新成人腹泻轮状病毒J19株的全基因组克隆和VP4、VP6和VP7基因序列分析

为了进一步了解新成人腹泻轮状病毒J19株的基因和蛋白特征,利用一种改良的非依赖核酸序列的单引物扩增方法扩增J19株的11个基因,克隆到pMD18-T载体中并进行测序。在此基础上,将主要抗原蛋白VP4、VP6和VP7的蛋白序列与其它轮状病毒的相关蛋白序列进行比较分析并对VP6蛋白序列做遗传进化分析。结果获得J19株11个基因的全长基因序列。基因序列分析表明J19株的第3、6和第9基因分别长2 512bp、1 287bp和820bp,它们分别预测编码抗原蛋白VP4(823aa)、VP6(396aa)和VP7(258aa)。组成J19株的VP4、VP6和VP7蛋白序列对B组轮状病毒的CAL株、IDIR株以及ADRV株的相关蛋白序列的一致性分别是27.6%、38.5%和22.3%。对分组抗原蛋白VP6的遗传进化分析表明,J19株在进化树上的位置靠近外群蛋白分支以及A、B和C组轮状病毒分支的根部,而且它比较偏向于B组轮状病毒的分支。J19株的VP4、VP6和VP7蛋白序列与其它轮状病毒的相应蛋白序列存在显著差异。VP6蛋白序列的遗传进化分析表明J19株可能是一个新组轮状病毒的代表性毒株;同时,它也可能是一个与B组轮状病毒的起源和进化密切相关的毒株之一。关于新成人腹泻轮状病毒J19株11个基因的克隆及VP4、VP6和VP7基因的序列分析,这是第一次报道。     

羊轮状病毒NT株VP1基因的测序和分子进化分析

摘要：【目的】为了研究羊轮状病毒NT株VP1基因的遗传进化规律,【方法】根据GenBank中相关VP1基因的保守序列,设计合成引物,扩增NT株VP1基因并进行克隆测序和序列分析。【结果】 氨基酸序列比较表明NT株与其他毒株VP1基因的相似性为77.3%～98.4%,且氨基酸突变多发生在VP1蛋白的非功能区。VP1蛋白进化树表明NT株与牛轮状病毒处于同一进化分支,有较近的亲缘关系。结合26株具有代表性的轮状病毒,计算毒株间VP1基因的核苷酸和氨基酸进化距离,并对核苷酸的同义突变率（dS）和非同义突变率（dN）进行研究,发现dN/dS的比值小于1,说明同义替代是VP1基因在进化过程中的主要变异。【结论】本文首次对羊轮状病毒NT株进行了VP1基因的测序,并对VP1基因的进化距离和进化规律进行深入探讨。     

中华蜜蜂囊状幼虫病毒北京分离株VP1蛋白基因序列特征及原核表达

【目的】研究中华蜜蜂囊状幼虫病毒（Chinese sacbrood virus, CSBV）VP1蛋白的分子进化特征及遗传多样性。【方法】利用RT-PCR方法,克隆了8株CSBV北京分离株VP1蛋白的基因编码区。【结果】序列分析表明,VP1蛋白基因编码区开放阅读框长945 bp,编码315个氨基酸,推测编码蛋白的相对分子量和等电点分别为35.42 kDa和9.23,具有亲水性和免疫原性。序列同源性分析表明,不同年份CSBV北京分离株VP1蛋白氨基酸序列间差异较小,仅个别氨基酸存在差异。北京分离株与辽宁分离株及越南分离株VP1核苷酸序列一致性达93%,与印度及韩国分离株VP1核苷酸序列一致性达92%,与英国分离株VP1核苷酸序列一致性最低,为88%。序列分析同时表明,CSBV北京分离株VP1蛋白序列存在特有的序列特征,同其他地区分离株比较,北京分离株VP1蛋白序列中存在着氨基酸的插入突变。序列替换率分析表明,亚洲型分离株间序列替换率低于亚洲分离株与欧洲分离株间的替换率。构建原核表达载体pEASY-E1-VP1,经IPTG诱导,CSBV VP1蛋白在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）pLysS菌株中表达。【结论】本研究提示CSBV不同分离株基因序列存在变异,结果为进一步研究CSBV致病性分化的分子机理奠定了基础。     

