燕雀亚科鸟类的贝叶斯系统发生:非洲鹂雀的分类地位及朱雀属的进化与异质起源

鹂雀(Linurgus olivaceus)是非洲热带森林中一种独特的鸣禽,为鹂雀属(Linurgus)的惟一物种。在已有的研究中,通过对鹂雀和雀形目现存鸟类中每个科及亚科至少一个物种的线粒体DNA序列测定,分析了鹂雀与其它现存雀形目鸟类的系统发生关系;在遗传上,对鹂雀与金丝雀、金翅雀及燕雀亚科其它鸟类亦有比较研究。本研究共使用了燕雀亚科83种鸟类,重点对该亚科的系统发生进行了修订。使用贝叶斯法构建了系统发生树,结果表明:鹂雀属于燕雀亚科,系统发生树中聚在金翅雀族(Carduelini),与金丝雀属(Serinus)、金翅雀属(Carduelis)及交嘴雀属(Loxia)的种类形成一组;在系统发生中,鹂雀可能是一个基部物种,它同金丝雀属和金翅雀属鸟类一同进化并分歧出来。在本研究中未能涉及的一些已灭绝种类,可能与鹂雀有着较近的遗传学关系。另一方面,研究也表明锡嘴雀(Coccotharustes coccothraustes)肯定包括在欧亚蜡嘴雀(蜡嘴雀属Eophona和拟蜡嘴雀属Mycerobas)中,美洲的朱雀(Carpodacus)可能是从亚洲种类分歧出来并经过进化辐射形成。     

“鸟类的多样性和鸟类的迁徙”的探索法教学

(一)目的通过观察、记录、分析、讨论和教师的必要说明,使学生了解:(1)鸟类的多样性;(2)鸟类的形态结构和生活习性(包括食性)各异,这都是同其适应性相联系的;(3)关于鸟类中的留鸟、候鸟和迁徙的知识。 (二)过程 1.准备尽可能多准备一些形态不同的活鸟和鸟类剥制标本。 (1)鸟类标本室:备有家鸽、鹦鹉、鹌鹑、黑尾蜡嘴雀、锡嘴雀、燕雀、麻雀、蒙古百灵,太平鸟、黄胸鹀、三道眉草鹀、大山雀、朱顶雀、黄     

朱雀类和朱鹀的分子系统发生分析

基于细胞色素b基因对13种朱雀Carpodacus spp.进行了系统发育分析,并结合核基因对单型属朱鹀属Urocynchramus的系统分类地位做了进一步探讨.研究发现朱雀属为一多系群,其中Carpodacus nipalensis和Leucosticte tephrocotis较朱雀属的其它成员有更近的亲缘关系.本文研究结果还进一步支持了朱鹀应该独立成为一个科的观点.     

基于CHD基因序列的隼形目12种鸟系统发育关系

对12个隼形目物种CHD基因的一段内含子序列进行比较和分析。CHD-W和CHD-Z基因的多态性存在差异,CHD-W基因不适合系统发生学的研究。通过对CHD-Z基因扩增序列构建的NJ和MP树,结果显示隼科鸟类与鹰科和鹳科鸟类关系较远,与传统形态分类和和鸟类新的分类系统不一致。在白腹鹞的分类地位上与传统形态学分类不一致,将白腹鹞归入鹰属一支。NJ树显示鸢属(黑鸢)与鵟属(毛脚鵟)亲缘关系较近,MP树显示鵟鹰属(灰脸鵟鹰)与鵟属(毛脚鵟)亲缘关系较近。NJ和MP树都显示雕属(金雕)和鹰雕属(鹰雕)与其他鹰科各属亲缘关系较远。     

