“莲”始源考释

莲,早已为人们听熟知。它象征着崇高、圣洁。北宋诗人周敦颐曾赞誉莲“出污泥而不染,濯清涟而不妖”。那么,莲的始源地在什么地方呢?自古以来,虽没有专史记载,但人们一般认为莲始源于印度。吴耕民的《中国蔬菜栽培学》一书载:“莲,学名Nelumbo nuciferaGracrth,睡莲科。莲原产印度,自印度传至苏联和我国。”《辞海》(缩印本)说:“荷,植物名。学名Nelumbonucifera,亦称莲。睡莲科。原产印度,我国中部和南部浅水塘泊栽种较多。”国外一些学者也称莲为“印度荷花”。为什么说印度是莲的始源地呢?这与佛教有关。     

莲科系统位置评述

莲科含1属1种2亚种,以具有最古老的有活力的种子而著称。形态学研究显示,莲不仅具有双子叶植物特征,而且又具有单子叶植物的某些性状。因此,对研究被子植物(有花植物)的起源与演化以及单子叶植物的起源具有重要价值。被子植物(有花植物)的起源与辐射一直是植物学家关注的热点,有关莲科的系统位置存在争议。该文对该科系统位置的研究历史与现状进行评述。     

雪胆属植物化学研究历史和现状

葫芦科雪胆属植物在亚州东南部,中国和靠近中国南部的印度、越南、缅甸均有分布。五十年代初期发现该属植物约七种。1970年云南民间用小蛇莲(俗名)、又名曲莲、园果雪胆(H.amabilis Diels)的地下茎治疗肠炎、菌痢效果良好。我们从中分离到结晶的苦味质称为雪胆素(为两个成分的混晶),具有良好的抗菌作用。对于该属植物当时未见文献记载其化学研究和任何利用价值。因此合同中科院上海有机化学研究     

植物与佛教（上）

宗教是一种历史现象 ,在长期的发展过程中 ,积累了一定的文化成果和珍贵的文化遗产。佛教在中国漫长的传播过程中 ,早已渗透到中华民族文化的方方面面。佛教与植物的密切关系 ,就是其中之一。这些植物的种类很多 ,例如 :莲花、娑罗树、菩提树、银杏、椴树、蒲桃、茉莉、金银花、丁香、无患子树等。一、莲花与佛教莲花 ,又名荷花 ,属睡莲科。“看取莲花净 ,方知不染心”这是唐代诗人孟浩然的名句。由于莲花独具一种神圣与贞洁 ,佛教便把它作为圣洁的象征 ,在许多佛教经典中 ,如《妙法莲华经》 ,《杂宝藏经》、《无量清净尘经》等多有莲花的记…     

莲科系统学和遗传多样性研究现状

分析回顾了莲科的系统位置、莲品种分类的现状与问题和莲的遗传多样性。莲科（Nelumbonaceae）植物传统上被归入睡莲科（Nymphaeaceae）。许多研究表明,莲科与睡莲科在形态、细胞、孢粉等方面差异很大,因而建立莲科,置于睡莲目（Nymphaeales）、毛茛目（Ranunculales）或莲目（Nelumbonales）中。分子系统学研究发现,睡莲科为被子植物的基部类群之一,而莲科则是真双子叶植物的基部类群之一,与山龙眼科和悬铃木科有密切关系。莲科含莲（Ndumbo nucifera）和美洲黄莲（N．lutea）两种,间断分布于太平洋的两岸。莲在我国有悠久的栽培历史和广大的栽培面积,栽培品种超过600个。由于杂交和反复回交的原因,品种之间的遗传关系非常复杂。莲的遗传资源的研究还很不充分,尤其是野生类型。对一些栽培品种的研究其实验材料又含有美洲黄莲的遗传组分,因而多高估了莲的遗传多样性。     

莲的绒毡层和花粉发育的细胞学观察

莲的绒毡层和花粉发育的细胞学观察陈祖铿，唐佩华，张和民，刘一鸣，张锦晖，周馥（中国科学院植物研究所，北京１０００４４）莲（Ｎｅｌｕｍｂｏｎｕｃｉｆｅｒａ）属睡莲科植物，睡莲目类群的最基本特征是原生无导管同型木质部，并趋向水生生活方式。因此，在探讨植物...     

