈。(3)生态位较宽的物种与多数物种之间都存在生态位重叠,但重叠值较低; 一些生态位较窄的物种与其他物种之间的生态位重叠值较高; 生态位重叠和生态位宽度之间并无直接的线性关系。(4)地衣物种沿海拔梯度分布具有差异,海拔、光照强度、湿度、风速和人为干扰是本地区地衣群落物种生态位特征差异的主导环境因子。综上所述,达坂城山区地衣物种由于生境资源的竞争占据各自独特的生态位,形成了生态位的分化,群落较为稳定,沿海拔梯度的生境条件差异是物种差异分布的重要原因。该研究可为地衣群落构建研究提供理论依据,并对该地区地衣物种的多样性和生境保护具有重要意义。     

西藏阿里植物群落的间接梯度分析、数量分类与环境解释

根据对西藏阿里地区163个植物群落样地资料进行的多元分析——排序、数量分类与环境解释,给出了该地区植被的基本类型、生态梯度及其与环境因子的定量关系。基本分析方法包括3个步骤：1)通过无倾向对应分析(DCA)的两个排序向量揭示了阿里植被的两个主要生态梯度;2)由该梯度的二维散点图及二元指示种分析(TWINSPAN)分别产生非等级制与等级制的植物群落分类系统;3)以多元回归分析将排序值与环境及地理参数相联系而给出各类型的环境指标——定量环境解释。分析表明,阿里植被类型及其分布主要取决于热量与湿度梯度,前者可通过地理参数,后者则通过土壤特征的数学表达式来定量地确定。两梯度包含的类型、种类与生境差异颇大,由低山暖性荒漠直到高山冰缘植被,从隐带性沼泽与盐生草甸到高原地带性荒漠与草原均各得其位,各有其值。表明该数量分析法对于处理高度生态多样性的植物群落生态信息是十分有效的。     

祁连山北坡中段森林植被梯度分析及环境解释

 利用梯度分析方法,对祁连山北坡中段森林植被类型进行了划分,并探讨了植被空间格局与环境梯度的关系。结果表明：1)76个样方可划分为9个群系,即盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)灌丛、红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)灌丛、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)灌丛、蒙古莸(Caryopteris mongolica)灌丛、狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla)灌丛、青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林、祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)林、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛和鬼箭锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)灌丛。2)53个木本植物种类可划分为5个生态类型：即超旱生荒漠类型、山地旱生类型、山地中生类型、山地湿生类型、山地高寒类型。3)群落类型及物种生态型的划分主要反映了海拔梯度所决定的水热梯度及坡向和土壤腐殖质变化的内涵。4)影响群落物种多度格局的变量中,环境和空间因子解释了物种多度变化的23.98％,其中环境因子占17.66％,空间因子占1.40％,空间因子和环境因子交互作用解释的部分占4.92％,空间因子和环境因子未能解释的部分占76.02％,这部分主要反映了群落自身互作及人类活动(采伐、放牧)对群落物种多度格局的影响。     

山西吕梁山南段植物群落的生态梯度

吕梁山南段在中国植被区划上属暖温带南部落叶阔叶林亚地带向暖温带北部落叶阔叶林亚地带的过渡地带.采用TWINSPAN分类和DCCA排序法,从植物种、植物群落与环境因子之间的相互关系,对吕梁山南段植物群落的生态梯度进行了研究.结果表明:(1)TWINSPAN分类将74个样方划分为18个群丛.其中4个群丛为森林群落,14个群丛为灌丛.这18个群丛属南暖温带性质的次生植被类型,代表了吕梁山南段植物群落的主要类型,这些群丛都不同程度受到人类活动的干扰;(2)样方的DCCA排序较好地揭示了该区域植物群落的分布格局与海拔、坡度、土层厚度、枯枝落叶层厚度、坡向和人类干扰6个因子的关系,其中制约植物群落结构及分布格局的主导因子是海拔高度和人类干扰,另外,坡向和土层厚度也对植物群落特征产生一定的影响;(3)对环境因子的相关分析表明,海拔、人类干扰、土层厚度和枯枝落叶层厚度之间存在着极显著的相关性,是影响分布格局的主导因子;(4)结合TWINSPAN和DCCA的分析表明,吕梁山南段植物群落表现出明显的垂直分布格局,在海拔690～1 100 m的低山和沟谷中主要分布着荆条和酸枣灌丛;海拔1 100～1 300 m阳坡和半阳坡主要分布着灌木状檀子栎林,并伴生有少量的侧柏和鹅耳枥;在1 300～1 570 m主要分布着以辽东栎为建群种的森林群落;(5)灌木状檀子栎林的分布,是该地区处于暖温带南部落叶阔叶林亚地带向暖温带北部落叶阔叶林亚地带的交错区的主要标志.     