利用线粒体Cyt b基因全序列探讨部分鸥类的系统发育关系

利用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列,对采自陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖的遗鸥Larus relictus、棕头鸥Larus brunnicephalus、普通燕鸥Sterna hirundo和鸥嘴噪鸥Gelochlidon nilotica的序列特征进行了分析.联合已知该基因全序列的其它32种鸟类,构建了36种鸟类之间的系统发育关系,并确定了4种鸥在系统发育中的地位.结果表明:4种鸥Cytb基因全长均为1 143 bp;MP、ML和Bayes树拓扑结构大致相同,支持遗鸥、渔鸥Larus ichthyaetus和地中海鸥Larus audouinii、Larus melancephalus划归为黑头鸥族;棕头鸥划归为面具族;遗鸥与地中海鸥亲缘关系较近,与渔鸥次之,与棕头鸥亲缘关系较远;普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥均划归为黑帽族;燕鸥属和凤头燕鸥属亲缘关系较近,噪鸥属较为古老,是较早分化出的一支;鞘嘴鸥科作为单型科,受不同选择压力导致和鸥类亲缘关系甚远;建议将灰头鸥Larus cirrocephalus移人巾头鸥族;鸥科、燕鸥科和剪嘴鸥科的拓扑结构未能准确解析,需要进一步分析研究.     

基于线粒体COI基因探讨鹟亚科部分属和种的分类地位

采用PCR扩增、测序的方法,对鹟亚科(Muscicapinae)6属16种鸟类的线粒体COI基因序列1176bp进行测定,并以荒漠伯劳和发冠卷尾作为外群构建Bayes、ML、MP3棵系统发育树。结果支持:寿带属(Terpsiphone)、扇尾鹟属(Rhipidura)、方尾鹟属(Culicicapa)3属与鹟亚科其他鸟类亲缘关系较远,扇尾鹟属与方尾鹟属亲缘关系较近;鹟属(Muscicapa)为单系发生,本研究结果未能确定它与仙鹟属、姬鹟属的进化关系;铜蓝鹟(Muscicapa thalassina)从鹟属中移出,归入仙鹟属。上述结论解决了鹟亚科部分属间的进化关系,为鹟亚科分类系统的研究提供了分子水平证据。     

画眉科鸟类系统发育及分类地位商榷

原记录在中国有分布的鹛类计142种,占世界鹛类纪录种总数284种的50%.由于该类群的种类繁多,形态和生态习性多样,其分类问题历来受分类学者的关注,且争议较大.本文尝试以分子生物学手段来解决传统分类中遗留的问题.在系统发育分析中共有20属59种鹛类作为内群、14个相关物种作为外群,分子标记分别采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cty 6,846 bp)和核内重组引导基因(RAG-1,870 bp),以最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建系统发育树.结果表明,画眉科鸟类明显被分为2大支系,一支由噪鹛Garrulax、希鹛Minla、薮鹛Liocichla、相思鸟Leiothrix、奇鹛Heterophasia、穗鹛Stachyris、钩嘴鹛Pomatorhinus、凤鹛Yuhina、及部分雀鹛Alcippe等属的种类构成,另一支由鸦雀属Paradoxornis和山鹛Rhopophilus pekinensis、及部分雀鹛属的种类构成,2支都有相当高的支持率;各个属之间的相互关系大致得到解决,传统分类体系中噪鹛属、雀鹛属、鸦雀属、凤鹛属、穗鹛属的单系性不能成立;证实绣眼鸟属Zosteropidae、山鹛和林莺属Sylvia鸟类的亲缘关系较近,而白腹凤鹛Yuhina.zantholeuca、鹏鹛属Pteruthius和文须雀Panurus biarmicus与鹛类的亲缘关系较远;并提出小鳞胸鹪鹛Pnoepyga pusilla有可能不是画眉科种类,其分类地位需要重新认识.     