石榴的经济与植物文化价值研究

从民族植物学的角度考察汉语中关于石榴(Punica granatum L.)的名称,重点介绍了石榴的经济价值和利用,并着重从传说、风俗方面分析石榴的文化,结果表明石榴在中国植物文化中具有重要价值,其原因在于其实用价值基础上的被赋予人性上的魅力,代表着美好事物以及进而上升为一种精神世界的追求,在漫长的人类历史中成为一种文化植物。     

莲的心皮发育

莲是一种起源很早的双子叶植物,由于形态独特,又具有和单子叶植物相似的特征,很早便为分类学家所注意。但在讨论有关莲的问题时,不少学者只是用其已成长的花部器官作为依据的.对于与莲个体发育和系统演化有重大关系的心皮和花托的早期发育过程,却缺乏报道。为此,我们试图在前人研究的基础上,着重对莲的心皮和花托的整个发育过程进行观察,为研究莲属植物的系统演化,以及莲的传粉、受精等方面提供依据。     

睡莲科的核型分析及其分类学位置的探讨

本文对睡莲科6属6种代表植物的核型进行了研究,并探讨了它的分类学位置。结果如下：莲2n＝16=9sm+4m+3st;王莲2n＝24=8sm+8m+8T,蓝睡莲2n＝28,可配成14对,染色体小,第l号染色体上有2条随体;萍蓬草2n＝34＝18m+16sm;芡实2n=58,可配成29对,染色体小,第l号染色体有2条随体,莼菜2n＝72,可配成36对,染色体按大小可分成大,中、小三个类别。除莲外,其它5种植物的核型为首次报道。莼菜的体细胞染色体数目2n＝72和国外报道的2n＝80不相一致。莲的染色体以及形态学特征和其它睡莲科分类群显著不同,可将其从睡莲科中独立出来,并成立莲科和莲目。原归属于睡莲科的分类群仍组成睡莲目,并分别置于莼菜科和睡莲科。     

秀色深埋七尺长

正荷藕为莲科(Nelumbonaceae)莲属(Nelumbo Adans)植物中国莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)的根状茎,其花称莲花、荷花、芙蕖、芙蓉、菡萏等。莲是一种古老的被子植物,化石记录的分布表明,在苏格兰侏罗纪的地层中,曾发现莲的花粉化石。后来在白垩纪晚期和第三纪古新世,莲在欧亚大陆和北美也广泛分布。现在莲属植物在世界上共有2种,即中国莲和美国黄莲。美国黄莲主要分布在西半球,中国莲分布在东半球。中国为中国莲的世界分布中心,距今7 000多年前的"河姆渡     

荷花品种比较试验

从始蕾、始花期、群体花期、着花密度、株型、花型等方面对41个荷花品种进行比较试验。结果表明,大株型荷花品种以祝福、西湖红莲最好;中小株型以金珠落玉盘、小精灵、绿云、小碧台、玉碗、红宝石、醉半熏、淡云、雨花、桃红小碗、红碗莲、瑶池春暖等12个品种最好,具有较高的观赏价值和商品价值。     

Whole genome re‐sequencing reveals evolutionary patterns of sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)

Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera or lotus) is an important aquatic plant in horticulture and ecosystems. As a foundation for exploring genomic variation and evolution among different germplasms, we re‐sequenced 19 individuals from three cultivated temperate lotus subgroups (rhizome, seed and flower lotus), one wild temperate lotus subgroup (wild lotus), one tropical lotus group (Thai lotus) and an outgroup (Nelumbo lutea). Through genetic diversity and polymorphism analysis by non‐missing SNP sites widely distributed in the whole genome, we confirmed that wild and Thai lotus exhibited greater differentiation with a higher genomic diversity compared to cultivated lotus. Rhizome lotus had the lowest genomic diversity and a closer relationship to wild lotus, whereas the genomes of seed and flower lotus were admixed. Genes in energy metabolism process and plant immunity evolved rapidly in lotus, reflecting local adaptation. We established that candidate genes in genomic regions with significant differentiation associated with temperate and tropical lotus divergence always exhibited highly divergent expression pattern. Together, this study comprehensive and credible interpretates important patterns of genetic diversity and relationships, gene evolution, and genomic signature from ecotypic differentiation of sacred lotus.     