阿尔卑斯山黄花茅(Anthoxanthum alpinum)沿海拔梯度的基因频率分布

在瑞士阿尔卑斯山的2个定点样地,黄花茅从森林线（海拔1700 m）到山顶（海拔2830 m）呈连续分布。在海拔梯度样带的最高和最低定样场所间的垂直距离差不多为1000 m,但2个定样场所间相距仅仅1.4 km。在所研究的3个海拔梯度样带中,3个同工酶位点（Px_1, Got_2和 Mdh_1）被观察到有统计意义的倾群变异。研究结果显示：沿海拔梯度样带的亚居群间的基因流可能太弱不足以克服自然选择的影响,后者促使对局部环境的适应。在这种情况下,温度因子至少可能作为一种主要的自然选择力起作用。     

莫莫格湿地芦苇对水盐变化的生理生态响应

认识湿地植物对不同水盐环境的生理生态响应特征和规律,是确定湿地生态需水阈值的关键,为湿地生态需水量计算及生态恢复提供科学依据.通过对莫莫格湿地水盐环境因子与芦苇生理生态特征指标进行调查研究,并利用国际通用植被数量分析软件CANOCO4.5对其关系进行了冗余度分析(RDA).结果表明:湿地水深、Na+,HCO(3)含量3个环境因子组合对芦苇生理生态特征变异的解释量达到54.7％,说明这3个变量是影响芦苇生理生态特征变异的重要因子,水深是关键驱动因子.水深与芦苇株高、生物量、叶绿素含量、最大光化学效率Fv/FM以及光化学性能指数PIABS成显著正相关,随着水深的增加,芦苇株高、生物量以及叶绿素含量等逐渐增加.Na+含量、HCO(3)含量与芦苇生理生态特征的相关性没有达到显著水平.因此,中轻度盐碱湿地生态恢复需要重点考虑水深条件对湿地生态的影响,其次是水质( Na+/HCO(3))因素的影响作用,确保适宜生态水位,满足生态恢复需要.     

水分对敦煌阳关湿地芦苇叶片与土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征的影响

土壤水分是影响干旱区植物养分吸收和利用策略的关键因子之一。研究不同水分梯度叶片与土壤生态化学计量特征,有助于揭示植物对环境变化的响应特征及生态适应性。通过野外调查与实验分析,对敦煌阳关不同水分梯度芦苇叶片与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征及其关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)随土壤含水率升高,叶片C、N、P含量降低,叶片C/N、C/P、N/P升高。(2)随土壤含水率升高,土壤有机碳(OC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量及土壤N/P升高,土壤C/N降低,土壤C/P先升后降。(3)低水分梯度叶片N、C/N与土壤N、C/N显著负相关(P0.05),叶片C、P、C/P、N/P与土壤C、P、C/P、N/P无显著相关性(P0.05);高、中水分梯度叶片C、N、P与土壤C、N、P化学计量特征相关性均不显著(P0.05)。低水分梯度叶片受干旱胁迫和土壤养分制约,且能够保持较高的叶养分含量,体现了干旱区湿地植物异质生境下独特的养分调节机制。     

伏牛山自然保护区植物功能群组成种的生态位研究

基于对河南省伏牛山自然保护区南坡森林生态系统的样地调查,以物种的重要值为指标,将伏牛山南坡森林生态系统按环境梯度划分为8个植物功能群。应用Levins生态位宽度公式和相似性百分率公式对组成8个植物功能群的7种主要乔木、14种主要灌木、4种主要草本种群进行了生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算与分析。结果表明：（1）重要值大的种群一般具有较宽的生态位,生态位重叠与生态位宽度有关,较宽的生态位常伴随着较高的生态位重叠。（2）高生态位重叠可能是生境斑块化和空间异质性的结果。（3）环境梯度上生态位宽度的变化,反映了功能群组成种对环境适应性和资源利用能力的变化,并最终导致植物功能群组成的变化。     