G5型人A组轮状病毒LL36755株的VP4、VP6和NSP4编码基因的分子特征

最近在亚洲首次发现并报道了感染人的G5型人A组轮状病毒LL36755株,为进一步探讨其进化来源,克隆了G5型人A组轮状病毒LL36755株的VP4、VP6、NSP4编码基因,并分析其基因序列的分子特征。结果发现卢龙株LL36755为罕见的G5P[6]型,其VP6的亚群为SGⅡ型,NSP4的基因型为B型。系统进化树分析表明,卢龙株LL36755的VP7、VP4编码基因与猪来源的毒株关系密切,而VP6、NSP4编码基因与人来源的毒株紧密相联系。可以推断新的人腹泻A组轮状病毒LL36755株是猪的VP7,VP4编码基因与人的VP6,NSP4编码基因的自然重组;而且该毒株不是G5的原型,很可能是人类轮状病毒与猪轮状病毒毒株的自然重组后逐步进化而来。     

家蚕传染性软化病病毒（桐乡株）VP1基因片段的克隆及序列分析

以首株在中国分离到的家蚕传染性软化病病毒（Bombyx mori infectious flacherie virus,BmIFV）BmIFV-CHN001基因组为模板,扩增了编码主要结构蛋白的VP1基因。克隆测序后得到VP1基因片段906 bp。该序列与已发表的日本毒株相比,核苷酸序列的相似性为99.3%,编码氨基酸的相似性为100%,证明该毒株与家蚕传染性软化病病毒日本株的同源性较高。把BmIFV-CHN001的VP1序列与同属的另外6个昆虫小RNA病毒的结构蛋白进行序列比对,构建系统发育树,对其进化关系进行了初步分析,结果显示这7种病毒具有相近的亲缘关系,而BmIFV-CHN001与蜜蜂囊雏病毒的亲缘关系最近。     

猪细小病毒自然弱毒N株VP2基因的克隆、测序及生物信息学分析

本研究对猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus,PPV)自然弱毒N株(PPV-N)VP2基因进行克隆、测序并利用生物信息学技术分析PPV-NVP2蛋白基因的同源性、遗传进化、密码子偏爱性、糖基化位点、磷酸化位点、B细胞抗原表位及其二、三级结构。结果表明:成功扩增出包含VP2基因完整目的片段(1901bp),构建了VP2基因的克隆重组质粒pMD18-T-VP2,测序获取VP2基因序列(1740bp)并将该序列登录到GenBank(HM355807)。PPVVP2基因属高度保守的基因;PPV-N株与PPV弱毒代表毒株NADL-2株亲缘性近,推测PPV-N株属于弱毒株;PPV-N株VP2基因氨基酸密码子偏爱以A结尾的密码子;PPV-N株VP2蛋白可能存在7个糖基化位点,其丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸可能分别有9、7、8个磷酸化位点,可能存在24个B细胞抗原表位;PPV-N株VP2蛋白二级结构预测,α-螺旋占11.74%,β-折叠占22.97%,无规则卷曲占65.28%,而三维结构预测VP2蛋白主要以无规则卷曲为主,存在多个螺旋和折叠区域。本研究结果为进一步阐释PPV-N株自然弱毒的分子机理提供依据,并为PPV分子诊断试剂及基因工程疫苗研究等提供有益借鉴。     

三株牛源亚洲1型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因的克隆与序列分析

以3株国内分离的亚洲1型口蹄疫病毒(分别命名为F1、F2、F3)为研究目标,根据GenBank中注册的FMDV VP1基因的序列设计1对引物,采用RT-PCR方法成功地扩增出含有VP1全基因的片段,并测定了3个毒株VP1基因的序列.结果表明,3株亚洲1型FMDV毒株VP1基因长度均为633 bp,编码211个氨基酸.3株毒株彼此之间的核苷酸序列同源性在82.8% ～99.1%之间,推导氨基酸序列同源性在89.1% ～99.1%之间.从系统发生树看,F1株与我国香港2005年牛毒株序列同源性99.5%,属同一遗传谱系,F2株、F3株与2005年引起河北省万全县、北京市延庆县、甘肃静宁县疫情的毒株分属同一个基因群.     

