生态梯度轴(EGA)用于林木生态遗传的研究——CA方法估算EGA(CA_1)和EGA(r~2)

应用典型相关的原理和技术,将多元地理坐标和生态因子降维成1元,研究提出2个生态梯度轴(EGA);EGA(CA_1)和EGA(r~2)。通过白榆20个种源的2个EGA估算,它们与6个环境因子平均相关系数为0.8551和0.8804,复相关系数0.9998和0.9985,很好地综合了诸环境因子在对群体7个性状分析结果,EGA能很好描述梯度变异,证明了白榆种群属于连续变异模式。     

生态梯度轴(EGA)区划林木育种区的研究

对全国６７８个样点统一选用１５个生态因子,包括地理坐标（Ｘ）３个变量,气象因子（Ｙ）１２个变量。进行因子相关分析（ＣＡ）,典型相关检验,选择第１典型变量（ＣＡ１）的坐标２元数据,跟进采用主成分分析（ＰＣＡ）。根据主成分贡献大小,确定第１主万分成分对应的样点１元坐标为生态梯度轴（值）,即ＥＧＡ（ＣＡ１－ＰＧ１）。绘制样占梯度图定量区划林木育种区,并根据区划原则进行拟合与校正。最终将全国区划为１０个林     

生态梯度轴(EGA)用于林木生态遗传的研究——PCA方法估算EGAPC_r

n个群体的p维环境因子主成分分析（PCA）,Z＝U’X,恢复原始数据线性表达成X＝UZ,依据λ值,取前－1r个主成分,1≤r≤p,将P维环境因子降维成1元向量,建立前r个主成分的生态梯度轴（EGA（PCr)],估算误差为d(j)。对白榆全分布区20个群体的样点6维环境因子PCA求算的EGA（PCr),取r=1,2,3,建立3个生态梯度轴,累计贡献率依次为63．8％,84．3％和96．0％,都能较好的代表环境因子,EGA（PCr)在揭示群体7个性状的梯度变异中得到验证,并能用于判别种群变异模式。     

Cu(C6H9N3O2)2Cl2对小麦的生态毒理效应

以冬小麦为实验材料,比较研究了(1)不同浓度配合物对小麦生长的影响;(2)相同浓度的CuC l2、配体C6H9N3O2和配合物Cu(C6H9N3O2)2C l2对冬小麦种子萌发、苗期生长及其保护酶活性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,(1)不同浓度新配合物对小麦生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,随着浓度的增高抑制作用逐渐增大;(2)CuC l2、配合物Cu(C6H9N3O2)2C l2对小麦种子总淀粉酶活性、蛋白酶活性、萌发率、生长势、根长、株高、总生物量均具有显著的抑制作用,配合物Cu(C6H9N3O2)2C l2的抑制作用小于CuC l2,而配体C6H9N3O2对上述生物学参数具有促进作用;(3)CuC l2、配合物Cu(C6H9N3O2)2C l2处理引起膜脂过氧化,显著的提高了幼苗的M DA浓度,导致SOD、POD、CAT活性降低,CuC l2的抑制作用大于配合物Cu(C6H9N3O2)2C l2,而配体C6H9N3O2处理对SOD、POD、CAT活性的提高有促进作用。上述结果说明C6H9N3O2对CuC l2生理胁迫具有保护作用,结合态的Cu2 (配合物Cu(C6H9N3O2)2C l2)的毒性显著的降低。在此基础上探讨了配合物抑制小麦生长发育的生物学机制。     