不同种群密度关态下羊草地上部生态场、生态势、场梯度及其季节性变化规律研究

本文通过对羊草种群与个体的定位观测与理论分析,给出了描述植物生态属性质的场特征函数──生志势和场梯度的定义,建立了羊草地上部生态场的生态势和场梯度模型。应用实验观测数据进行了模型运算,分析了草草地上部生态场随作用距离改变的生态势与场梯度变化规律。结果表明,羊草地上部场势与场源植物的相对生长速率、资源利用效力以及种群密度相失,场梯度能刻划生态势的空同变化速率,生态势和场梯度均有季节性变化特征。     

Speciation along a latitudinal gradient: The origin of the Neotropical cycad sister pair Dioon sonorense–D. vovidesii (Zamiaceae)

Latitude is correlated with environmental components that determine the distribution of biodiversity. In combination with geographic factors, latitude‐associated environmental variables are expected to influence speciation, but empirical evidence on how those factors interplay is scarce. We evaluated the genetic and environmental variation among populations in the pair of sister species Dioon sonorense–D. vovidesii, two cycads distributed along a latitudinal environmental gradient in northwestern Mexico, to reveal their demographic histories and the environmental factors involved in their divergence. Using genome‐wide loci data, we determined the species delimitation, estimated the gene flow, and compared multiple demographic scenarios of divergence. Also, we estimated the variation of climatic variables among populations and used ecological niche models to test niche overlap between species. The effect of geographic and environmental variables on the genetic variation among populations was evaluated using linear models. Our results suggest the existence of a widespread ancestral population that split into the two species ~829 ky ago. The geographic delimitation along the environmental gradient occurs in the absence of major geographic barriers, near the 28th parallel north, where a zonation of environmental seasonality exists. The northern species, D. vovidesii, occurs in more seasonal environments but retains the same niche of the southern species, D. sonorense. The genetic variation throughout populations cannot be solely explained by stochastic processes; the latitudinal‐associated seasonality has been an additive factor that strengthened the species divergence. This study represents an example of how speciation can be achieved by the effect of the latitude‐associated factors on the genetic divergence among populations.     

云南金钱槭形态变异与遗传变异的相关性研究

对我国特有珍稀濒危保护植物云南金钱槭的形态变异水平、遗传变异模式以及两者之间的相关性进行了研究。形态学性状分析结果表明 :各居群形态性状变异系数的平均值从大到小排列为 :文山居群 (WSh)、屏边居群 (PB)、黑龙潭居群 (HL T)、蒙自居群 (MZ) ;文山居群与屏边、黑龙潭、蒙自居群间已产生显著或极显著水平的形态差异 ,而后三者间的差异未达显著水平。RAPD分析检测到 10 3个位点 ,其中多态位点 84个 ,云南金钱槭物种水平的多态位点比率为 81.5 5 % ,与其它珍稀濒危植物相比该种的遗传多样性水平不低。 AMOVA和 N ei基因多样性指数分析显示 ,尽管大部分遗传变异仍存在于居群内 (分别为5 7.86 %、5 7.33% ) ,但居群间的遗传变异已达较高水平 (分别为 4 2 .14 %、4 2 .6 7% )。相关分析结果显示 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异与海拔、土壤有机质等生态因子有着显著或极显著水平的相关性 ,但与遗传变异的相关性未达显著水平 ,说明云南金钱槭的形态变异虽然具有一定的遗传基础 ,但可塑性及环境压力对形态变异的产生作用更大一些。基于形态性状和 RAPD数据的聚类分析则进一步说明 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异受到环境因子的强烈影响而与遗传背景的关系不显著     

Conservation of genetic diversity in slippery elm (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulmus rubra</Emphasis>) in Wisconsin despite the devastating impact of Dutch elm disease

Forest pest epidemics are responsible for many population declines reported in forest trees. While forest tree populations tend to be genetically diverse, in principle mortality resulting from disease could diminish that genetic diversity and alter the genetic structure of the remnant populations with consequences for the ability of a species to adapt to changing environments. Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra Muhl.) is a long-lived, wind-pollinated forest tree with a native range covering essentially all of eastern North America. Dutch elm disease (DED) caused by an introduced fungal pathogen (Ophiostoma ulmi) devastated North American elm populations, including slippery elm, beginning in the 1930s. Estimates of the numbers of elms lost to DED are unknown but range into the hundreds of millions of trees given their former abundance. In this study, the genotypes of 77 herbarium specimens collected between 1890 and 2004 in Wisconsin, and of 100 slippery elm trees from five wild Wisconsin populations, were characterized using 13 microsatellite loci. Levels of genetic diversity were compared between the herbarium specimens collected pre- and post-DED spread in Wisconsin. In addition, the levels of genetic diversity and degree of genetic differentiation were quantified in the five wild populations. The allelic diversity and expected levels of heterozygosity were similar between the pre- and post-DED herbarium specimens. The five wild populations were only slightly differentiated and no genetic bottleneck was detected for any population. At least in Wisconsin, slippery elm apparently has maintained levels of genetic diversity that could facilitate adaptation to future climatic and environmental changes.     