2018–2020年人轮状病毒锦州地方株VP4及VP7基因特征

【背景】人A组轮状病毒(Rotavirus Group A,RVA)是婴幼儿胃肠炎的主要病原体及发展中国家婴幼儿死亡的重要原因,目前无特效药物治疗,疫苗预防是唯一可行的预防感染方法。外衣壳蛋白VP7和VP4是疫苗设计的主要靶点,针对该基因加强RVA地方株分子流行病学监测十分必要。【目的】对锦州地方流行RVA株VP7和VP4基因进行型别鉴定和序列特征分析。【方法】收集锦州地区2018-2020年RVA感染腹泻患儿的粪便标本,提取病毒RNA,通过RT-PCR扩增VP7、VP4基因片段并测序,得到7株RVA VP7和VP4序列。使用在线基因分型工具Rota C V2.0对测序结果进行分型分析。应用BLAST、DNAStar、MEGA X、Bio Edit等生物软件与临床流行株及疫苗株进行系统发育分析及氨基酸序列比对分析。【结果】分型结果表明7株锦州地方株均为G9P[8]型,系统发育分析证实其VP7和VP4基因分别属于G9-Ⅵ和P[8]-3谱系,核苷酸序列相似性分别为99.32%-100%与99.41%-100%。JZ株VP7与疫苗株Rotavac和Rotasiil相比,在抗原表位区7-1a、7-1b、7-2中分别存在4个和3个氨基酸替换。JZ株VP4与疫苗株Rotarix和Rota Teq VP4氨基酸序列相比,发现7个和4个氨基酸替换,位于抗原表位区8-1和8-3。【结论】2018-2020年在辽宁锦州地区检测到7株G9P[8]型RVA株,VP7和VP4序列相似性高于99%,G9P[8]型可能是辽宁省锦州地区2018-2020年婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻的主要流行基因型之一。与同基因型疫苗株比较,位于JZ株VP7和VP4抗原表位区的氨基酸位点差异对于野毒株免疫逃逸机制的研究具有意义。     

蓝狐细小病毒的分离鉴定及其VP1 基因序列分析

从泰安地区送检的疑是细小病毒感染的蓝狐粪便中分离到一株病毒。经理化特性鉴定、血凝谱鉴定、人
工感染蓝狐等鉴定,表明所分离病毒为细小病毒。并且根据GenBank 上发表的犬细小病毒(Canine parvovirus,
CPV)、猫细小病毒(Feline parvovirus,FPV)核酸序列,设计扩增VP1 基因的引物,采用PCR 技术扩增所分离
细小病毒的VP1 全基因,将PCR 产物克隆入pMD18 - T 载体,进行测序分析。结果,所分离细小病毒的VP1 基
因全长2 256 bp,编码727 个氨基酸,与CPV 和FPV 参照株的VP1 基因同源性在98. 7% ～ 99. 5% 。VP1 基因的
系统发生分析表明所分离病毒与FPV 的亲源关系最为密切。所分离病毒VP1 蛋白375 位氨基酸残基与CPV 的
VP1 蛋白氨基酸残基一致,但其223 位、236 位、246 位、466 位、707 位、711 位氨基酸残基与FPV VP1 蛋白的
氨基酸残基一致,该病毒VP1 蛋白序列表现出了过渡型序列特征,介于FPV 与CPV 间的过渡类型,这说明所分离病毒为蓝狐细小病毒(Blue fox parvovirus,BFPV),命名为BFPV - TA,蓝狐可能在CPV 的起源过程起到重要
的作用。     

引起产科新生儿腹泻暴发的轮状病毒株VP4 VP7编码基因与其毒力关系的探讨

克隆并测定了引起产科新生儿腹泻暴发的P2[6]、G4型轮状病毒(BN株)VP4的VP8片段和VP7编码基因的核苷酸序列,并据此推导出其氨基酸序列。与相应标准株和地方株(包括有毒株和无毒株)比较的结果表明,所测VP8序列与相同型别(P2[6])的标准株M37(无毒株)和ST3(无毒株)、地方株N16(无毒株)和VE7156(有毒株)之间的同源性为92.8％～98.6％,胰酶作用位点各毒株间相同;位于aa49、aa50、aa52、aa53、aa78处的氨基酸在有毒株与无毒株间(包括BN株)不同,但分别保守。VP7基因与同型(G4)标准株ST3(A亚型/无毒株)和VA70(B亚型/有毒株)、意大利地方株PV5249(A亚型/有毒株)和北京地方株CR117(有毒株)、同型猪有毒株Gott之间的同源性为91.4％～97.8％,其中与A亚型的同源性为95.5％～96.3％,而与B亚型的同源性为91.4％,提示VP7为G4A亚型,位于aa38、aa78、aa145、aa238位点的氨基酸在有毒株与无毒株之间不同,但分别保守。分析了虽为P2[6]型却反常地引起新生儿腹泻暴发毒株(BN)的VP8与VP7基因的变异情况,并对轮状病毒毒力与VP4、VP7基因变异的相互关系进行了讨论,为慎重确定轮状病毒疫苗候选毒株提供理论依据。     