鄱阳湖区黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)繁殖生态

2015—2016年对鄱阳湖区的滨湖农田和湖滩草洲的黄毛鼠种群繁殖进行了研究。研究结果表明,其种群雌雄比为81.36%,在不同的季节、生境和年龄组之间都有一定的差别,雌雄比在夏季较低,春、秋、冬季的雌雄比都超过了50.00%,其中冬季的达到了133.33%。农田和湖滩草洲上的雌雄比也都超过了50.00%,且农田的高于湖滩草洲的。在不同的年龄组之间,雌雄比最高的为幼体组140.00%,其次为成体90.20%。所有雌鼠全年的怀孕率为45.26%,平均胎仔数为6.74只,繁殖指数为1.36。夏和秋季的怀孕率都较高,冬季未捕获到怀孕鼠,仅捕获到有怀孕经历(有宫斑)的雌鼠。从繁殖指数看,春、秋季维持高峰水平,且秋峰高于春峰。雌性黄毛鼠总的参产率为71.58%,各季节间变化呈现单峰曲线,夏季最高,其次是秋季和春季,冬季停止怀孕。随着年龄的增长,平均胎仔数有明显增加的趋势,成体组胎仔数最高,而繁殖指数也是以成体组最高,说明成体组是种群中繁殖的主体。雄性黄毛鼠的睾丸下降率全年总计为81.36%,分四季平均为79.64%,春、夏、秋季都维持在较高水平,冬季最低。下位睾丸的大小季节性差异极显著(P0.01),春季与冬季相比,有显著性差异,说明开春后,雄性黄毛鼠在生殖潜能上已有明显变化。这些特征与雌鼠的繁殖高峰基本吻合。说明黄毛鼠主要在春、夏、秋季繁殖,繁殖盛期在春、秋季。从不同的年龄组看,幼体组个体不参与繁殖,亚成体组个体开始参与繁殖,繁殖主体是成体组个体。     

甘肃省河西绿洲农业区生态足迹动态研究

研究了甘肃省河西绿洲农业区1949～2000年生态足迹的动态变化、区域可持续发展程度及未来可持续发展的趋势．结果表明,河西全区的人均生态足迹在1949～2000年呈递增趋势,从0．426hm^2增加到2．158hm^2。1949～1970年平均为0．693hm^2,1975～1980年平均为1．029hm^2,1985～2000年平均为2．288hm^2：人均生态承载力由1949年的0．550hm^2增加到2000年的1．762hm^2,与人均生态足迹相比,增幅较小,增速亦慢．1949～1970年平均为0．782hm^2,1975～2000年平均为1．715hm^2;1949—1975年为生态盈余阶段,平均盈余为0．088hm^2,1980年首次出现赤字,1985年又恢复为盈余,到1991年后持续出现生态赤字。且赤字程度为加速度负增长,1991～2000年平均赤字为0．258hm^2．河西全区的区域经济正朝远离可持续的方向发展,且已处于不可持续状态．     

西沙群岛银毛树(Tournefortia argentea)的生态生物学特性

银毛树(Tournefortia argentea)为紫草科紫丹属常绿小乔木或灌木,是东半球热带海岸和海岛常见的先锋植物,具有重要的生态价值、观赏价值和食用价值。为掌握银毛树对热带珊瑚岛环境的生态适应机理,为其保护和开发利用提供基础资料,该研究以西沙群岛东岛自然生长的银毛树为对象,对其形态解剖结构、生理学特征、叶片营养元素和根际土壤的理化性质等进行了分析。结果表明:(1)银毛树具有叶表面气孔密度低、比叶面积小、海绵组织发达、枝条的空腔比高等特点,有较好的储水抗旱能力。(2)银毛树叶片表面有厚密白色绢毛覆盖,可以反射强光、降低水分散失,有利于其适应强光和干旱环境。(3)银毛树叶片的脯氨酸含量较高,能够很好地抵抗渗透胁迫,为细胞提供良好的生存环境。(4)银毛树生长的土壤呈强碱性,养分和水分含量较低,但其叶片营养元素含量正常,表明其对土壤养分的利用率高,能够很好地适应瘠薄的土壤环境。(5)银毛树木质部密度低,枝干脆弱易折,可防止被大台风连根拔起,同时枝干含水丰富,有利于其抵抗台风及树冠的快速恢复。因此,银毛树能较好适应干旱、强光和瘠薄的滨海沙滩环境,在热带珊瑚岛(礁)或滨海地区防风固沙及植被恢复方面有较好的应用前景。     