Comparative analysis of genetic diversity in sacred lotus (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Nelumbo nucifera</Emphasis> Gaertn.) using AFLP and SSR markers

The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic plant of economic and ornamental importance in China. In this study, we developed twenty novel sacred lotus SSR markers, and used AFLP and SSR markers to investigate the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among 58 accessions of N. nucifera including 15 seed lotus, 12 rhizome lotus, 24 flower lotus and 7 wild lotus. Our results showed that sacred lotus exhibited a low level of genetic diversity, which may attribute to asexual reproduction and long-term artificial selection. A dendrogram based on both AFLP and SSR clustering data showed that: (1) the seed lotus accessions and rhizome lotus accessions were distinctly clustered into different groups, which indicated the significant genetic differentiation between them. This may be attributed to the two modes of reproduction and lack of genetic exchange; (2) the accessions of Thailand wild lotus were separated from other wild lotus accessions. This implied that the Thailand lotus might be genetically differentiated from other wild lotuses. In addition, Mantel test conducted gave highly significant correlation between AFLP-SSR data and each of the AFLP and SSR ones, with the values of r = 0.941 and r = 0.879, respectively, indicating the higher efficiency of the combination of these techniques (AFLP and SSR) in estimation and validation of the genetic diversity among the accession of sacred lotus. This knowledge of the genetic diversity and genetic relatedness of N. nucifera is potentially useful to improve the current strategies in breeding and germplasm conservation to enhance the ornamental and economic value of sacred lotus.     

Extracting Lotus Fields Using the Spectral Characteristics of GF-1 Satellite Data

The lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic plant that grows in shallow water and has long been cultivated in South China. It can improve the incomes of farmers and plays an important role in alleviating poverty in rural China. However, a modern method is required to accurately estimate the area of lotus fields. Lotus has spectral characteristics similar to those of rice, grassland, and shrubs. The features surrounding areas where it is grown are complex, small, and fragmented. Few studies have examined the remote sensing extraction of lotus fields, and automatic extraction and mapping are still challenging methods. Here, we compared the spectral characteristics of lotus fields and other ground objects and devised a remote sensing method for the rapid extraction of lotus fields. Using this method, the extraction accuracy of lotus was 96.3%. The Kappa coefficient was 0.926, which is higher than those of the unsupervised K-means classification, Mahalanobis distance, and support vector machine supervised classification, and demonstrates the potential of this method for extracting and mapping lotus fields by remote sensing.     

运用傣族的传统信仰保护西双版纳植物多样性的探讨

探讨不同的途径来保护日益减少的生物多样性已成为国际社会关注的一个热点。研究证明依靠西双版纳傣族传统信仰文化而建立的龙山林与寺庙庭园 ,就象一些小保护区和小植物园一样在植物多样性的保护中发挥了重要作用。在此基础上 ,探讨了在人口增加、森林减少和生活方式发生一定改变的今天通过成立宗教植物保护协会来运用信仰的力量参与生物多样性的管理、通过多层次培训教育提高公众的保护意识与技能 ,通过示范来鼓励土著民族参与等多种方法来保护该地区生物多样性的途径 ,受到了良好的效果。     

莲花(Nelumbo nucifera)雌性器官变态的初步观察

莲花雄蕊的瓣化致使产生了很多重瓣或半重瓣的品种,而雌蕊的变态则使花朵呈“台阁”状花态。这些性器官的变态,不仅在育种上有实用的价值,可以选育各种特异花型的品种;而且在遗传性变异的基础研究方面也有意义。本文根据在美国加州Modesto市中国文化中心莲园夏播莲花实生苗当年开花植株的观察,初次报道莲花雌性器官的变态现象。雌性器官变态,系指心皮的变态和花托的不同程度退化或消失。作者根据心皮与花托的形态发育状况将其分为六个等级。有关这些性状变异的细胞学基础,尚待进一步研究。     