Full genomic analysis of human rotavirus strain B4106 and lapine rotavirus strain 30/96 provides evidence for interspecies transmission

The Belgian rotavirus strain B4106, isolated from a child with gastroenteritis, was previously found to have VP7 (G3), VP4 (P[14]), and NSP4 (A genotype) genes closely related to those of lapine rotaviruses, suggesting a possible lapine origin or natural reassortment of strain B4106. To investigate the origin of this unusual strain, the gene sequences encoding VP1, VP2, VP3, VP6, NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, and NSP5/6 were also determined. To allow comparison to a lapine strain, the 11 double-stranded RNA segments of a European G3P[14] rabbit rotavirus strain 30/96 were also determined. The complete genome similarity between strains B4106 and 30/96 was 93.4% at the nucleotide level and 96.9% at the amino acid level. All 11 genome segments of strain B4106 were closely related to those of lapine rotaviruses and clustered with the lapine strains in phylogenetic analyses. In addition, sequence analyses of the NSP5 gene of strain B4106 revealed that the altered electrophoretic mobility of NSP5, resulting in a super-short pattern, was due to a gene rearrangement (head-to-tail partial duplication, combined with two short insertions and a deletion). Altogether, these findings confirm that a rotavirus strain with an entirely lapine genome complement was able to infect and cause severe disease in a human child.     

Interspecies Transmission of Animal Rotaviruses to Humans as Evidenced by Phylogenetic Analysis of the Hypervariable Region of the VP4 Protein

A phylogenetic tree constructed for the hypervariable region (aa 71–203) of the VP4 protein of 28 human and animal rotaviruses that were previously reported to belong to 13 distinct VP4 genotypes revealed unique positions of human rotavirus strains HCR3 and Ro1845, together with feline strain FRV64 and canine strains K9 and CU-1, in the animal rotavirus lineages, lending strong support to the view that both HCR3 and Ro1845 were of animal rotavirus origin.     

Complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding VP4 of a human rotavirus (strain K8) which has unique VP4 neutralization epitopes.

In our previous study (K. Taniguchi, Y. Morita, T. Urasawa, and S. Urasawa, J. Virol. 62:2421-2426, 1987) in which the cross-reactive neutralization epitopes on VP4 of human rotaviruses were analyzed, one strain, K8, was found to bear unique VP4 neutralization epitopes. This strain, which belongs to subgroup II and serotype 1, was not neutralized by any of six anti-VP4 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies which reacted with human rotavirus strains of serotypes 1, 3, and 4 or serotypes 1 through 4. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding VP4 of strain K8 by primer extension. The VP4 gene is 2,359 base pairs in length, with 5' and 3' noncoding regions of 9 and 25 nucleotides, respectively. The gene contains a long open reading frame of 2,325 bases capable of coding for a protein of 775 amino acids. When compared with those of other human rotaviruses, VP4 of strain K8 had an insertion of one amino acid after residue 135, as found in simian rotavirus strains, and in addition, it had a deletion of one amino acid (residue 575). The amino acid homology of VP4 of strain K8 and those of other virulent human rotaviruses was only 60 to 70%. This was unusual, since over 90% VP4 homology has been found among the other virulent human rotavirus strains. In contrast, the VP7 amino acid sequence of the K8 strain was quite similar (over 98% homology) to those of other serotype 1 human rotaviruses. Thus, the K8 strain appears to have a unique VP4 gene previously not described.     

Similarity of the outer capsid protein VP4 of the Gottfried strain of porcine rotavirus to that of asymptomatic human rotavirus strains.

Genomic segment 4 of the porcine Gottfried strain (serotype 4) of porcine rotavirus, which encodes the outer capsid protein VP4, was sequences, and its deduced amino acid sequence was analyzed. Amino acid homology of the porcine rotavirus VP4 to the corresponding protein of asymptomatic or symptomatic human rotaviruses representing serotypes 1 to 4 ranged from 87.1 to 88.1% for asymptomatic strains and from 77.5 to 77.8% for symptomatic strains. Amino acid homology of the Gottfried strain to simian rhesus rotavirus, simian SA11 virus, bovine Nebraska calf diarrhea virus, and porcine OSU strains ranged from 71.5 to 74.3%. Antigenic similarities of VP4 epitopes between the Gottfried strain and human rotaviruses were detected by a plaque reduction neutralization test with hyperimmune antisera produced against the Gottfried strain or a Gottfried (10 genes) x human DS-1 rotavirus (VP7 gene) reassortant which exhibited serotype 2 neutralization specificity. In addition, a panel of six anti-VP4 monoclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing human rotaviruses belonging to serotype 1, 3, or 4 was able to neutralize the Gottfried strain. These observations suggest that the VP4 outer capsid protein of the Gottfried rotavirus is more closely related to human rotaviruses than to animal rotaviruses.     