火电厂生态工业园的能值评估

提出了反映火电厂生态工业园特点的能值评价指标：能值产出率PEYR和能值投资率PEIR考虑了园区各成员的共同贡献,即PEYR=6∑（i=1)(Fi+Ri+Ni)／6∑（i=1)Fi和PEIR=6∑（i=1)Fi／6∑（i=1)(Ni+Ri);环境负荷率PELR和能值可持续指标PESI考虑了火电厂生态工业园节省的不可再生能源、可再生能源、投入能值和减少的环境负荷,即PELR=6∑（i=1)Fi／F’和PESI=PEYR／PELR．以朔州火电厂生态工业园为案例进行了能值分析,结果表明,该能值评价指标能全面度量火电厂生态工业园及其可持续性．     

陕北黄土高原辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)群落类型划分及其生态位特征

根据陕北黄龙林区辽东栎群落30个样地资料,通过聚类对该群落进行了类型划分,共划分为6个群丛,分别为A.辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis）-土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens)、B.辽东栎-虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)、C.辽东栎-胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）、D.辽东栎-水栒子(Cotoneasten multtflorus)、E.辽东栎-白刺花（Sophora viciifolia）、F.辽东栎-黄蔷薇(Rosa hugonis)。另外,对各类型辽东栎林和不同坡向辽东栎群落的生物多样性进行了计算,结果表明各群落Whittaker多样性指数存在明显的差异,并与其所处的生境条件密切相关,其中与坡向关系较大,即北坡>西北坡>东南坡>西南坡>南坡。最后,对辽东栎林乔木层和灌木层组成种类生态位和生态位重叠进行了计算分析,结果表明,乔木层,辽东栎、油松、白桦不仅生态位宽度较大（LB值1.2~1.5）,而且三者之间的生态位重叠值也较大（Oik值0.7~0.9）;在现演替阶段它们之间存在着较为激烈的资源利用性竞争;灌木层,土庄绣线菊、榛子、铁杆蒿、黄蔷薇生态位宽度较大（LB>1）,而葱皮忍冬、南蛇藤、鼠李、鞘柄菝葜较小（LB为0.4~0.45）;生态位重叠值>0.8的种对仅占灌木计算种对的2.8%,而<0.6的种对占87.4%。     

长春花(Catharanthus roseus)对热带珊瑚岛生理生态适应性研究

长春花(Catharanthus roseus)是夹竹桃科的一种亚灌木植物,具有重要的药用价值和观赏价值,在前期的试验性种植中,发现长春花对热带珊瑚岛环境有很强的适应性。为了探讨长春花对热带珊瑚岛环境的生理生态适应性,该文以移植到热带珊瑚岛的长春花和生长于海南省文昌市苗圃的长春花为研究对象,对其叶片的形态解剖结构、生理学特征、营养元素含量等进行了分析。结果表明:(1)与苗圃生长的长春花和其他耐胁迫的植物相比,移植到热带珊瑚岛上的长春花具有叶片厚、栅栏组织发达、比叶面积小等形态解剖特征,这些特征有利于其光能吸收、水分储存和对环境资源的利用。(2)长春花的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较高,表现出较强的抗氧化性和抗胁迫能力。(3)长春花的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量较低,可以减少过多的光能进入叶绿体光合系统,防止过剩的光能对光合系统产生伤害。(4)热带珊瑚岛土壤养分含量低,但生长在岛上的长春花叶片的营养元素含量高,表现出很强的养分吸收和利用能力。因此,长春花对干旱、贫瘠等恶劣生境具有很好的适应能力,可以作为热带珊瑚岛植被恢复工具种。     

绿洲生态条件下春小麦蒸发蒸腾特征及其影响因子

 在河西走廊临泽绿洲北部试验区,对春小麦进行3种水分处理并同时观测了全生育期内的蒸发蒸腾(ET)及环境中各生态因子和植物生理指标。结果表明：当年全生育期内,春小麦ET在充分供水条件下为593mm;在中等供水条件下为365mm;在少量供水条件下为280mm。其日蒸散量分别为5.5mm,3.4mm和2.8mm。讨论了影响ET和植物蒸腾的各植物生理指标和环境因子,发现在植物诸指标与蒸腾相关程度的顺序为：叶片水势、气孔导度和叶温(充分供水)及叶片水势、叶温和气孔导度(水分胁迫)。在环境诸因子中与ET的相关程度顺序是：有效光合辐射、净辐射、20cm土温、大气饱和水汽压差,15cm土温、气温、10cm土温、土壤表面温度及5cm土温。     