基于生物信息学对部分鸡形目鸟类系统发生关系的研究

本研究从GenBank下载了31种鸡形目鸟类、2种雁形目鸟类、1种戴胜目鸟类、1种佛法僧目鸟类和1种犀鸟目鸟类的线粒体16SrRNA基因的部分序列。经比对后序列长度为1384bp,其中有400个变异位点。A+T平均含量为54.2%,C+G平均含量为45.8%。贝叶斯系统发生分析揭示出鸡形目和雁形目分别形成单系。研究表明:(1)珠鸡科是鸡形目中较为原始的一个类群;(2)传统分类中的雉亚科和鹑亚科并非分别形成单系;(3)吐绶鸡科和松鸡科与雉科的亲缘关系较近;(4)孔雀属、Francolinus和Bambusicola之间的亲缘关系较近;山鹑属与多个雉亚科的亲缘关系较近;(5)雉科内各个属的属内分化主要发生于后中新世-更新世期间。     

基于CHD基因序列的18种猛禽鸟类系统发育关系

对18个猛禽CHD基因的一段内含子序列进行比较和分析.CHD-W和CHD-Z基因的多态性存在差异,CHD-W基因不适合种间系统发生学的研究.通过对CHD-Z基因扩增序列构建的NJ和ML树显示:隼科与其他猛禽物种关系较远;鹰科鸟类与鸮形目鸟类亲缘关系较近;在白腹鹞的分类地位上与传统形态学分类不一致;长耳鸮、领角鸮、花彩角鸮、西部鸣角鸮的分类地位存在分歧.鸮形目和隼形目鸟类的CHD-W基因大小有明显区别,支持形态学分类结果,与CHD-Z序列分析结果明显不同.     

褐头朱雀和藏雀的研究现状

褐头朱雀(Carpodacus sillemi)与藏雀(C.roborowskii)均是我国的特有鸟类,也互为亲缘关系最近的姊妹种,它们自发现命名以来长期属于了解非常有限的种类,褐头朱雀更是全世界最罕为人知的现生鸟类之一。目前,与褐头朱雀及藏雀有关的研究报道和资料很少。根据已有的文献,结合在野外实地观察所获取的资料,对褐头朱雀与藏雀分类、分布、繁殖等相关信息进行整合与总结,并对两者幼鸟的形态进行初步比较,结果支持将上述两种归入朱雀属的分类建议。同时,也呼吁中国鸟类学研究者对褐头朱雀与藏雀投入更多的关注。     

Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes)

The phylogeny of the avian genus Emberiza and the monotypic genera Latoucheornis, Melophus and Miliaria (collectively the Old World Emberizini), as well as representatives for the New World Emberizini, the circumpolar genera Calcarius and Plectrophenax and the four other generally recognized tribes in the subfamily Emberizinae was estimated based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and introns 6-7 of the nuclear ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene. Our results support monophyly of the Old World Emberizini, but do not corroborate a sister relationship to the New World Emberizini. Calcarius and Plectrophenax form a clade separated from the other Emberizini. This agrees with previous studies, and we recommend the use of the name Calcariini. Latoucheornis, Melophus and Miliaria are nested within Emberiza, and we therefore propose they be synonymized with Emberiza. Emberiza is divided into four main clades, whose relative positions are uncertain, although a sister relation between a clade with six African species and one comprising the rest of the species (30, all Palearctic) is most likely. Most clades agree with traditional, morphology-based, classifications. However, four sister relationships within Emberiza, three of which involve the previously recognized Latoucheornis, Melophus and Miliaria, are unpredicted, and reveal cases of strong morphological divergence. In contrast, the plumage similarity between adult male Emberiza (formerly Latoucheornis) siemsseni and the nominate subspecies of the New World Junco hyemalis is shown to be the result of parallel evolution. A further case of parallel plumage evolution, between African and Eurasian taxa, is pointed out. Two cases of discordance between the mitochondrial and nuclear data with respect to branch lengths and genetic divergences are considered to be the result of introgressive hybridization.     