Serum-neutralizing antibody to VP4 and VP7 proteins in infants following vaccination with WC3 bovine rotavirus.

Serum specimens from infants 2 to 12 months old vaccinated with the WC3 bovine rotavirus were analyzed to determine the relative concentrations of neutralizing antibody to the VP4 and VP7 proteins of the vaccine virus. To do this, reassortant rotaviruses that contained the WC3 genome segment for only one of these two neutralization proteins were made. The segment for the other neutralization protein in these reassortants was from heterotypic rotaviruses that were serotypically distinct from WC3. Sera were examined from 31 infants who had no evidence of a previous rotavirus infection and the highest postvaccination WC3-neutralizing antibody titers (i.e., 160 to 600) of the 103 subjects administered the vaccine. A reassortant (3/17) that contained both neutralization proteins from the heterotypic rotaviruses, i.e., EDIM (EW strain of mouse rotavirus) VP7 and rhesus rotavirus VP4, was not neutralized by these sera (geometric mean titer [GMT], less than 20). A reassortant (E19) that contained EDIM VP7 and WC3 VP4 was also very poorly neutralized by these antisera (GMT = 20). In contrast, antibody titers to a reassortant (R20) that contained WC3 VP7 and rhesus rotavirus VP4 were higher than those against WC3 (GMTs of 458 and 313, respectively). Thus, VP7 appeared to be the dominant immunogen for production of neutralizing antibody after intestinal infection of previously uninfected infants vaccinated with WC3 bovine rotavirus.     

Infection immunity of piglets to either VP3 or VP7 outer capsid protein confers resistance to challenge with a virulent rotavirus bearing the corresponding antigen.

A single-gene substitution reassortant 11-1 was generated from two porcine rotaviruses, OSU (serotype 5) and Gottfried (serotype 4). This reassortant derived 10 genes, including gene 4 encoding VP3, from the OSU strain and only gene 9, encoding a major neutralization glycoprotein (VP7), from the Gottfried strain and was thus designated VP3:5; VP7:4. Oral administration of this reassortant to colostrum-deprived gnotobiotic newborn pigs induced a high level of neutralizing antibodies not only to Gottfried VP7 but also to OSU VP3, thus demonstrating that VP3 is as potent an immunogen as VP7 in inducing neutralizing antibodies during experimental oral infection. Gnotobiotic piglets infected previously with the reassortant were completely resistant to oral challenge with the virulent Gottfried strain (VP3:4; VP7:4), as indicated by failure of symptoms to develop and lack of virus shedding. Similarly, prior infection with the reassortant induced almost complete protection against diarrhea and significant restriction of virus replication after oral challenge with the virulent OSU strain (VP3:5; VP7:5). Thus, it appears that (i) the immune system of the piglet responds equally well to two rotavirus outer capsid proteins, VP3 and VP7, during primary enteric rotavirus infection; (ii) antibody to VP3 and antibody to VP7 are each associated with resistance to diarrhea; and (iii) infection with a reassortant rotavirus bearing VP3 and VP7 neutralization antigens derived from two viruses of different serotype induces immunity to both parental viruses. The relevance of these findings to the development of effective reassortant rotavirus vaccines is discussed.     

Molecular characterization of two strains of porcine group C rotavirus

Group C rotaviruses are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Fecal samples were collected from a porcine herd in July, 2009. Group C rotavirus RNA was detected using RT-PCR for the VP6 gene. The identified strain was further characterized by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the partial VP4, and complete VP6 and VP7 gene sequences. The partial VP4 and complete VP6 gene sequences of the CUK-5 strain were most closely related to those of the CUK-6 strain of group C rotaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene of the 2 strains (CUK-5 and CUK-6) and reference strains of group G rotavirus by the neighbor-joining method also confirmed that CUK-5 and CUK-6 belonged to type G5 and G1 strains, respectively. This study provides useful data for the prediction of newly appearing variants of porcine group C rotaviruses in neighboring countries through comparisons with GCRVs and fundamental research for vaccine development.