云南金钱槭形态变异与遗传变异的相关性研究

对我国特有珍稀濒危保护植物云南金钱槭的形态变异水平、遗传变异模式以及两者之间的相关性进行了研究。形态学性状分析结果表明 :各居群形态性状变异系数的平均值从大到小排列为 :文山居群 (WSh)、屏边居群 (PB)、黑龙潭居群 (HL T)、蒙自居群 (MZ) ;文山居群与屏边、黑龙潭、蒙自居群间已产生显著或极显著水平的形态差异 ,而后三者间的差异未达显著水平。RAPD分析检测到 10 3个位点 ,其中多态位点 84个 ,云南金钱槭物种水平的多态位点比率为 81.5 5 % ,与其它珍稀濒危植物相比该种的遗传多样性水平不低。 AMOVA和 N ei基因多样性指数分析显示 ,尽管大部分遗传变异仍存在于居群内 (分别为5 7.86 %、5 7.33% ) ,但居群间的遗传变异已达较高水平 (分别为 4 2 .14 %、4 2 .6 7% )。相关分析结果显示 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异与海拔、土壤有机质等生态因子有着显著或极显著水平的相关性 ,但与遗传变异的相关性未达显著水平 ,说明云南金钱槭的形态变异虽然具有一定的遗传基础 ,但可塑性及环境压力对形态变异的产生作用更大一些。基于形态性状和 RAPD数据的聚类分析则进一步说明 ,云南金钱槭的形态变异受到环境因子的强烈影响而与遗传背景的关系不显著     

陕西省油松人工林的生产力与生态因素的相关分析

本文研究了油松林分生产力和生态因素的关系,分析了地理、地形,气候、林分和土壤因素单独及综合对林分生产的影响,得到84个逐步回归方程和全回归方程,选出了6个最优方程。计算了各林分外部因素的标准回归系数,找出了影响林分不同部分生产量的因素重要性序列,还探讨了生产力与生态因素相关关系的研究在实践中的应用。     

Genetic and environmental correlation and path coefficient analysis of fruit yield per bush and other traits in black currants (Ribes nigrum L.)

Twenty-five F1 hybrid families of black currants (Ribes nigrum L.) originating from diallel crosses of five cultivars were assessed. Phenotypic correlation coefficient between full-sib family means (rFS), genetic correlation coefficient between full-sib family expected values (rG) and the environmental correlation were estimated on the basis of two years of observations for 12 quantitative characteristics studied. Evident repeatability of correlations in both years was proved. A considerable consistency between the values of genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients was also observed. Coefficients of phenotypic and environmental correlation were significant for many pairs of traits. Most of the significant environmental correlation coefficients were found for the same pairs of characteristics for which phenotypic correlation coefficients were significant. This shows that genetic and environmental factors affected similar traits. Fruit yield expressed the largest number of significant correlations with other traits. Path coefficient analysis indicated that plant and berry size were the main factors influencing directly fruit yield in both years. It was proved that the number and length of one-year-old shoots via bush size had very large indirect effects on fruit yield per plant.     

Foetal Human Melanocytes: In Situ Detection,In Vitro Culture and Differentiation Characteristics at 6–11 Weeks EGA

In vivo, melanocytes were detected in epidermis from human tissue of 6.5 weeks estimated gestinational age (EGA) and older. We have successfully established melanocyte monocultures from tissue of 9 to 10 weeks EGA. To our knowledge, this is the first report on physiology of human foetal melanocytes in monoculture. In culture, such melanocytes retained foetal characteristics. Proliferation rates noted were markedly higher (approximately 2.7-fold) when compared to those in cultures of neonatal melanocytes. Moreover, when analyzing cellular phenotypes by markers for cells of the melanocytic lineage, foetal cells isolated from tissue of 9 weeks EGA reproducibly showed expression of the high molecular weight (HMW) antigen and c-kit to an extent intermediate to that found in neonatal melanocytes and M14 melanoma cells. Such differential expression was not observed if cells were isolated from tissue of 10 weeks EGA, indicating that the foetal environment provides essential differentiation stimuli during the 10th week of gestation. Moreover, these results are supportive of the theory that malignant transformation involves a process of dedifferentiation. In all, human foetal melanocyte culture provides a useful model to investigate pigment cell differentiation.     