基于SSR标记的荷花品种遗传多样性及群体结构分析

采用SSR标记技术对42个荷花品种( Nelumbo spp.)的基因组DNA进行扩增,在此基础上,对供试品种进行UPGMA聚类分析、群体结构分析和主坐标分析( PCoA)。结果表明：采用17对SSR引物从42个荷花品种的基因组DNA中扩增出77个位点,多态性位点百分率为88.31%;每对引物可扩增出1~9个多态性位点。根据Nei's遗传距离,供试的42个荷花品种可被分成Ⅰ和Ⅱ两组,分别包含3和39个品种;在Nei's遗传距离0.150处,Ⅱ组被进一步分成Ⅱa、Ⅱb和Ⅱc 3个亚组,分别包含3、16和20个品种。群体结构分析结果表明：组分概率高于等于0.80时,供试的42个荷花品种被分成Pop1、Pop2和混合群3个亚群,分别包含17、16和9个品种。 PCoA分析结果表明：在F1水平上,供试的42个荷花品种被分成2个部分;其中,Pop1亚群的品种均分布在第二和第三象限,而Pop2亚群的品种则分布在第一和第四象限。总体来看,聚类分析、群体结构分析和PCoA分析的结果基本一致。综合分析结果表明：玉组包含美洲黄莲( N. lutea Pers.)品种‘艾江南',且与传统中国莲( N. nucifera Gaertn.)品种的亲缘关系最远,故认为该组为美洲黄莲;Ⅱ组为中国莲,其中,Ⅱc亚组以传统中国莲品种为主,而Ⅱb亚组则偏重于美洲黄莲。总体上看,供试的42个荷花品种主要被分为中国莲和美洲黄莲两组,而中美杂交莲并没有独立成组,其成因有待进一步研究。     

Identification of copy number variation and population analysis of the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)

ABSTRACT

The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is widely cultured in East Asia for its horticultural, agricultural, and medicinal values. Although many molecular markers had been used to extrapolate population genetics of the sacred lotus, a study of large variations, such as copy number variation (CNV), are absent up to now. In this study, we applied whole-genome re-sequencing to 24 lotus accessions, and use read depth information to genotype and filter original CNV call. Totally 448 duplications and 4,267 deletions were identified in the final CNV set. Further analysis of population structure revealed that the population structure patterns revealed by CNV and SNP are largely consistent with each other. Our result indicated that deep sequencing followed by genotyping is a quick and straightforward way to mine out CNV from the population, and the CNV along with SNP could enable us to better comprehend the biology of the plant.     

Review on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saussurea laniceps</Emphasis>, a potent medicinal plant known as “snow lotus”: botany,phytochemistry and bioactivities

Saussurea laniceps (Compositae), commonly known as “cotton-headed snow lotus”, is the most effective “snow lotus” used in both Tibetan and Chinese folk medicine. It performs outstandingly in treating rheumatoid arthritis, which mainly is credited for its anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive efficacy, as explained by modern pharmacological studies. Extracts of the herb, including umbelliferone and scopoletin, exert such effects in various in vivo and in vitro studies. Besides the two chemicals above, more than 100 organic compounds have been found in S. laniceps, and 58 of them are presented here in molecular structure, including cynaropicrin, mokko lactone, apigenin, acacetin, and luteolin, all contributing to different bioactivities, such as analgesic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-microbial and anticancer effects. We provide a natural product library of S. laniceps, giving inspirations for structure modification and bioactivity-oriented screening, enabling sustainable use of this valuable plant. The ethnomedical applications and pharmacological discoveries are compared and crosslinked, revealing modern evidence for traditional usages. Despite that S. laniceps is a representative “snow lotus” herb, its material medica records and clinical applications are complicated; there is considerable confusion with the different snow lotuses in the academic community and on the market. This review also aims at clearing such confusion, and improving quality assessment and control of the herb. To better utilize the valuable plant, further comparison among the chemical constitutions, pharmacological activities and therapeutic mechanisms of different snow lotuses are needed.