A review of invertebrates and seed-bearing plants as food for farmland birds in Europe

Dietary information was reviewed for 22 bird species typically found in farmland areas across Europe using 100 references from the UK and other European countries for which quantitative data were presented. The number of studies and degree of taxonomic resolution available varied considerably between the species and, for some, dietary information was only available prior to agricultural intensification and may be unrepresentative of current feeding habits. Consequently, some caution is required in interpreting the results because of the different methods of data collection between the studies and the biases in analytical techniques for prey detectability. Food availability was rarely quantified in the study areas, and diet may have reflected availability or preference. Plant families and invertebrate orders were ranked in their importance separately for adult diet in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons and for chicks. The most important plant families overall were Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cruciferae, Compositae, Chenopodiaceae and Labiatae, although the last two were unimportant for chicks. A number of key species were also identified. Similarities in dietary preferences were observed among Fringillidae (finches) and members of the Columbidae (doves and pigeons). Fringillidae and Carduelis cannabina (linnet) were associated with plants that occur in seminatural habitats, while Emberiza citrinella (yellowhammer), Phasianidae (partridges) and Columbidae were shown to be more closely associated with plants of agricultural environments. The most important invertebrate orders overall were Coleoptera adults, Hemiptera adults, Arachnida, Lepidoptera larvae/pupae, Diptera adults, Lepidoptera adults, Diptera larvae/pupae and Hymenoptera adults. During the nonbreeding season, a smaller number of invertebrate taxa were important. For adults in the breeding season and for chicks, there were 10 families of invertebrate that were important for four or more bird species (Aphididae, Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Formicidae, Scarabeidae, Staphylinidae, Tenthredinidae and Tipulidae). In the nonbreeding season, Curculionidae and Lumbricidae were important in the diet of three species. A few species exhibited a narrow diet range, selecting invertebrates from only one or two families. Similarities in dietary composition were observed among closely related bird species, while that of chicks and adults sometimes differed.     

利用RAPD分析披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属模式种的亲缘关系

利用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对小麦族披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属3个属的模式种进行了基因组DNA多态性分析。42个引物产物的290条谱带中,257条（88.62%)表现出多态性,说明披碱草属、鹅观草属和猬草属3个属的模式种间具有丰富的遗传多样性。利用290个RAPD标记,计算材料间Nei氏遗传相似性系和遗传距离,在NTSYS程序中利用UPGMA进行聚类。结果表明,Elymus sibiricus种不同居群间的遗传差异较小,遗传距离在0.097-0.180之间。E.sibiricus,Roegneria caucasica和Hystrix patula的种间遗传差异明显,遗传距离在0.458-0.605之间。H.patula与E.sibiricus的亲缘关系较近。R.caucasica与E.sibiricus的亲缘关系较远。     

Sperm competition and sperm midpiece size: no consistent pattern in passerine birds

Sperm competition is thought to be a major force driving the evolution of sperm shape and function. However, previous studies investigating the relationship between the risk of sperm competition and sperm morphometry revealed inconclusive results and marked differences between taxonomic groups. In a comparative study of two families of passerines (Fringillidae and Sylviidae) and also across species belonging to different passerine families, we investigated the relative importance of the phylogenetic background on the relationship between sperm morphometry and the risk of sperm competition. The risk of sperm competition was inferred from relative testis mass as an indicator of investment in sperm production. We found: (i) a significant positive association between both midpiece length and flagellum length and relative testis mass in the Fringillidae, (ii) a significant negative association between sperm trait dimensions and relative testis mass in the Sylviidae, and (iii) no association across all species. Despite the striking difference in the patterns shown by the Sylviidae and the Fringillidae, the relationship between midpiece length and flagellum length was positive in both families and across all species with positive allometry. Reasons for the differences and similarities between passerine families are discussed.     