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEX EXPRESSION IN SUBDIOECIOUS SCHIEDEA GLOBOSA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE)

The importance of ecological factors such as sex lability, spatial segregation, and resource allocation in the evolution of dioecy were examined in Schiedea globosa. S. globosa is a subdioecious species with equal numbers of plants possessing strictly male or female function and a small proportion of hermaphrodites. The propensity for labile sex expression was under both environmental and genetic control; some plants with male function became hermaphroditic (by producing female flowers) under better growing conditions in the field and in the greenhouse. There was some spatial segregation of the sexes. Because of sex lability, more hermaphrodites than males occurred on moister slopes. Although there were not measurable sex-related differences in mortality within or between two flowering seasons, more females than males and hermaphrodites occurred at the bottom of slopes. Males and females produced the same number of ramets and inflorescences, but females had a greater number of flowers per inflorescence. Males and females had the same number of ovules (vestigial in males), but females had larger ovules and longer stigmas. Hermaphrodites and males had the same amount of pollen per flower despite the production of fruit by the hermaphrodites. In hermaphrodites, there was no apparent tradeoff within flowers between pollen production and ovule production. These results indicate that spatial segregation, sex lability, and environmental conditions influence allocation patterns of S. globosa, and in combination with high inbreeding depression and selling rates, may promote the further evolution of dioecy in S. globosa.     

Site-directed mutagenesis of aromatic residues in the carbohydrate-binding module of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> endoglucanase EGA decreases enzyme thermostability

The endoglucanase, EGA, from Bacillus sp. AC-1 comprises a glycosyl hydrolase family-9 catalytic module (CM9) and a family-3 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM3). Seven aromatic residues were subjected to site-directed mutagenesis in both CBM3 and EGA to investigate their roles in enzyme thermostability. The complexes generated by mixing CBMY527G, CBMW532A, or CBMF592G with CM9 each lost their activities after 15 min at 45°C, while the wild-type complex retained >70% activity after 2 h. The mutants EGAY527G, EGAW532A, and EGAF592G showed little activity after 15 min at 60°C, whereas EGA remained 70% active after 2 h. Thus the residues Tyr₅₂₇, Trp₅₃₂, and Phe₅₉₂ contribute not only to CBM3-mediated stability of CM9 but also to EGA thermostability suggesting that hydrophobic interaction between the two modules, independent of covalent linkages, is important for enzyme thermostability.     

QTL Conferring Fusarium Crown Rot Resistance in the Elite Bread Wheat Variety EGA Wylie

Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is one of the most damaging cereal diseases in semi-arid regions worldwide. The genetics of FCR resistance in the bread wheat (Triticum eastivum L.) variety EGA Wylie, the most resistant commercial variety available, was studied by QTL mapping. Three populations of recombinant inbred lines were developed with this elite variety as the resistant parent. Four QTL conferring FCR resistance were detected and resistance alleles of all of them were derived from the resistant parent EGA Wylie. One of these loci was located on the short arm of chromosome 5D (designated as Qcrs.cpi-5D). This QTL explains up to 31.1% of the phenotypic variance with an LOD value of 9.6. The second locus was located on the long arm of chromosome 2D (designated as Qcrs.cpi-2D) and explained up to 20.2% of the phenotypic variance with an LOD value of 4.5. Significant effects of both Qcrs.cpi-5D and Qcrs.cpi-2D were detected in each of the three populations assessed. Another two QTL (designated as Qcrs.cpi-4B.1 and Qcrs.cpi-4B.2, respectively) were located on the short arm of chromosome 4B. These two QTL explained up to 16.9% and 18.8% of phenotypic variance, respectively. However, significant effects of Qcrs.cpi-4B.1 and Qcrs.cpi-4B.2 were not detected when the effects of plant height was accounted for by covariance analysis. The elite characteristics of this commercial variety should facilitate the incorporation of the resistance loci it contains into breeding programs.