Effects of induced water stress on leaf trichome density and foliar nutrients of three elm (Ulmus) species: implications for resistance to the elm leaf beetle

Seedlings of three elm species with variable susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola Müller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were subjected to three water stress treatments (no stress, low stress, and high stress) in a greenhouse experiment. The species tested were Ulmus pumila L. (Siberian elm = highly susceptible), U. parvifolia Jacq. (Chinese elm = resistant), and U. americana L. (American elm = intermediate). The seedlings were analyzed for changes in the levels of selected host traits (trichome density, foliar concentration of nitrogen [N], phosphorus [P], potassium [K], calcium [Ca], magnesium [Mg], iron [Fe], and manganese [Mn]), some of which had previously been implicated in resistance to the elm leaf beetle. Density of leaf abaxial surface trichomes (simple, bulbous, and total trichomes) and foliar Fe and Mg concentrations increased significantly in the highly susceptible Siberian elms under water stress. In contrast, stress reduced trichome density in the moderately susceptible American elms, but it had no effect on levels of foliar mineral nutrients. The stress treatments had no influence on host traits in the resistant Chinese elms. The results suggest that environmental stress can alter plant traits that are likely involved in determining resistance of elms to the elm leaf beetle.     

绿洲生态条件下春小麦蒸发蒸腾特征及其影响因子

 在河西走廊临泽绿洲北部试验区,对春小麦进行3种水分处理并同时观测了全生育期内的蒸发蒸腾(ET)及环境中各生态因子和植物生理指标。结果表明：当年全生育期内,春小麦ET在充分供水条件下为593mm;在中等供水条件下为365mm;在少量供水条件下为280mm。其日蒸散量分别为5.5mm,3.4mm和2.8mm。讨论了影响ET和植物蒸腾的各植物生理指标和环境因子,发现在植物诸指标与蒸腾相关程度的顺序为：叶片水势、气孔导度和叶温(充分供水)及叶片水势、叶温和气孔导度(水分胁迫)。在环境诸因子中与ET的相关程度顺序是：有效光合辐射、净辐射、20cm土温、大气饱和水汽压差,15cm土温、气温、10cm土温、土壤表面温度及5cm土温。     

Chimpanzee lipoprotein(A): Relationship between apolipoprotein(A) isoform size and the density profile of lipoprotein(A) in animals with different heterozygous apo(A) phenotypes

In a previous study [C. Doucet et al., J. Lipid Res 35:263–270, 1994], we have shown that plasma lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels were significantly elevated in a population of unrelated chimpanzees as compared to those in normolipidemic human subjects. Nonetheless, the inverse correlation between Lp(a) levels and apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] isoforms typical of man was maintained in the chimpanzee. In the present study, we describe the density profiles of apo B- and apo A1-containing lipoproteins and of Lp(a) in chimpanzee plasmas heterozygous for apo(a) isoforms after fractionation by single spin ultracentrifugation in an isopycnic gradient. The distribution of apo(a) isoforms in the density gradient was also examined by SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting using chemiluminescence detection. In all double-band phenotypes examined, the smallest isoform was present along the entire length of the density gradient. The density distribution of the second isoform varied according to the size difference between the respective isoforms. Two isoforms close in size (difference in apparent molecular mass ? 60 kDa) were present together in every gradient subfraction. On the contrary, when the two isoforms displayed distinct molecular mass (maximal difference in apparent molecular mass = 340 kDa), then the largest was principally present in the densest fractions of the gradient (d > 1.1 mg/ml). These observations suggest that Lp(a) particles with small apo(a) isoforms are more susceptible to interact with other lipoproteins than are Lp(a) particles with large isoforms.     

长白山北坡木本植物分布与环境关系的典范对应分析

 在长白山北坡海拔700～2 600 m的坡面上,海拔每上升100 m设立一个样点,共计20个样点。调查每个样点中木本植物的生态重要值,并计测样点内包括气候、土壤、林冠郁闭度在内的13个环境因子。应用CANOCO3.12软件对获得的数据进行了典范对应分析(CCA),应用CANODRAW3.0作出了种类