青海省七种鸟类新纪录

2013年至2016年野外调查期间,发现7种青海省鸟类新纪录,分别为靴隼雕(Hieraaetus pennatus)、金黄鹂(Oriolus oriolus)、苍头燕雀(Fringilla coelebs)、蓝鹀(Latoucheornis siemsseni)、黄鹀(Emberiza citrinella)、灰颈鹀(E.buchanani)、黄喉鹀(E.elegans)。这些发现不仅为鸟类种群分布地扩展、迁徙路线的研究以及鸟类的保护和监测提供了依据,同时也为探讨鸟类潜在分布地提供了参考。     

体征对灰眉岩鹀鸣唱特征的影响

声信号是鸟类交流的重要方式。鸟类的鸣声特征受到生境的塑造和性选择,也受到发声器官的影响,如种间的比较研究发现,体重大的鸟类鸣声频率低,喙短的鸟类鸣声频宽大。在种内是否也存在类似的规律,目前的结论还不一致。2012年6月,在北京小龙门地区(40°00'N,115°26'E)测量了17只灰眉岩鹀(Emberiza godlewskii)的形态参数以及鸣声的频率特征,未发现体重或喙长与鸣声的最高频率、最低频率、峰频或频宽存在显著的相关性。本研究的结果支持在小型雀形目鸟类中,体型对繁殖期鸣唱频率特征的影响不显著。     

Carotenoids in bird plumage: the complement of red pigments in the plumage of wild and captive bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula)

We have studied the carotenoid pigments in the red plumage of male bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) immediately following capture and after the completion of the moult in captivity under dietary control. Astaxanthin, adonirubin, and alpha-doradexanthin, as well as papilioeritrinone and canthaxanthin (in lower amounts) are in every case the dominant carotenoids in the plumage pigment of wild individuals. alpha-Doradexanthin is responsible for the reddish-rose colour, which captive individuals adopt after a diet consisting mainly of lutein as disposable carotenoid. The red pigmentation biogenesis of captive bullfinch is compared with those of other red pigmented Carduelinae in which male individuals usually lose the red colour in captivity, namely Carpodacus roseus, Carpodacus rubricilloides, Uragus sibiricus, Carduelis cannabina, Carduelis flammea, Loxia curvirostra and Pinicola enucleator.     

Seed caching and cache pilferage by three rodent species in a temperate forest in the Xiaoxinganling Mountains

Although differences in food-hoarding tactics both reflect a behavioral response to cache pilferage among rodent species and may help explain their coexistence, differentiation in cache pilfering abilities among sympatric rodents with different hoarding strategies is seldom addressed. We carried out semi-natural enclosure experiments to investigate seed hoarding tactics among three sympatric rodent species (Tamias sibiricus, Apodemus peninsulae and Clethrionomys rufocanus) and the relationship of their pilfering abilities at the inter- and intraspecific levels. Our results showed that T. sibiricus exhibited a relatively stronger pilfering ability than A. peninsulae and C. rufocanus, as indicated by its higher recovery rate of artificial caches. Meanwhile A. peninsulae showed a medium pilfering ability and C. rufocanus displayed the lowest ability. We also noted that both cache size and cache depth significantly affected cache recovery in all three species. T. sibiricus scatter-hoarded more seeds than it larder-hoarded, A. peninsulae larder-hoarded more than scatter-hoarded, and C. rufocanus acted as a pure larder-hoarder. In T. sibiricus, individuals with lower pilfering abilities tended to scatter hoard seeds, indicating an intraspecific variation in hoarding propensity. Collectively, these results indicated that sympatric rodent species seem to deploy different food hoarding tactics that allow their coexistence in the temperate forests, suggesting a strong connection between hoarding strategy and pilfering ability.     

根据形态和叶片微形态特征讨论无芒披碱草的归并

通过形态学观测和叶片解剖特征分析,比较了无芒披碱草、短芒披碱草及老芒麦3个近缘种的主要性状差异,以探讨无芒披碱草的系统分类归属.结果表明,在外部形态上无芒披碱草与短芒披碱草差异甚小,难以进行区分,但与老芒麦差异明显,是典型的种间关系;在叶片解剖上,无芒披碱草的绝大多数特征与短芒披碱草的一致或类同,可与老芒麦的却存在明显间断.故研究认为:无芒披碱草与短芒披碱草是同一个种,无芒披碱草应作为短芒披碱草的异名.